Current understandings and perspectives on non-cancer health effects of benzene: A global concern

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Volumn 276, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 83-94

  Bahadar, Haji ^a   Mostafalou, Sara ^a   Abdollahi, Mohammad ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Benzene; Disease; Glucose homeostasis; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity; Immunotoxicity; Nephrotoxicity; Neurotoxicity

Indexed keywords

BENZENE; CARCINOGEN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR POLLUTANT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; GENITAL SYSTEM; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LUNG CANCER; NERVOUS SYSTEM; OCCUPATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW;

BENZENE; DISEASE; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HEMATOTOXICITY; HEPATOTOXICITY; IMMUNOTOXICITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BENZENE; COGNITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GASOLINE; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; LIVER; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RESPIRATION;

EID: 84898058489     PISSN: 0041008X     EISSN: 10960333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.012     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Akbari M.T., Behjati F., Pourmand G., Asbagh F.A., Kachoui M.A. Cytogenetic abnormalities in 222 infertile men with azoospermia and oligospermia in Iran: report and review. Indian J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 18:198.
2. Aksoy M., Dincol K., Akgun T., Erdem S., Dincol G. Haematological Effects Of Chronic Benzene Poisoning In 217 Workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1971, 28:296-302.
3. Al-Nozha M.M., Al-Maatouq M.A., Al-Mazrou Y.Y., Al-Harthi S.S., Arafah M.R., Khalil M.Z., Khan N.B., Al-Khadra A., Al-Marzouki K., Nouh M.S. Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2004, 25:1603-1610.
4. Andreoli C., Leopardi P., Crebelli R. Detection of DNA damage in human lymphocytes by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis after exposure to benzene or benzene metabolites. Mutat. Res. 1997, 377:95-104.
5. Atkinson T.J. A review of the role of benzene metabolites and mechanisms in malignant transformation: summative evidence for a lack of research in nonmyelogenous cancer types. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:1-10.
6. Austin H., Delzell E., Cole P. Benzene and leukemia. A review of the literature and a risk assessment. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1988, 127:419-439.
7. Avis S.P., Hutton C.J. Acute benzene poisoning: a report of three fatalities. J. Forensic Sci. 1993, 38:599-602.
8. Baak Y.M., Ahn B.Y., Chang H.S., Kim J.H., Kim K.A., Lim Y. Aplastic anemia in a petrochemical factory worker. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:851-853.
9. Baslo A., Aksoy M. Neurological abnormalities in chronic benzene poisoning. A study of six patients with aplastic anemia and two with preleukemia. Environ. Res. 1982, 27:457-465.
10. Bodell W.J., Levay G., Pongracz K. Investigation of benzene-DNA adducts and their detection in human bone marrow. Environ. Health Perspect. 1993, 99:241-244.
11. Bogadi-Sare A., Turk R., Zavalic M. Medical surveillance studies of workers exposed to low level benzene. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 1995, 46:391-398.
12. Bogadi-Sare A., Brumen V., Turk R., Karacic V., Zavalic M. Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to benzene: with special reference to exposure biomarkers and confounding factors. Ind. Health 1997, 35:367-373.
13. Bogadi-Sare A., Zavalic M., Trosic I., Turk R., Kontosic I., Jelcic I. Study of some immunological parameters in workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2000, 73:397-400.
14. Bollati V., Baccarelli A., Hou L., Bonzini M., Fustinoni S., Cavallo D., Byun H.M., Jiang J., Marinelli B., Pesatori A.C., Bertazzi P.A., Yang A.S. Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:876-880.
15. Brandt L. Exposure to organic solvents and risk of haematological malignancies. Leuk. Res. 1992, 16:67-70.
16. Briggs D. Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. Br. Med. Bull. 2003, 68:1-24.
17. Busse R., Blümel M., Scheller-Kreinsen D., Zentner A. Tackling Chronic Disease in Europe. World Health Organization 2010, on Behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies 2010.
18. Chen H., Rupa D.S., Tomar R., Eastmond D.A. Chromosomal loss and breakage in mouse bone marrow and spleen cells exposed to benzene in vivo. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:3533-3539.
19. Chen D., Cho S.-I., Chen C., Wang X., Damokosh A.I., Ryan L., Smith T.J., Christiani D.C., Xu X. Exposure to benzene, occupational stress, and reduced birth weight. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000, 57:661-667.
20. Colborn T., Vom Saal F.S., Soto A.M. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 1993, 101:378-384.
21. Costantini A.S., Gorini G., Consonni D., Miligi L., Giovannetti L., Quinn M. Exposure to benzene and risk of breast cancer among shoe factory workers in Italy. Tumori 2009, 95:8-12.
22. Crebelli R., Tomei F., Zijno A., Ghittori S., Imbriani M., Gamberale D., Martini A., Carere A. Exposure to benzene in urban workers: environmental and biological monitoring of traffic police in Rome. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58:165-171.
23. Daiker D.H., Moslen M.T., Carr J.B., Ward J.B. Repeated oral benzene exposure alters enzymes involved in benzene metabolism. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1996, 48:439-451.
24. Dere E., Ari F. Effect of benzene on liver functions in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Environ. Monit. Assess. 2009, 154:23-27.
25. Durkin M. The epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2002, 8:206-211.
26. Eastmond D.A. Induction of micronuclei and aneuploidy by the quinone-forming agents benzene and o-phenylphenol. Toxicol. Lett. 1993, 67:105-118.
27. Eastmond D.A., Schuler M., Frantz C., Chen H., Parks R., Wang L., Hasegawa L. Characterization and mechanisms of chromosomal alterations induced by benzene in mice and humans. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst. 2001, 1-68. (discussion 69-80).
28. Eden T. Aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2010, 36:286-297.
29. Esteghamati A., Gouya M.M., Abbasi M., Delavari A., Alikhani S., Alaedini F., Safaie A., Forouzanfar M., Gregg E.W. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the adult population of Iran national survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:96-98.
30. Etzel R.A., Ashley D.L. Volatile organic compounds in the blood of persons in Kuwait during the oil fires. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1994, 66:125-129.
31. Evens E. A Global Perspective on Infertility: An Under Recognized Public Health Issue 2004, 18. The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
32. Fan X.H. Effect of exposure to benzene on natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production of C57BL/6 mice. Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 1992, 59:393-399.
33. Farris G.M., Robinson S.N., Wong B.A., Wong V.A., Hahn W.P., Shah R. Effects of benzene on splenic, thymic, and femoral lymphocytes in mice. Toxicology 1997, 118:137-148.
34. Ferri C.P., Prince M., Brayne C., Brodaty H., Fratiglioni L., Ganguli M., Hall K., Hasegawa K., Hendrie H., Huang Y., Jorm A., Mathers C., Menezes P.R., Rimmer E., Scazufca M. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005, 366:2112-2117.
35. Fustinoni S., Rossella F., Polledri E., Bollati V., Campo L., Byun H.M., Agnello L., Consonni D., Pesatori A.C., Baccarelli A., Bertazzi P.A. Global DNA methylation and low-level exposure to benzene. Med. Lav. 2012, 103:84-95.
36. Galbraith D., Gross S.A., Paustenbach D. Benzene and human health: a historical review and appraisal of associations with various diseases. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2010, 40(Suppl. 2):1-46.
37. Ghaffar A., Reddy K.S., Singhi M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ: Br. Med. J. 2004, 328:807.
38. Goyal A., Yusuf S. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the Indian subcontinent. Indian J. Med. Res. 2006, 124:235-244.
39. Holeckova B., Piesova E., Sivikova K., Dianovsky J. Chromosomal aberrations in humans induced by benzene. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2004, 11:175-179.
40. Hsieh G.C., Parker R.D., Sharma R.P., Hughes B.J. Subclinical effects of groundwater contaminants. III. Effects of repeated oral exposure to combinations of benzene and toluene on immunologic responses in mice. Arch. Toxicol. 1990, 64:320-328.
41. Hsieh G.C., Sharma R.P., Parker R.D. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity and immune function after oral exposure to benzene and toluene. Immunopharmacology 1991, 21:23-31.
42. Hu J., Ma H., Zhang W., Yu Z., Sheng G., Fu J. Effects of benzene and its metabolites on global DNA methylation in human normal hepatic l02 cells. Environ. Toxicol 2011, 10.1002/tox.20777.
43. Huang X.Y. Influence on benzene and toluene to reproductive function of female workers in leathershoe-making industry. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1991, 25:89-91.
44. Kalf G.F., Rushmore T., Snyder R. Benzene inhibits RNA synthesis in mitochondria from liver and bone marrow. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1982, 42:353-370.
45. Kalf G.F., Snyder R., Rushmore T.H. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by benzene metabolites and their covalent binding to DNA in rabbit bone marrow mitochondria in vitro. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1985, 7:485-492.
46. Kanada M., Miyagawa M., Sato M., Hasegawa H., Honma T. Neurochemical profile of effects of 28 neurotoxic chemicals on the central nervous system in rats (1). Effects of oral administration on brain contents of biogenic amines and metabolites. Ind. Health 1994, 32:145-164.
47. Karakitsios S.P., Delis V.K., Kassomenos P.A., Pilidis G.A. Contribution to ambient benzene concentrations in the vicinity of petrol stations: estimation of the associated health risk. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:1889-1902.
48. Kasuba V., Rozgaj R., Sentija K. Cytogenetic changes in subjects occupationally exposed to benzene. Chemosphere 2000, 40:307-310.
49. Katukam V., Kulakarni M., Syed R., Alharbi K., Naik J. Effect of benzene exposure on fertility of male workers employed in bulk drug industries. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers 2012, 16:592-597. 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0241.
50. Kearney P.M., Whelton M., Reynolds K., Muntner P., Whelton P.K., He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005, 365:217-223.
51. Khan S., Yusufi A. Effect of benzene on the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) and oxidative stress in kidney and other rat tissues. Biol. Med. 2009, 1:28-41.
52. Khattak S., G, K.M., Mcmartin K., Barrera M., Kennedy D., Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to organic solvents: a prospective controlled study. JAMA 1999, 281:1106-1109.
53. Kirkeleit J., Ulvestad E., Riise T., Bratveit M., Moen B.E. Acute suppression of serum IgM and IgA in tank workers exposed to benzene. Scand. J. Immunol. 2006, 64:690-698.
54. Kolachana P., Subrahmanyam V.V., Meyer K.B., Zhang L., Smith M.T. Benzene and its phenolic metabolites produce oxidative DNA damage in HL60 cells in vitro and in the bone marrow in vivo. Cancer Res. 1993, 53:1023-1026.
55. Kotseva K., Popov T. Study of the cardiovascular effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1998, 71(Suppl.):S87-S91.
56. Kuna R.A., Kapp R.W. The embryotoxic/teratogenic potential of benzene vapor in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981, 57:1-7.
57. Lan Q., Zhang L., Li G., Vermeulen R., Weinberg R.S., Dosemeci M., Rappaport S.M., Shen M., Alter B.P., Wu Y., Kopp W., Waidyanatha S., Rabkin C., Guo W., Chanock S., Hayes R.B., Linet M., Kim S., Yin S., Rothman N., Smith M.T. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science 2004, 306:1774-1776.
58. Lauwerys R., Bernard A., Viau C., Buchet J.P. Kidney disorders and hematotoxicity from organic solvent exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1985, 11(Suppl. 1):83-90.
59. Lawes C.M., Vander Hoorn S., Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008, 371:1513-1518.
60. Lemasters G.K., Olsen D.M., Yiin J.H., Lockey J.E., Shukla R., Selevan S.G., Schrader S.M., Toth G.P., Evenson D.P., Huszar G.B. Male reproductive effects of solvent and fuel exposure during aircraft maintenance. Reprod. Toxicol. 1999, 13:155-166.
61. Lewis J.G., Stewart W., Adams D.O. Role of oxygen radicals in induction of DNA damage by metabolites of benzene. Cancer Res. 1988, 48:4762-4765.
62. Li Y., Kuppusamy P., Zweier J.L., Trush M.A. ESR evidence for the generation of reactive oxygen species from the copper-mediated oxidation of the benzene metabolite, hydroquinone: role in DNA damage. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1995, 94:101-120.
63. Lindstrom A.B., Yeowell-O'Connell K., Waidyanatha S., Golding B.T., Tornero-Velez R., Rappaport S.M. Measurement of benzene oxide in the blood of rats following administration of benzene. Carcinogenesis 1997, 18:1637-1641.
64. Liu S., Zheng L., Deng L., Tang G., Zhang Q. Detection of numerical chromosome aberrations in sperm of workers exposed to benzene series by two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2000, 34:17-19.
65. Lo Pumo R., Bellia M., Nicosia A., Micale V., Drago F. Long-lasting neurotoxicity of prenatal benzene acute exposure in rats. Toxicology 2006, 223:227-234.
66. Lupo P.J., Symanski E., Waller D.K., Chan W., Langlois P.H., Canfield M.A., Mitchell L.E. Maternal exposure to ambient levels of benzene and neural tube defects among offspring: Texas, 1999-2004. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:397-402.
67. Marchetti F., Eskenazi B., Weldon R.H., Li G., Zhang L., Rappaport S.M., Schmid T.E., Xing C., Kurtovich E., Wyrobek A.J. Occupational exposure to benzene and chromosomal structural aberrations in the sperm of Chinese men. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:229-234.
68. Marcon F., Zijno A., Crebelli R., Carere A., Veidebaum T., Peltonen K., Parks R., Schuler M., Eastmond D. Chromosome damage and aneuploidy detected by interphase multicolour FISH in benzene-exposed shale oil workers. Mutat. Res. 1999, 445:155-166.
69. Mchale C.M., Zhang L., Smith M.T. Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis 2012, 33:240-252.
70. Medeiros Vinci R., Jacxsens L., Van Loco J., Matsiko E., Lachat C., De Schaetzen T., Canfyn M., Van Overmeire I., Kolsteren P., De Meulenaer B. Assessment of human exposure to benzene through foods from the Belgian market. Chemosphere 2012, 88:1001-1007.
71. Mehlman M.A. Dangerous properties of petroleum-refining products: carcinogenicity of motor fuels (gasoline). Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 1990, 10:399-408.
72. Mohammadi S., Golabadi M., Labbafinejad Y., Pishgahhadian F., Attarchi M. Effects of exposure to mixed organic solvents on blood pressure in non-smoking women working in a pharmaceutical company. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 2012, 63:161-169.
73. Morimoto K. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and cell division delays in human lymphocytes by microsomal activation of benzene. Cancer Res. 1983, 43:1330-1334.
74. Mostafalou S., Abdollahi M. Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013, 268:157-177.
75. Motlagh B., O'Donnell M., Yusuf S. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Middle East: a systematic review. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2009, 16:268-280.
76. Moulton P.V., Yang W. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease. J. Environ. Public Health 2012, 2012:472751.
77. Nilsson R.I., Nordlinder R.G., Tagesson C., Walles S., Jarvholm B.G. Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to low levels of benzene from gasoline. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1996, 30:317-324.
78. Ombelet W., Cooke I., Dyer S., Serour G., Devroey P. Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries. Hum. Reprod. Update 2008, 14:605-621.
79. Parker J.D., Woodruff T.J., Basu R., Schoendorf K.C. Air pollution and birth weight among term infants in California. Pediatrics 2005, 115:121-128.
80. Pawar S.S., Mungikar A.M. Changes in the activities of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation caused by benzene and toluene. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1975, 12:133-135.
81. Perez C.A., Bosia J.D., Cantore M.S., Chiera A., Cocozzella D.R., Adrover R.E., Borzi S., Curciarello J.O. Liver damage in workers exposed to hydrocarbons. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006, 29:334-337.
82. Petralia S.A., Vena J.E., Freudenheim J.L., Dosemeci M., Michalek A., Goldberg M.S., Brasure J., Graham S. Risk of premenopausal breast cancer in association with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1999, 25:215-221.
83. Qu Q., Shore R., Li G., Jin X., Chi Chen L., Cohen B., Melikian A.A., Eastmond D., Rappaport S.M., Yin S. Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2002, 42:275-285.
84. Ramachandran A., Wan Ma R.C., Snehalatha C. Diabetes in Asia. Lancet 2010, 375:408-418.
85. Reutman S.R., Lemasters G.K., Knecht E.A., Shukla R., Lockey J.E., Burroughs G.E., Kesner J.S. Evidence of reproductive endocrine effects in women with occupational fuel and solvent exposures. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:805-811.
86. Rivedal E., Witz G. Metabolites of benzene are potent inhibitors of gap-junction intercellular communication. Arch. Toxicol. 2005, 79:303-311.
87. Robert Schnatter A., Kerzic P.J., Zhou Y., Chen M., Nicolich M.J., Lavelle K., Armstrong T.W., Bird M.G., Lin L., Fu H., Irons R.D. Peripheral blood effects in benzene-exposed workers. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010, 184:174-181.
88. Roy A., Brautbar N., Lee D. Hydrocarbons and renal failure. Nephron 2008, 58:385-392.
89. Ruiz-Ramos R., Cebrian M.E., Garrido E. Benzoquinone activates the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway via ROS production in HL-60 cells. Toxicology 2005, 209:279-287.
90. Rushmore T., Snyder R., Kalf G. Covalent binding of benzene and its metabolites to DNA in rabbit bone marrow mitochondria in vitro. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1984, 49:133-154.
91. Saeidnia S., Abdollahi M. Toxicological and pharmacological concerns on oxidative stress and related diseases. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 2013, 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.031.
92. Seow W.J., Pesatori A.C., Dimont E., Farmer P.B., Albetti B., Ettinger A.S., Bollati V., Bolognesi C., Roggieri P., Panev T.I., Georgieva T., Merlo D.F., Bertazzi P.A., Baccarelli A.A. Urinary benzene biomarkers and DNA methylation in Bulgarian petrochemical workers: study findings and comparison of linear and beta regression models. PLoS One 2012, 7:e50471.
93. Shaw J., Sicree R., Zimmet P. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2010, 87:4-14.
94. Shen Y., Shen H.M., Shi C.Y., Ong C.N. Benzene metabolites enhance reactive oxygen species generation in HL60 human leukemia cells. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1996, 15:422-427.
95. Skov H., Hansen A.B., Lorenzen G., Andersen H.V., Løfstrøm P., Christensen C.S. Benzene exposure and the effect of traffic pollution in Copenhagen, Denmark. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:2463-2471.
96. Slama R., Thiebaugeorges O., Goua V., Aussel L., Sacco P., Bohet A., Forhan A., Ducot B., Annesi-Maesano I., Heinrich J., Magnin G., Schweitzer M., Kaminski M., Charles M.A. Maternal personal exposure to airborne benzene and intrauterine growth. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1313-1321.
97. Smith M.T. The mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia: a hypothesis and speculations on the causes of leukemia. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104(Suppl. 6):1219-1225.
98. Smith M.T. Overview of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia. Eur. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1996, 60:107-110.
99. Smith M.T. Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2010, 31:133-148.
100. Snyder R. Leukemia and benzene. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9:2875-2893.
101. Snyder R., Hedli C.C. An overview of benzene metabolism. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104(Suppl. 6):1165-1171.
102. Song B., Cai Z.-M., Li X., Deng L.-X., Zhang Q., Zheng L.-K. Detection of sperm DNA damage in workers exposed to benzene by modified single cell gel electrophoresis. J. Reprod. Contracept. 2005, 16:131-136.
103. Song B., Cai Z.M., Li X., Deng L.X., Zheng L.K. Effect of benzene on sperm DNA. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2005, 11:53-55.
104. Sun W., Gong Z., Li X. Effect of low benzene exposure on neurobehavioral function, AChE in blood and brain and bone marrow picture in mice. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1992, 5:349-354.
105. Tatrai E., Ungvary G., Hudak A., Rodics K., Lorincz M., Barcza G. Concentration dependence of the embryotoxic effects of benzene inhalation in CFY rats. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 1980, 24:363-371.
106. Travis L.B., Li C.Y., Zhang Z.N., Li D.G., Yin S.N., Chow W.H., Li G.L., Dosemeci M., Blot W., Fraumeni J.F., et al. Hematopoietic malignancies and related disorders among benzene-exposed workers in China. Leuk. Lymphoma 1994, 14:91-102.
107. Turhan A., Dere E. The effect of benzene on the activity of adenosine deaminase in tissues of rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 40:295-301.
108. Uzma N., Salar B.M., Kumar B.S., Aziz N., David M.A., Reddy V.D. Impact of organic solvents and environmental pollutants on the physiological function in petrol filling workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2008, 5:139-146.
109. Uzma N., Kumar B.S., Hazari M.A. Exposure to benzene induces oxidative stress, alters the immune response and expression of p53 in gasoline filling workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2010, 53:1264-1270.
110. Velasco Lezama R., Barrera Escorcia E., Munoz Torres A., Tapia Aguilar R., Gonzalez Ramirez C., Garcia Lorenzana M., Ortiz Monroy V., Betancourt Rule M. A model for the induction of aplastic anemia by subcutaneous administration of benzene in mice. Toxicology 2001, 162:179-191.
111. Verma D.K., Des Tombe K. Benzene in gasoline and crude oil: occupational and environmental implications. AIHA J. (Fairfax, Va) 2002, 63:225-230.
112. Verma Y., Rana S.V. Endocrinal toxicity of industrial solvents-a mini review. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2009, 47:537-549.
113. Viau C., Bernard A., Lauwerys R., Buchet J.P., Quaeghebeur L., Cornu M.E., Phillips S.C., Mutti A., Lucertini S., Franchini I. A cross-sectional survey of kidney function in refinery employees. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987, 11:177-187.
114. W.H.O. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011 2011, 50. World Health Organization, Geneva.
115. Wallace L. Environmental exposure to benzene: an update. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104(Suppl. 6):1129-1136.
116. Wallace L. The exposure of the general population to benzene. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1996, 297-314.
117. Wan J., Badham H.J., Winn L. The role of c-MYB in benzene-initiated toxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2005, 153-154:171-178.
118. Ward E., Hornung R., Morris J., Rinsky R., Wild D., Halperin W., Guthrie W. Risk of low red or white blood cell count related to estimated benzene exposure in a rubberworker cohort (1940-1975). Am. J. Ind. Med. 1996, 29:247-257.
119. Weaver C.V., Liu S.P., Lu J.F., Lin B.S. The effects of benzene exposure on apoptosis in epithelial lung cells: localization by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and the immunocytochemical localization of apoptosis-related gene products. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 2007, 23:201-220.
120. Winek C.L., Collom W.D. Benzene and toluene fatalities. J. Occup. Med. 1971, 13:259-261.
121. Wiwanitkit V. Benzene exposure and hypertension: an observation. Cardiovasc. J. Afr. 2007, 18:264-265.
122. Wolff M.S., Collman G.W., Barrett J.C., Huff J. Breast cancer and environmental risk factors: epidemiological and experimental findings. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1996, 36:573-596.
123. Wong O., Fu H. Exposure to benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an epidemiologic overview and an ongoing case-control study in Shanghai. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2005, 153-154:33-41.
124. Xing C., Marchetti F., Li G., Weldon R.H., Kurtovich E., Young S., Schmid T.E., Zhang L., Rappaport S., Waidyanatha S., Wyrobek A.J., Eskenazi B. Benzene exposure near the U.S. permissible limit is associated with sperm aneuploidy. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:833-839.
125. Yamamura K., Katoh T., Kikuchi M., Yoshikawa M., Arashidani K. Effect of benzene exposure on hematology and hepatic drug metabolic enzymes in ethanol administrated rats. J. UOEH 1999, 21:29-35.
126. Yasseen A.A., Aunuiz A., Al-Musawi M.N. Chromosome studies in male patients suffering from infertility. Saudi Med. J. 2001, 22:223-226.
127. Yin S.N., Li G.L., Hu Y.T., Zhang X.M., Jin C., Inoue O., Seiji K., Kasahara M., Nakatsuka H., Ikeda M. Symptoms and signs of workers exposed to benzene, toluene or the combination. Ind. Health 1987, 25:113-130.
128. Zhang L., Eastmond D.A., Smith M.T. The nature of chromosomal aberrations detected in humans exposed to benzene. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2002, 32:1-42.
129. Zhang L., Lan Q., Guo W., Hubbard A.E., Li G., Rappaport S.M., Mchale C.M., Shen M., Ji Z., Vermeulen R., Yin S., Rothman N., Smith M.T. Chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS) in workers exposed to an established leukemogen, benzene. Carcinogenesis 2011, 32:605-612.
130. Zhang L., Lan Q., Ji Z., Li G., Shen M., Vermeulen R., Guo W., Hubbard A.E., Mchale C.M., Rappaport S.M., Hayes R.B., Linet M.S., Yin S., Smith M.T., Rothman N. Leukemia-related chromosomal loss detected in hematopoietic progenitor cells of benzene-exposed workers. Leukemia 2012, 26:2494-2498.