Breast cancer and environmental risk factors: Epidemiological and experimental findings

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volumn 36, Issue , 1996, Pages 573-596

  Wolff, Mary S ^a   Collman, Gwen W ^b   Barrett, J Carl ^b   Huff, James ^b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

animal models; chemical carcinogenesis; chemicals; exposure; timing

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION; REVIEW; SMOKING;

EID: 0029977887     PISSN: 00664251     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.003041     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. 1993. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int. J. Cancer 54:594-606
2. Huff JE, Barrett JC. 1996. Breast cancer and associated environmental risk factors. Environ. Health Perspect. In press
3. American Cancer Society. 1995. Cancer Facts & Figures - 1995. Atlanta: Am. Cancer Soc. 29 pp.
4. Ries LAG, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Kosary CL, Harras A, Edwards BK, eds. 1994. Seer Cancer Statistics Review: 1973-1991. Tables and graphs, Natl. Cancer Inst. NIH Pub. No. 94-2789, Bethesda, MD
5. Miller BA, Ries LAG, Hankey BF, Kosary CL, Harras A, Devesa SS, Edwards BK, eds. 1993. Seer Cancer Statistics Review: 1973-1990, Natl. Cancer Inst. NIH Pub. No. 93-2789, Bethesda, MD
6. American Cancer Society. 1994. Cancer Facts & Figures - 1994. Atlanta: Am. Cancer Soc. 28 pp.
7. Wynder EL, Bross IJ, Hirayama T. 1960. A study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast. Cancer 13:559-94
8. Dunnick JK, Elwell MR, Huff JE, Barrett JC. 1995. Chemically induced mammary gland cancer in the National Toxicology Program's carcinogenesis bio- assay. Carcinogenesis 16:173-79
9. Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 101:378-85
10. Huff JE. 1994. Carcinogenic hazards from eating fish and shellfish contaminated with disparate and complex chemical mixtures. In Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures: From Real Life Examples to Mechanisms of Toxicological Interactions, ed. RSH Yang, pp. 157-94. New York: Academic
11. Houghton DL, Ritter L. 1995. Organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 14:71-89
12. Millikan R, DeVoto E, Newman B, Savitz D. 1995. Studying environmental influences and breast cancer risk: suggestions for an integrated population-based approach. Br. Cancer Res. Treat. 35:79-89
13. John EM, Kelsey JL. 1993. Radiation and other environmental exposures and breast cancer. Epidemiol. Rev. 15:157-62
14. Cook DC, Dent O, Hewitt D. 1974. Breast cancer following multiple chest fluoroscopy: the Ontario experience. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 111:406-9
15. Shore RE, Hemplemann LH, Kowaluk E, Mansur PS, Pasternack BS, et al. 1977. Breast neoplasms in women treated with X rays for acute postpartum mastitis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59:813-22
16. Shore RE, Hildreth N, Woodward ED, Dvoretsky P, Hemplemann LH, Pasternack BS. 1986. Breast cancer among women given X-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77:689-96
17. Tokunaga M, Land CE, Yamamoto T, Asano M, Tokuoka S, et al. 1982. Breast cancer in Japanese A-bomb survivors. Lancet ii:924
18. Tokunaga M, Land CE, Yamamoto T, Asano M, Tokuoka S, et al. 1987. Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1985. Radiation Res. 112:243-72
19. Hildreth NG, Shore RE, Hempleman LH, Rosenstein M. 1985. Risk of extra thyroid tumors following radiation treatment in infancy for thymic enlargement. Radiation Res. 102:378-91
20. Wertheimer N, Leeper E. 1987. Adult cancer related to electrical wires near the home. Int. J. Epidemiol. 11:345-55
21. Vena JE, Graham S, Hellmann R, Swanson M, Brasure J. 1991. Use of electric blankets and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134: 180-85
22. McDowall ME. 1986. Mortality of persons resident in the vicinity of electricity transmission facilities. Br. J. Cancer 53:271-79
23. Demers PA, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, Jimenes LM, McTierman A, et al. 1991. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:340-47
24. Stevens RG. 1987. Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 125:556-61
25. Shah PN, Mhatre MC, Kothari LS. 1984. Effects of melatonin on mammary carcinogenesis in intact and pinealectomized rats in varying photoperiods. Cancer Res. 44:3403-7
26. Scribner JD, Mottet NK. 1981. DDT acceleration of mammary gland tumors induced in the male Sprague-Dawley rat by 2-acetamidophenanthrene. Carcinogenesis 2:1235-39
27. Colborn T, Clement C, eds. 1992. Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional development: the wildlife/human connection. Adv. Mod. Environ. Toxicol. 21:1-403
28. Rogan WJ, Gladen BC, McKinney JD, Carreras N, Hardy P, et al. 1987. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE) in human milk: effects on growth, morbidity, and duration of lactation. Am. J. Public Health 77:1294-97
29. Gladen BC, Rogan WJ. 1995. DDE and shortened duration of lactation in a northern Mexican town. Am. J. Public Health 85:504-8
30. Davies JE, Barquet A, Morgade C, Raffonelli A. 1976. Epidemiologic studies of DDT and dieldrin residues and their relationship to human carcinogenesis. Recent advances in assessment of health effects of environmental pollution, WHO, CEC, US EPA, Int. Symp. Proc., Paris, June 24-28, 1974. 11:695-702
31. Wasserman M, Nogueira DP, Tomatis L, Mirra AP, Shibata H, et al. 1976. Organochlorine compounds in neoplastic and adjacent apparently normal breast tissue. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:478-84
32. Albert L, Hernandez-Roman P, Reyes R, Nava E. 1982. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residue concentrations in neoplastic human breast tissue, non-malignant breast tumor tissue and adjacent adipose tissues. Int. Congress of Pesticides 5, Chemistry. IUPAC Vile-34, Kyoto, Japan
33. Unger M, Kiaer H, Blichert-Toft M, Olsen J, Clausen J. 1984. Organochlorine compounds in human breast fat from deceased with and without breast cancer and in a biopsy material from newly diagnosed patients undergoing breast surgery. Environ. Res. 34:24-28
34. Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Hasanen E, Pyysalo H, Antervo K, Kauppila R, Pantzar P. 1990. Occurrence of β-hexachlorocyclohexane in breast cancer patients. Cancer 66:2124-28
35. Falck FY, Ricci A, Jr, Wolff MS, Godbold J, Deckers J. 1992. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human breast lipids and their relation to breast cancer. Arch. Environ. Health 47:143-46
36. Wolff MS, Toniolo P, Lee E, Rivera M, Dubin N. 1993. Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 648-52
37. Dewailly E, Dodin S, Verreault R, Ayotte P, Sauve L, Morin J. 1994. High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:232-34
38. Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA, Rivera M, Vogelman J, Orentreich N. 1994. Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:589-99
39. Foran JA, Cox M, Croxton D. 1989. Sport fish consumption advisories and projected cancer risks in the Great Lakes basin. Am. J. Public Health 79:322-25
40. Silberhorn EM, Glauert HP, Robertson LW. 1990. Carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated bipbenyls: PCBs & PBBS. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 20:440-96
41. Wolff MS, Toniolo P. 1994. DDT and breast cancer [Letter (response)]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:1095-96
42. Henderson A, Miller G, Rosen D, Humphrey H, Sinks T. 1994. Breast cancer in women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:106
43. Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, Beyer JE, Carreon RM, Gehring PJ. 1979. Long-term toxicologic studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin in laboratory animals. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 320: 397-404
44. Holcomb H, Safe S. 1994. Inhibition of 7,12-DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor growth by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Cancer Lett. 82:43-47
45. Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Consonni D, Tironi A, Landi MT, Zocchetti C. 1993. Cancer incidence in a population accidentally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin. Epidemiology 4: 398-406
46. Flesch-Janys D, Berger J, Manz A, Nagel S, Ollroge I. 1993. Exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of female workers of a herbicide producing plant in Hamburg, FRG. Proc. 1993 Dioxin Conf.
47. Manz A, Berger J, Dwyer JH, Flesch-Janys D, Nagel S, Waltsgott H. 1991. Cancer mortality among workers in a chemical plant contaminated with dioxin. Lancet 338:959-64
48. Huff J, Lucier G, Tritscher A. 1994. Carcinogenicity of TCDD: experimental, mechanistic, and epidemiologic evidence. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 34:343-72
49. Huff JE. 1994. Dioxins and mammalian carcinogenesis. In Dioxins and Health, ed. A Schecter, pp. 389-407. New York: Plenum. 710 pp.
50. Auger J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. 1995. Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:281-85
51. Davis DL, Bradlow HL, Wolff M, Woodruff T, Hoel DG, Anton-Culver H. 1993. Medical hypothesis: xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 101: 372-77
52. Birnbaum LS. 1994. Endocrine effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs, dioxins, and other xenobiotics: implications for policy and future research. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:676-79
53. Safe S. 1995. Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health: Is there a problem? Environ. Health Perspect. 103: 346-51
54. Hansen LG, Jansen HT. 1994. Environmental estrogens [Letter]. Science 266:526
55. Wolff MS, Toniolo PG. 1995. Environmental organochlorine exposure as a potential etiologic factor in breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 103 (Suppl. 7):141-45
56. Soontornchat S, Li M-H, Cooke PS, Hansen LG. 1994. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic influences on endocrine disruption by polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:568-71
57. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. 1993. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiol. Rev. 15:145-56
58. Calle EE, Miracle-McMahill HL, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. 1994. Cigarette smoking and risk of fatal breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:1001-7
59. Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Graham S, Vena JE, et al. 1995. N-acetyl transferase (NAT), cigarette smoking, and breast cancer risk. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 36:283 (Abstr.)
60. Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing K, Rundle A, et al. 1995. Carcinogen-DNA adducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 4:233-38
61. Griffith J, Duncan RC, Riggan WB, Pellom AC. 1989. Cancer mortality in US counties with hazardous waste sites and ground water pollution. Arch. Environ. Health 44:69-74
62. Ozonoff DA, Ashengrau A, Coogan P. 1994. Cancer in the vicinity of a department of defense superfund site in Massachusetts. Toxicol. Indust. Health 10:119-41
63. Dusich K, Sigurson E, Hall WN, Dean AG. 1980. Cancer rates in a community exposed to low levels of creosote components in municipal water. Minn. Med. 63:803-6
64. Dean AG, Imrey HH, Dusich K, Hall WN. 1988. Adjusting morbidity ratios in two communities using risk factor prevalence in cases. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127:654-62
65. Lewis-Michl EL, Melius JM, Kallenbach LR, Ju CL, Talbot TO, et al. 1995. Breast Cancer Risk and Residence Near Industry or Traffic in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York. Arch. Environ. Health. In press
66. Zahm SH, Pattern LM, eds. 1995. Future directions for research on occupational cancer among women: summary of conference panel discussion. International conference on women's health occupation and cancer. Proceedings of an international conference. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37:363-65
67. Rubin CH, Burnett CA, Halperin WE, Seligman PJ. 1993. Occupation as a risk identifier for breast cancer. Am. J. Public Health 83:1311-15
68. Hall NE, Rosenman KD. 1991. Cancer incidence by industry: analysis of a population-based cancer registry with an emphasis on blue collar workers. Am. J. Indust. Med. 19:145-59
69. Gunnarsdottir H, Rafnnsson V. 1995. Cancer incidence among Icelandic Nurses. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37: 307-12
70. Sankila R, Karjaleinen S, Laara E, Pukkala E, Teppo L. 1990. Cancer risk among healthcare personnel in Finland. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 16:252-57
71. Morton WE. Major differences in breast cancer risks among occupations. 1995. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37: 328-35
72. Cantor KP, Stewart PA, Brinton LA, Dosemeci M. 1995. Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37:336-48
73. Russo J, Gusterson BA, Rogers AE, Russo IH, Wellings SR, van Zwieten MJ. 1990. Biology of disease. Comparative study of human and rat mammary tumorigenesis. Lab. Invest. 62:244-78
74. Snedeker SM, DiAugustine RP. 1996. Hormonal and environmental factors affecting cell proliferation and neoplasia in the mammary gland. See Ref. 112, pp. 211-54
75. Armitage P, Doll R. 1954. The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 8:1-12
76. Hrubec Z, Boice J, Monson R, Rosenstein M. 1989. Breast cancer after multiple chest fluoroscopies: second follow-up of Massachusetts women with tuberculosis. Cancer Res. 49:229-34
77. Hildreth N, Shore RE, Dvoretsky PM. 1989. The risk of breast cancer after irradiation of the thymus in infancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:1281-84
78. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Clarke EA, Stolley PD, Warshauer ME, et al. 1991. Breast cancer and cigarette smoking: a hypothesis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:1-13
79. Russo J, Russo IH. 1980. Influence of differentiation and cell kinetics on the the susceptibility of the rat mammary gland to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 40:2677-87
80. Russo J, Wilgus G, Russo IH. 1978. Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis. I. Differentiation of the mammary gland as a determinant of tumor incidence and type of lesion. Am. J. Pathol. 96:721-36
81. Greenberg ER, Barnes AB, Resseguie L, Barrett JA, Burnside S, et al. 1984. Breast cancer in mothers given diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 311:1393-98
82. Palmlund I. 1996. To cell from environment. See Ref. 112, pp. 425-46
83. Huff J, Haseman J, Rall D. 1991. Scientific concepts, value, and significance of chemical carcinogenesis studies. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31: 621-52
84. Fung VA, Barrett JC, Huff JE. 1995. The carcinogenesis bioassay in perspective: application in identifying human cancer hazards. Environ. Health Perspect. 103:680-83
85. Fung VA, Huff JE, Weisburger E, Hoel DG. 1993. Predictive strategies for selecting 379 NCI/NTP chemicals evaluated for carcinogenic potential: scientific and public health impact. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 20:413-36
86. Huff JE. 1992. Design strategies, results, and evaluations of long-term chemical carcinogenesis studies. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 18(Suppl. 1):31-37
87. Huff JE. 1992. A historical perspective of the classification developed and used for chemical carcinogens by the National Toxicology Program during 1983-1992. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 18:(Suppl. 1):74-82
88. Huff JE. 1993. Issues and controversies surrounding qualitative strategies for identifying and forecasting cancer causing agents in the human environment. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 72(Suppl. 1):12-27
89. Huff JE, Cirvello J, Haseman JK, Bucher JR. 1991. Chemicals associated with site-specific neoplasia in 1394 long-term carcinogenesis experiments in laboratory rodents. Environ. Health Perspect. 93:247-71
90. Huff JE, Eustis SE, Haseman JK. 1989. Occurrence and relevance of chemically induced benign neoplasms in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Metast. Rev. 8:1-21
91. Gold LS, Sloane TH, Manley NB, Bernstein L. 1991. Target organs in chronic bioassays of 533 chemical carcinogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 93:233-46
92. International Agency for Reseach on Cancer. 1972-1995. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vols. 1-63. Lyon, France: IARC
93. Linjinsky W. 1993. Species differences in carcinogenesis, in vivo 7:65-72
94. Wilbourn J, Haroun L, Heseltine E, Kaldor J, Partensky C, Vainio H. 1986. Response of experimental animals to human carcinogens: an analysis based upon the IARC monographs programme. Carcinogenesis 7:1853-63
95. Huff JE, Rall DP. 1992. Relevance to humans of carcinogenesis results from laboratory animal toxicology studies. In Maxcy-Rosenau-Last's Public Health and Preventive Medicine, ed. JM Last, RB Wallace, pp. 433-40, 453-57. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. 1257 pp. 13th ed.
96. Huff JE. 1993. Chemicals and cancer in humans: first evidence in experimental animals. Environ. Health Perspect. 100:201-10
97. Huff JE, Barrett JC. 1994. Chemicals and breast cancer. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 35:160 (Abstr.)
98. Huff JE. 1996. Relevance to human risk evaluation of chemically induced benign tumors in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol. Pathol. In press
99. National Cancer Institute. 1951-1995. Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity. Public Health Survey 149. Bethesda, MD: Natl. Cancer Inst.
100. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1994. Directory of Agents Being Tested for Carcinogenicity. 16:1-290. Lyon, France: IARC
101. Huff JE, McConnell EE, Haseman JK, Boorman GA, Eustis SL, et al. 1988. Carcinogenesis studies: results from 398 experiments on 104 chemicals from the US National Toxicology Program. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 534:1-30
102. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1995. Wood dust and formal-dehyde. See Ref. 92, 62:31-405
103. National Toxicology Program. 1995. Seventh annual report on carcinogens - 1994, 1 & 2:1-1063. Research Triangle Park, NC: NTP
104. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1995. IARC list of evaluations. See Ref. 92, 62:1-31
105. Tomatis L, Aitio A, Wilbourn J, Shuker L. 1989. Human carcinogens so far identified. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 80:795-507
106. Huff JE. 1994. Chemicals causally associated with cancers in humans and in laboratory animals: a perfect concordance. See Ref. 117, pp. 25-37
107. Huff JE. 1994. Chemically associated respiratory carcinogenesis in rodents and in humans. See Ref. 117, pp. 199-214
108. Marselos M, Tomatis L. 1992. Diethylstilboestrol: I. Pharmacology, toxicology and carcinogenicity in humans. Eur. J. Cancer 28A:1182-89
109. Marselos M, Tomatis L. 1993. Diethylstilboestrol: II. Pharmacology, toxicology and carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Eur. J. Cancer 29A:149-155
110. Newbold RR, McLachlan JA. 1996. Transplacental hormonal carcinogenesis: diethylstilbestrol as an example. See Ref. 112, pp. 131-48
111. Westin JB. 1993. Carcinogens in Israeli milk:a study in regulatory failure. Intern J. Health Services 23:497-517
112. Huff JE, Boyd JA, Barrett JC, eds. 1996. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormonal Carcinogenesis: Environmental Influences. New York: Wiley-Liss. 486 pp.
113. Huff JE, Boyd JA, Barrett JC. 1996. Hormonal carcinogenesis and environmental influences: background and overview. See Ref. 112, pp. 3-23
114. Huff JE. 1996. Chemically induced cancers in hormonal organs of laboratory animals and of humans. See Ref. 112, pp. 77-102
115. Gonzalez FJ, Gelboin HV. 1993. Role of human cytochrome P450s in risk assessment and susceptibility to environmentally based disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 40:289-308
116. Yu MC, Skipper PL, Taghizadeh K, Tannenbaum SR, Chan KK, et al. 1994. Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black, and Asian men in Los Angeles, California. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:712-16