Heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray protons: Role of enhanced perpendicular diffusion during periods of minimum solar modulation

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 105, Issue A8, 2000, Pages 18295-18303

  Potgieter, Marius S ^a  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449124600     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000434     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Bieber, J. W., et al., Proton and electron mean free paths: The Palmer consensus revisited, Astrophys. J., 420, 294, 1994.
2. Burger, R. A., and M. Hattingh, Steady-state drift-dominated modulation models for galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. Space Sci., 230, 375, 1995.
3. Burger, R. A., and M. Hattingh, Toward a realistic diffusion tensor for galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. J., 505, 244, 1998.
4. Chen, J., and J. W. Bieber, Cosmic ray anisotropies and gradients in three dimensions, Astrophys. J., 405, 375, 1993.
5. Ferrando, P., R. Ducros, C. Rastoin, A. Raviart, H. Kunow, R. Müller-Mellin, H. Sierks, and G. Wibberenz, Propagation of Jovian electrons in and out of the ecliptic plane, Adv. Space Res., 13, 107, 1993.
6. Ferreira, S. E. S., A study of the modulation of cosmic ray electrons in the heliosphere, M.Sc. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for CHE, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1998.
7. Ferreira, S. E. S., and M. S. Potgieter, Effects of anisotropic perpendicular diffusion on the energy and spatial dependence of galactic electron intensities in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 25, 1999.
8. Ferreira, S. E. S., M. S. Potgieter, and R. A. Burger, Comparison of a two- and three-dimensional drift model, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 77, 1999.
9. Fisk, L. A., Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, 4, Latitude dependent modulation, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4646, 1976.
10. Fisk, L. A., Motion of the footprints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,547, 1996.
11. Fisk, L. A., and J. R. Jokipii, Mechanisms for latitudinal transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 89, 115, 1999.
12. Forsyth, R. J., A. Balogh, E. J. Smith, N. Murphy, and D. J. McComas, The underlying magnetic field direction in Ulysses observations of the southern polar hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3321, 1995.
13. Giacalone, J., and J. R. Jokipii, The transport of cosmic rays across a turbulent magnetic field, Astrophys. J., 520, 204, 1999.
14. Giacalone, J., J. R. Jokipii, and J. Kóta, Particle drifts in a fluctuating magnetic field, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 37, 1999.
15. Haasbroek, L. J., and M. S. Potgieter, The modulation of cosmic rays in the high latitude heliosphere: A computer simulation, Space Sci. Rev., 72, 385, 1995.
16. Haasbroek, L. J., M. S. Potgieter, and G. Wibberenz, Long-term cosmic ray modulation along the Ulysses trajectory: A numerical simulation, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 24th, 4, 768, 1995.
17. Haasbroek, L. J., M. S. Potgieter, and J. A. le Roux, Some modulation effects of termination shock accelerated galactic and Jovian electrons, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 29, 1997.
18. Hattingh, M., The modulation of galactic cosmic rays in a three dimensional heliosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for CHE, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1998.
19. Heber, B., et al., Spatial variation of > 40 MeV/n nuclei fluxes observed during the Ulysses rapid latitude scan, Astron. Astrophys, 316, 538, 1996.
20. Jokipii, J. R., and J. Kóta, The polar heliospheric magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Let., 16, 1, 1989.
21. Jokipii, J. R., and E. N. Parker, Stochastic aspects of magnetic field lines of force with application to cosmic ray propagation, Astrophys. J., 155, 777, 1969.
22. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays, VI, A three-dimensional model including diffusion, Astrophys. J., 265, 573, 1983.
23. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, 3-D distribution of cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 24th, 4, 680, 1995.
24. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, 3D simulations of heliospheric transport: A comparison of models, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 25, 1997.
25. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, Cosmic ray modulation and the structure of the heliospheric magnetic field, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 7, 9, 1999.
26. le Roux, J. A., and M. S. Potgieter, A time-dependent drift model for the long-term modulation of cosmic rays with special reference to asymmetries with respect to the solar minimum of 1987, Astrophys. J., 361, 275, 1990.
27. le Roux, J. A., and M. S. Potgieter, The simulation of complete 11 and 22 year modulation cycles for cosmic rays in the heliosphere using a drift model with global merged interaction regions, Astrophys. J., 442, 847, 1995.
28. le Roux, J. A., G. P. Zank, and V. S. Ptuskin, An evaluation of perpendicular diffusion models regarding cosmic ray modulation on the basis of a hydromagnetic description for solar wind turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,845, 1999.
29. Lockwood, J. A., and W. R. Webber, On the interplanetary cosmic ray latitudinal gradient, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8221, 1992.
30. Mace, R. L., W. H. Matthaeus, and J. W. Bieber, Numerical investigation of perpendicular diffusion of charged test particles in weak magnetostatic slab turbulence, Astrophys. J., in press, 2000.
31. McKibben, R. B., Three-dimensional solar modulation of cosmic rays and anomalous components in the inner heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 83, 21, 1998.
32. McKibben, R. B., J. A. Simpson, M. Zhang, S. Bamboo, and A. Balogh, Ulysses out-of-ecliptic observations of 27 day variations in high energy cosmic ray intensity, Space Sci. Rev., 72, 93, 1995.
33. Parker, E. N., The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space, Planet. Space Sci., 13, 9, 1965.
34. Phillips, J. L., et al., Ulysses solar wind plasma observations from pole to pole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3301, 1995.
35. Potgieter, M. S., The modulation of galactic cosmic rays as described by a three dimensional drift model, Ph.D. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for CHE, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1984.
36. Potgieter, M. S., Heliospheric modulation of galactic electrons: Consequences of new calculations for the mean free path of electrons between 1 MeV and 1 GeV, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,411, 1996.
37. Potgieter, M. S., Implications of enhanced perpendicular diffusion in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 1, 1997.
38. Potgieter, M. S., The heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays: The role of perpendicular diffusion enhanced in the polar regions of the heliosphere, Adv. Space Res., 23, 449, 1999.
39. Potgieter, M. S., and L. J. Haasbroek, The simulation of base-line cosmic ray modulation for the Ulysses trajectory, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 23rd, 3, 457, 1993.
40. Potgieter, M. S., and J. A. le Roux, The simulated features of heliospheric cosmic ray modulation with a time-dependent drift model, I, General effects of the changing neutral sheet over the period 1985-1990, Astrophys. J., 386, 336, 1992.
41. Potgieter, M. S. and H. Moraal, A drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. J., 294, 425, 1985.
42. Potgieter, M. S., J. A. le Roux, and R. A. Burger, Interplanetary cosmic ray radial gradients with steady-state modulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2323, 1989.
43. Potgieter, M. S., L. J. Haasbroek, B. Heber, and P. Ferrando, The modelling of the latitude dependence of cosmic ray protons and electrons in the inner heliosphere, Adv. Space Res., 19, 917, 1997.
44. Potgieter, M. S., S. E. S., Ferreira, and B. Heber, The heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray electrons: Rigidity dependence of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 23rd, 7, 57, 1999.
45. Reinecke, J. P. L., H. Moraal, and F. B. McDonald, The cosmic radiation in the heliosphere at successive solar minima, 3, Steady-state drift solutions of the transport equation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,581, 1996.
46. Reinecke, J. P. L., C. D. Steenberg, H. Moraal, and F. B. McDonald, An alternative approach to the modelling of galactic cosmic ray intensities in the heliosphere, Adv. Space Res., 19, 901, 1997.
47. Reinecke, J. P. L., H. Moraal, and F. B. McDonald, In search of the cosmic ray diffusion tensor in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 23rd, 7, 73, 1999.
48. Webber, W. R., and J. A. Lockwood, Intensities of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere near the heliospheric equator in 1987 and during the period from 1994 to 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9773, 1997.