The role of microparticles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

International Journal of COPD

Volumn 9, Issue , 2014, Pages 303-314

  Takahashi, Toru ^a,b,c   Kubo, Hiroshi ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b CLIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^c TOHOKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Copd; EMPs; Endothelial activation; Exacerbation

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CD146 ANTIGEN; CD31 ANTIGEN; CD51 ANTIGEN; ENDOGLIN; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CADHERIN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DAMAGE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ENDOTHELIAL MICROPARTICLE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; ERYTHROCYTE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG PARENCHYMA; MEMBRANE MICROPARTICLE; MEMBRANE VESICLE; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTION; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE;

APOPTOSIS; COPD; EMPS; ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION; EXACERBATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; LUNG; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 84897548878     PISSN: 11769106     EISSN: 11782005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S38931     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al; Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6): 532-555.
2. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847-852.
3. Vestbo J, Edwards LD, Scanlon PD, et al; ECLIPSE Investigators. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(13):1184-1192.
4. Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE; Lung Health Study Research Group. Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV(1) decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the lung health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(3):358-364.
5. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al; TORCH investigators. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775-789.
6. Brutsche MH, Downs SH, Schindler C, et al; SAPALDIA Team. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and the development of asthma and COPD in asymptomatic individuals: SAPALDIA cohort study. Thorax. 2006;61(8):671-677.
7. Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli B, et al; Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) investigators. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Res. 2010;11:122.
8. Vestbo J, Rennard S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease biomarker(s) for disease activity needed-urgently. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(7):863-864.
9. Henson PM, Vandivier RW, Douglas IS. Cell death, remodeling, and repair in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(8):713-717.
10. Schmidt EP, Tuder RM. Role of Apoptosis in Amplifying Inflammatory Responses in Lung Diseases. J Cell Death. 2010;2010(3):41-53.
11. Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, et al. Inhibition of VEGF receptors causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(11):1311-1319.
12. Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Cool CD, Lynch DA, Flores SC, Voelkel NF. Endothelial cell death and decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt 1):737-744.
13. Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(8): 886-893.
14. Hodge S, Hodge G, Holmes M, Reynolds PN. Increased airway epithelial and T-cell apoptosis in COPD remains despite smoking cessation. Eur Respir J. 2005;25(3):447-454.
15. Vandivier RW, Henson PM, Douglas IS. Burying the dead: the impact of failed apoptotic cell removal (efferocytosis) on chronic inflammatory lung disease. Chest. 2006;129(6):1673-1682.
16. Ryter SW, Choi AM. Autophagy in the lung. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010;7(1):13-21.
17. Pisetsky DS, Gauley J, Ullal AJ. HMGB1 and microparticles as mediators of the immune response to cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(8):2209-2219.
18. Thery C, Ostrowski M, Segura E. Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(8):581-593.
19. Gyorgy B, Szabo TG, Pasztoi M, et al. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(16):2667-2688.
20. Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Meldolesi J. Shedding microvesicles: artefacts no more. Trends Cell Biol. 2009;19(2):43-51.
21. Nomura S, Ozaki Y, Ikeda Y. Function and role of microparticles in various clinical settings. Thromb Res. 2008;123(1):8-23.
22. Martinez MC, Tual-Chalot S, Leonetti D, Andriantsitohaina R. Microparticles: targets and tools in cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32(11):659-665.
23. Rautou PE, Vion AC, Amabile N, et al. Microparticles, vascular function, and atherothrombosis. Circ Res. 2011;109(5):593-606.
24. Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Larabee K, et al. Platelets amplify inflammation in arthritis via collagen-dependent microparticle production. Science. 2010;327(5965):580-583.
25. Rubin O, Canellini G, Delobel J, Lion N, Tissot JD. Red blood cell microparticles: clinical relevance. Transfus Med Hemother. 2012;39(5): 342-347.
26. Smalley DM, Sheman NE, Nelson K, Theodorescu D. Isolation and identification of potential urinary microparticle biomarkers of bladder cancer. J Proteome Res. 2008;7(5):2088-2096.
27. Valenti R, Huber V, Iero M, Filipazzi P, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Tumor-released microvesicles as vehicles of immunosuppression. Cancer Res. 2007;67(7):2912-2915.
28. Mostefai HA, Meziani F, Mastronardi ML, et al. Circulating microparticles from patients with septic shock exert protective role in vascular function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(11):1148-1155.
29. Boulanger CM, Amabile N, Tedgui A. Circulating microparticles: a potential prognostic marker for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hypertension. 2006;48(2):180-186.
30. Sidhu SS, Mengistab AT, Tauscher AN, LaVail J, Basbaum C. The microvesicle as a vehicle for EMMPRIN in tumor-stromal interactions. Oncogene. 2004;23(4):956-963.
31. MacKenzie A, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E, Dower SK, North RA, Surprenant A. Rapid secretion of interleukin-1beta by microvesicle shedding. Immunity. 2001;15(5):825-835.
32. Wilson HL, Francis SE, Dower SK, Crossman DC. Secretion of intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist (type 1) is dependent on P2X7 receptor activation. J Immunol. 2004;173(2):1202-1208.
33. Gasser O, Hess C, Miot S, Deon C, Sanchez JC, Schifferli JA. Characterisation and properties of ectosomes released by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Exp Cell Res. 2003;285(2):243-257.
34. Baroni M, Pizzirani C, Pinotti M, et al. Stimulation of P2 (P2X7) receptors in human dendritic cells induces the release of tissue factor-bearing microparticles. FASEB J. 2007;21(8):1926-1933.
35. Pisetsky DS, Ullal AJ, Gauley J, Ning TC. Microparticles as mediators and biomarkers of rheumatic disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(10):1737-1746.
36. Martinez MC, Tesse A, Zobairi F, Andriantsitohaina R. Shed membrane microparticles from circulating and vascular cells in regulating vascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(3): H1004-H1009.
37. Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI, Nourshargh S. Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7(9):678-689.
38. Lovren F, Verma S. Evolving role of microparticles in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chem. 2013;59(8):1166-1174.
39. Ryter SW, Chen ZH, Kim HP, Choi AM. Autophagy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: homeostatic or pathogenic mechanism? Autophagy. 2009;5(2):235-237.
40. Takahashi T, Kobayashi S, Fujino N, et al. Differences in the released endothelial microparticle subtypes between human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Exp Lung Res. 2013;39(4-5):155-161.
41. Kosmider B, Messier EM, Chu HW, Mason RJ. Human alveolar epithelial cell injury induced by cigarette smoke. PLoS One. 2011;6(12): e26059.
42. Bernhard D, Pfister G, Huck CW, et al. Disruption of vascular endothelial homeostasis by tobacco smoke: impact on atherosclerosis. FASEB J. 2003;17(15):2302-2304.
43. Li M, Yu D, Williams KJ, Liu ML. Tobacco smoke induces the generation of procoagulant microvesicles from human monocytes/macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(9):1818-1824.
44. Li CJ, Liu Y, Chen Y, Yu D, Williams KJ, Liu ML. Novel proteolytic microvesicles released from human macrophages after exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Pathol. 2013;182(5):1552-1562.
45. Heiss C, Amabile N, Lee AC, et al. Brief secondhand smoke exposure depresses endothelial progenitor cells activity and endothelial function: sustained vascular injury and blunted nitric oxide production. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(18):1760-1771.
46. Gordon C, Gudi K, Krause A, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles as a measure of early lung destruction in cigarette smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(2):224-232.
47. Sundar IK, Yao H, Rahman I. Oxidative stress and chromatin remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and smoking-related diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;18(15):1956-1971.
48. Tuder RM, Petrache I. Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(8):2749-2755.
49. Helal O, Defoort C, Robert S, et al. Increased levels of microparticles originating from endothelial cells, platelets and erythrocytes in subjects with metabolic syndrome: relationship with oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(9):665-671.
50. Sethi S, Maloney J, Grove L, Wrona C, Berenson CS. Airway inflammation and bronchial bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(9): 991-998.
51. Seemungal T, Sykes A; ICEAD Contributors. Recent advances in exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2008;63(10):850-852.
52. Mayne E, Funderburg NT, Sieg SF, et al. Increased platelet and microparticle activation in HIV infection: upregulation of P-selectin and tissue factor expression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(4): 340-346.
53. Kornek M, Lynch M, Mehta SH, et al. Circulating microparticles as disease-specific biomarkers of severity of inflammation in patients with hepatitis C or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):448-458.
54. Ge S, Hertel B, Emden SH, et al. Microparticle generation and leucocyte death in Shiga toxin-mediated HUS. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(7):2768-2775.
55. Nieuwland R, Berckmans RJ, McGregor S, et al. Cellular origin and procoagulant properties of microparticles in meningococcal sepsis. Blood. 2000;95(3):930-935.
56. Diamant M, Tushuizen ME, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Cellular microparticles: new players in the field of vascular disease? Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34(6):392-401.
57. Freyssinet JM. Cellular microparticles: what are they bad or good for? J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(7):1655-1662.
58. Singh N, Van Craeyveld E, Tjwa M, et al. Circulating apoptotic endothelial cells and apoptotic endothelial microparticles independently predict the presence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(4):324-331.
59. Jung C, Sorensson P, Saleh N, Arheden H, Ryden L, Pernow J. Circulating endothelial and platelet derived microparticles reflect the size of myocardium at risk in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221(1):226-231.
60. Nozaki T, Sugiyama S, Koga H, et al. Significance of a multiple biomarkers strategy including endothelial dysfunction to improve risk stratification for cardiovascular events in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(7):601-608.
61. Erdbruegger U, Grossheim M, Hertel B, et al. Diagnostic role of endothelial microparticles in vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(12):1820-1825.
62. Duval A, Helley D, Capron L, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus patients with low disease activity: evaluation by quantification and characterization of circulating endothelial microparticles, role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(6): 1049-1055.
63. Jimenez JJ, Jy W, Mauro LM, Horstman LL, Soderland C, Ahn YS. Endothelial microparticles released in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura express von Willebrand factor and markers of endothelial activation. Br J Haematol. 2003;123(5):896-902.
64. Combes V, Simon AC, Grau GE, et al. In vitro generation of endothelial microparticles and possible prothrombotic activity in patients with lupus anticoagulant. J Clin Invest. 1999;104(1):93-102.
65. Amabile N, Guerin AP, Leroyer A, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles are associated with vascular dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(11):3381-3388.
66. Faure V, Dou L, Sabatier F, et al. Elevation of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with chronic renal failure. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(3):566-573.
67. Amabile N, Guerin AP, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM, London GM. Predictive value of circulating endothelial microparticles for cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal failure: a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(5):1873-1880.
68. Pirro M, Schillaci G, Paltriccia R, et al. Increased ratio of CD31+/CD42- microparticles to endothelial progenitors as a novel marker of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26(11):2530-2535.
69. Moore XL, Michell D, Lee S, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness and reduced distensibility in human class III obesity: independent and differential influences of adiposity and blood pressure on the vasculature. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53972.
70. Stepanian A, Bourguignat L, Hennou S, et al. Microparticle increase in severe obesity: Not related to metabolic syndrome and unchanged after massive weight loss. Obesity. 2013;21:2236-2243.
71. Vincent PA, Xiao K, Buckley KM, Kowalczyk AP. VE-cadherin: adhesion at arm's length. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004;286(5): C987-C997.
72. Bardin N, Anfosso F, Masse JM, et al. Identification of CD146 as a component of the endothelial junction involved in the control of cell-cell cohesion. Blood. 2001;98(13):3677-3684.
73. Shaw SK, Bamba PS, Perkins BN, Luscinskas FW. Real-time imaging of vascular endothelial-cadherin during leukocyte transmigration across endothelium. J Immunol. 2001;167(4):2323-2330.
74. Conway D, Schwartz MA. Lessons from the endothelial junctional mechanosensory complex. F1000 Biol Rep. 2012;4:1.
75. Newman PJ, Berndt MC, Gorski J, et al. PECAM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Science. 1990;247(4947):1219-1222.
76. Angelillo-Scherrer A. Leukocyte-derived microparticles in vascular homeostasis. Circ Res. 2012;110(2):356-369.
77. Patil S, Newman DK, Newman PJ. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 serves as an inhibitory receptor that modulates platelet responses to collagen. Blood. 2001;97(6):1727-1732.
78. Cicmil M, Thomas JM, Leduc M, Bon C, Gibbins JM. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 signaling inhibits the activation of human platelets. Blood. 2002;99(1):137-144.
79. Falati S, Patil S, Gross PL, et al. Platelet PECAM-1 inhibits thrombus formation in vivo. Blood. 2006;107(2):535-541.
80. Muller WA. Leukocyte-endothelial-cell interactions in leukocyte transmigration and the inflammatory response. Trends Immunol. 2003;24(6):327-334.
81. Woodfin A, Voisin MB, Nourshargh S. PECAM-1: a multi-functional molecule in inflammation and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27(12):2514-2523.
82. Takahashi T, Kobayashi S, Fujino N, et al. Increased circulating endothelial microparticles in COPD patients: a potential biomarker for COPD exacerbation susceptibility. Thorax. 2012;67(12):1067-1074.
83. Wang Z, Yan X. CD146, a multi-functional molecule beyond adhesion. Cancer Lett. 2013;330(2):150-162.
84. Lehmann JM, Riethmuller G, Johnson JP. MUC18, a marker of tumor progression in human melanoma, shows sequence similarity to the neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(24):9891-9895.
85. Elshal MF, Khan SS, Takahashi Y, Solomon MA, McCoy JP Jr. CD146 (Mel-CAM), an adhesion marker of endothelial cells, is a novel marker of lymphocyte subset activation in normal peripheral blood. Blood. 2005;106(8):2923-2924.
86. Maier CL, Shepherd BR, Yi T, Pober JS. Explant outgrowth, propagation and characterization of human pericytes. Microcirculation. 2010;17(5):367-380.
87. Blann AD, Woywodt A, Bertolini F, et al. Circulating endothelial cells. Biomarker of vascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93(2): 228-235.
88. Bertolini F, Shaked Y, Mancuso P, Kerbel RS. The multifaceted circulating endothelial cell in cancer: towards marker and target identification. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(11):835-845.
89. Bevilacqua M, Butcher E, Furie B, et al. Selectins: a family of adhesion receptors. Cell. 1991;67(2):233.
90. Jimenez JJ, Jy W, Mauro LM, Soderland C, Horstman LL, Ahn YS. Endothelial cells release phenotypically and quantitatively distinct microparticles in activation and apoptosis. Thromb Res. 2003;109(4): 175-180.
91. Sosnoski DM, Emanuel BS, Hawkins AL, et al. Chromosomal localization of the genes for the vitronectin and fibronectin receptors alpha subunits and for platelet glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. J Clin Invest. 1988;81(6):1993-1998.
92. Kokubo T, Uchida H, Choi ET. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a target in the prevention of neointimal hyperplasia. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 45 Suppl A:A33-A38.
93. Sheppard D. Roles of alphav integrins in vascular biology and pulmonary pathology. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004;16(5):552-557.
94. Minagar A, Jy W, Jimenez JJ, et al. Elevated plasma endothelial microparticles in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2001;56(10): 1319-1324.
95. Bernal-Mizrachi L, Jy W, Jimenez JJ, et al. High levels of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2003;145(6):962-970.
96. Thomashow MA, Shimbo D, Parikh MA, et al. Endothelial microparticles in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(1): 60-68.
97. Takahashi T, Suzuki S, Kubo H, Yamaya M, Kurosawa S, Kato M. Impaired endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and colony-forming capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2011;16(4):680-687.
98. Young RP, Hopkins R, Eaton TE. Forced expiratory volume in one second: not just a lung function test but a marker of premature death from all causes. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(4):616-622.
99. Peinado VI, Pizarro S, Barbera JA. Pulmonary vascular involvement in COPD. Chest. 2008;134(4):808-814.
100. Hunninghake DB. Cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2(1):44-49.
101. Barr RG, Mesia-Vela S, Austin JH, et al. Impaired flow-mediated dilation is associated with low pulmonary function and emphysema in ex-smokers: the Emphysema and Cancer Action Project (EMCAP) Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1200-1207.
102. Iwamoto H, Yokoyama A, Kitahara Y, et al. Airflow limitation in smokers is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(1):35-40.
103. Ryu CW, Jahng GH, Choi CW, et al. Microstructural change of the brain in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a voxel-based investigation by MRI. COPD. 2013;10(3):357-366.
104. Dodd JW, Chung AW, van den Broek MD, Barrick TR, Charlton RA, Jones PW. Brain structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multimodal cranial magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(3):240-245.
105. Palange P, Testa U, Huertas A, et al. Circulating haemopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells are decreased in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(3):529-541.
106. Muller AM, Hermanns MI, Skrzynski C, Nesslinger M, Muller KM, Kirkpatrick CJ. Expression of the endothelial markers PECAM-1, vWf, and CD34 in vivo and in vitro. Exp Mol Pathol. 2002;72(3): 221-229.
107. Kawanami O, Jin E, Ghazizadeh M, et al. Mosaic-like distribution of endothelial cell antigens in capillaries and juxta-alveolar microvessels in the normal human lung. Pathol Int. 2000;50(2):136-141.
108. Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(5):1091-1097.
109. Mannino DM, Thorn D, Swensen A, Holguin F. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(4):962-969.
110. Soler-Cataluna JJ, Martinez-Garcia MA, Roman Sanchez P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, Ochando R. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-931.
111. Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418-1422.
112. Patel AR, Kowlessar BS, Donaldson GC, et al. Cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(9):1091-1099.
113. Tanabe N, Muro S, Hirai T, et al. Impact of exacerbations on emphysema progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(12):1653-1659.
114. Marchetti N, Ciccolella DE, Jacobs MR, et al. Hospitalized acute exacerbation of COPD impairs flow and nitroglycerin-mediated peripheral vascular dilation. COPD. 2011;8(2):60-65.
115. Maclay JD, McAllister DA, Johnston S, et al. Increased platelet activation in patients with stable and acute exacerbation of COPD. Thorax. 2011;66(9):769-774.
116. Wang RT, Li JY, Cao ZG, Li Y. Mean platelet volume is decreased during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2013;18(8):1244-1248.
117. Polatli M, Cakir A, Cildag O, Bolaman AZ, Yenisey C, Yenicerioglu Y. Microalbuminuria, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen levels as markers of the severity in COPD exacerbation. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2008;26(2):97-102.
118. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA, MacCallum PK, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are accompanied by elevations of plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84(2):210-215.
119. Koutsokera A, Kiropoulos TS, Nikoulis DJ, et al. Clinical, functional and biochemical changes during recovery from COPD exacerbations. Respir Med. 2009;103(6):919-926.
120. Valipour A, Schreder M, Wolzt M, et al. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115(7):225-232.
121. Ogura H, Tanaka H, Koh T, et al. Enhanced production of endothelial microparticles with increased binding to leukocytes in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Trauma. 2004;56(4):823-830; discussion 830-821.
122. Rautou PE, Leroyer AS, Ramkhelawon B, et al. Microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques promote endothelial ICAM-1-dependent monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. Circ Res. 2011;108(3):335-343.
123. Boulanger CM, Scoazec A, Ebrahimian T, et al. Circulating microparticles from patients with myocardial infarction cause endothelial dysfunction. Circulation. 2001;104(22):2649-2652.
124. Witwer KW, Buzas EI, Bemis LT, et al. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013;2.
125. Morel O, Toti F, Morel N, Freyssinet JM. Microparticles in endothelial cell and vascular homeostasis: are they really noxious? Haematologica. 2009;94(3):313-317.
126. van der Zee PM, Biro E, Ko Y, et al. P-selectin- and CD63-exposing platelet microparticles reflect platelet activation in peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2006;52(4):657-664.
127. Bastarache JA, Fremont RD, Kropski JA, Bossert FR, Ware LB. Procoagulant alveolar microparticles in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;297(6):L1035-L1041.
128. Amabile N, Heiss C, Real WM, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticle levels predict hemodynamic severity of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(11):1268-1275.
129. Amabile N, Heiss C, Chang V, et al. Increased CD62e(+) endothelial microparticle levels predict poor outcome in pulmonary hypertension patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28(10):1081-1086.
130. Ayers L, Ferry B, Craig S, Nicoll D, Stradling JR, Kohler M. Circulating cell-derived microparticles in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(3):574-580.
131. Simak J, Gelderman MP, Yu H, Wright V, Baird AE. Circulating endothelial microparticles in acute ischemic stroke: a link to severity, lesion volume and outcome. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(6):1296-1302.