The Simple Art of Voting: The Cognitive Shortcuts of Italian Voters

The Simple Art of Voting: The Cognitive Shortcuts of Italian Voters

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-288

  Baldassarri, Delia ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive heuristics; Human decision making; Ideological voter; Italian politics; Political disaffection; Political sophistication; Public opinion

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897467028     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828241.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (306)

1. Agosta, A. 1994. "Maggioritario e proporzionale." In Milano a Roma. Guida all'Italia elettorale del 1994, edited by I. Diamanti, R. Mannheimer, 15-28. Roma: Donzelli.
2. Agresti, A. 1990. Categorical Data Analysis. Wiley: New York.
3. Almond, G. A. and S. Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4. Anderson, J. R. 1991. "Is human cognition adaptive?." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:471-517.
5. Anolli, L. and P. Legrenzi. 2001. Psicologia generale. Bologna: Il Mulino.
6. Arceneaux, K. and R. Kolodny. 2009. "Educating the Least Informed: Group EndLorsements in a Grassroots Campaign." American Journal of Political Science. 53(4): 755-770.
7. Arkes, H. R. and K. R Hammond. 1986. Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Aronson, E. and T. Wilson, R. Aker. 2010 (7th edition). Social Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9. Arrow, K. J. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: Wiley.
10. Baldassarri, D. 2002. "La decisione di voto. Le elezioni politiche italiane del 1996 e 2001." Tesi di Laurea in Sociologia, Università degli Studi di Trento.
11. Baldassarri, D. 2003. "Il voto ideologico esiste? L'utilizzo delle categorie di sinistra e destra nell'elettorato italiano." Quaderni dell'Osservatorio Elettorale 49:5-35.
12. Baldassarri, D. and Peter B. 2007. "Dynamics of Political Polarization." American Sociological Review. 72: 784-811.
13. Baldassarri, D. and H. M. A. Schadee. 2004. "Il fascino della coalizione." Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 2:249-276.
14. Baldassarri, D. and H. M. A. Schadee. 2006. "Voter Heuristics and Political Cognition in Italy: An Empirical Typology," Electoral Studies, 25: 448-466.
15. Baldini, G., M. Bucchi, T. Fava. 2001. "Comunicazione politica e decisione di voto: una ricerca sulle elezioni comunali del 1999." In Mass Media ed elezioni, edited by G. Sani, 225-274. Bologna: Il Mulino.
16. Banfield, E. C. and L. Fasano Banfield. 1967 [1958]. Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: Free Press.
17. Bardi, L. and G. Pasquino. 1995. "Politicizzati e alienati." In Sulla soglia del cambiamento. Elettori e partiti alla fine della prima Repubblica, edited by A. Parisi, H. M. Schadee, 17-42. Bologna: Il Mulino.
18. Barlucchi, M. C. 1998. "Il tipo ideale weberiano: una definizione operativa." Sociologia e ricerca sociale 55:59-91.
19. Bartels, L. M. 1996. "Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections." American Journal of Political Science 2:194-230.
20. Bartolini, S. and R. D'Alimonte. 1995. Maggioritario ma non troppo. Le elezioni politiche del 1994, la campagna elettorale, l'offerta politica, il voto:un'analisi dettagliata per comprendere l'evoluzione del sistema politico in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
21. Bartolini, S., and P. Mair. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates: 1885-1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Bazerman, M. H. and M. A. Neale. 1983. "Heuristics in negotiation: Limitation to dispute resolution effectiveness." In Negotiating in organizations, edited by M. H. Bazerman, R. J. Lewicki, 51-67. Beverly Hills: Sage.
23. Bearman, P. 1993. Relations into Rhetorics: Local Elite Social Structure in Norfolk, England: 1540-1640. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
24. Bellucci, P. 1997. "Classi, identità politiche e interessi." In A domanda risponde. Il cambiamento del voto degli italiani nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996, edited by P, Corbetta, A. M. L. Parisi, 261-316. Bologna: Il Mulino.
25. Bellucci, P. 2002. "L'elettore che ragiona: offerta di politiche e scelte di voto." In Le ragioni dell'elettore, edited by M. Caciagli, P. Corbetta, 371-406. Bologna: Il Mulino.
26. Bellucci, P., P. Segatti. 2010. Votare in Italia: 1964-2008. Bologna: Il Mulino.
27. Berelson, B., P. Lazarsfeld, W. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Election. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Biorcio, R. and I. Diamanti. 1987. "La scelta di voto: dal risultato all'attore sociale. Appunti per una rilettura del comportamento elettorale in Italia." Quaderni dell'Osservatorio Elettorale 19:43-85.
29. Biorcio, R. and P. Natale. 1989. "La mobilità elettorale degli anni '80." Quaderni dell'Osservatorio elettorale 8:41-88.
30. Bobbio, N. 1999. Destra e sinistra. Ragioni e significati di una distinzione politica. Roma: Donzelli.
31. Boudon, R. 1995. Le juste et le vrai, Paris: Fayard.
32. Boudon, R. 1996. "The 'Cognitivist Model': a generalized 'Rational Choice' Model." Rationality and Society 8:123-150.
33. Boudon, R. 1998. "Social Mechanisms Without Black Boxes." In Social Mechanisms, edited by P. Hedström, R. Swedberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Boudon, R. 2003. Raison, bonnes raisons. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
35. Brady, H. E. and P. M. Sniderman. 1991. "The likability heuristic." In Reasoning and Choice. Exploration in Political Psycology, edited by P. M. Sniderman, R. A. Brody, P. E. Tetlok, 93-119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Brandstätter, E., G. Gigerenzer, and R. Hertwig. 2006. "The priority heuristic:Making choices without trade-offs." Psychological Review. 113(2): 409-432.
37. Brody, R. A. 1991. "Stability and change in party identification: presidential to off-years." In Reasoning and Choice. Exploration in Political Psychology, edited by P. M. Sniderman, R. A. Brody, P. E. Tetlock, 179-205. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
38. Budge, I., I. Crewe, D. Farlie. 1976. Party identification and beyond:representations of voting and party competition. Wiley: London.
39. Budge, I., D. Robertson, D. Hearl. 1987. Ideology, Strategy and Party Change:Spatial Analyses of Post-war election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Bullock, J. G. 2011. "Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate." American Political Science Review 105:496-515.
41. Burns, N., K. Schlozman, S. Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action:Gender, Equality and Political Participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
42. Caciagli, M. and P. Corbetta. 2002. Le Ragioni dell'elettore. Perchè ha vinto il centro-destra nelle elezioni italiane del 2001. Bologna: Il Mulino.
43. Calhoun, C. 1991. "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action" In Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology edited by Joan Huber 51-75. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
44. Camerer, C. and R. Hogarth. 1999. "The effects of financial incentives in experiments: a review and capital-labor-production framework." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 19:7-42.
45. Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, W. E. Miller, D. E. Stockes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
46. Campus, D. 2000. L'elettore pigro. Informazione politica e scelte di voto. Bologna, Il Mulino.
47. Carmines, E. and R. Huckefeldt. 1996. "Political Behavior: An Overview." In A New Handbook of Political Science, edited by R. E. Goodin and H. D. Klingemann, 223-254. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Carmines, E. and J. Stimson. 1982. "Racial Issues and the Structure of Mass Belief System." Journal of Politics 44:2-20.
49. Cartocci, R. 1990. Elettori in Italia. Riflessioni sulle vicende elettorali degli anni ottanta. Bologna: Il Mulino.
50. Caramani, D. 1997. "La partecipazione elettorale: gli effetti della competizione maggioritaria." In Maggioritario per caso, edited by R. D'Alimonte, S. Bartolini. Bologna: Il Mulino.
51. Caramani, D. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Cartocci, R. 2007. Mappe del Tesoro. Bologna: Il Mulino.
53. Chaiken, S., A. Liberman, A. H. Eagly. 1989. "Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context." In Unintended thought, edited by J. S. Uleman, J. A. Bargh, 212-252. New York:Gulford Press.
54. Chiaramonte, A. 1994. "Gli effetti distorsivi del nuovo sistema elettorale." Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 3.
55. Chierici, C. 1997. "Il nuovo sistema elettorale: formule, collegi, schede." In A domanda risponde. Il cambiamento del voto degli italiani nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996, edited by A. Corbetta, M. L. Parisi, 81-91. Bologna: Il Mulino.
56. Chubb, J. E., M. G. Hagen, P. M. Sniderman. 1991. "Ideological reasoning." In Reasoning and Choice. Exploration in Political Psychology, edited by P. M. Sniderman, R. A. Brody, P. E. Tetlok, 140-163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Clarke, H., D. Sanders, M. Stewart, P. Whiteley. 2003. Political Choice in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Cobalti, A. and A. Schizzerotto. 1994. La mobilità sociale in Italia. L'influenza dei fattori di diseguaglianza sul destino educativo, professionale e sociale dei singoli nel nostro paese. Il Mulino: Bologna.
59. Cob, M. D. and J. Kuklinski. 1997. "Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion." American Journal of Political Science. 41(1): 88-121.
60. Cohen, C. E. 1981. "Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundary conditions of the processing effects of prior knowledge." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:441-452.
61. Conover, P. and S. Feldman. 1981. "The Origins and Meanings of Liberal / Conservative Self identifications." American Journal of Political Science 25:617-645.
62. Conover, P. and S. Feldman. 1984. "How People Organize the Political World:A Schematic Approach." American Journal of Political Science 46:760-785.
63. Converse, P. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In Ideology and Discontent, edited by D. E. Apter, 206-261. New York: Free Press.
64. Converse, P. 1990. "Popular Representation and the Distribution of Information." In Information and Democratic Processes, edited by J. A. Ferejohn, J. H. Kuklinski. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
65. Corbetta, P. 1992. Metodi di analisi multivariata per le scienze sociali. Bologna: Il Mulino.
66. Corbetta, P. 1999. Metodologia e tecniche della ricerca sociale. Bologna: Il Mulino.
67. Corbetta P. and G. Mazzoleni. 1995. "Partiti, media e informazione politica" in Sulla soglia del cambiamento. Edited by A. Parisi and H. Schadee. Bologna: Il Mulino.
68. Corbetta, P. and A. M. L. Parisi. 1997. A domanda risponde. Il cambiamento del voto degli italiani nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996. Bologna: Il Mulino.
69. Corbetta, P. and A. M. L. Parisi. 1997. Cavalieri e fanti. Proposte e proponenti nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996. Bologna: Il Mulino.
70. Corbetta, P., A. M. L. Parisi, H. M. A. Schadee. 1988. Elezioni in Italia. Struttura e tipologia delle consultazioni politiche. Bologna: Il Mulino.
71. Czerlinski, J., G. Gigerenzer, D. G. Goldstein. 1999. How good are simple heuristics? In Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart edited by Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P.M. & the ABC Research Group. New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Dalton, R. and M. P. Wattenberg. 2000. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. D'Alimonte, R. and S. Bartolini. 1997. Maggioritario per caso. Le elezioni politiche del 1994 e del 1996 a confronto: il ruolo del sistema elettorale, le coalizioni, le scelte degli elettori. Bologna: Il Mulino.
74. D'Alimonte, R. and S. Bartolini. 2002. Maggioritario Finalmente. La transizione elettorale 1994-2001. Bologna: Il Mulino.
75. Dawes, R. M., D. Faust, P. E. Meehl. 1991. "Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment." Science 243:1668-1673.
76. DeBond, W. F. and R. H. Thaler. 2002. "Do Analysts Overract?" In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 678-685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Delli Carpini, M. X. and S. Keeter. 1993. "Measuring Political Knowledge. Putting First Things First." American Journal of Political Science 37:1179-1206.
78. Denzau, T. and D. C. North. 2000. "Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions." In Elements of Reason. Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, edited by A. Lupia, M. D. McCubbins, S. L. Popkin. New York:Cambridge University Press.
79. De Sio, L. 2011. Competizione e spazio politico. Le elezioni si vincono davvero al centro? Bologna: Il Mulino.
80. Diamanti, I. 1996. Il male del Nord. Lega, localismo, secessione. Donzelli:Roma.
81. Diamanti, I. and R. Mannheimer. 1994. "Milano a Roma." Guida all'Italia elettorale del 1994, edited by A. Diederich. Roma: Donzelli.
82. Dieckmann, A. and J. Rieskamp. 2007. "The influence of information redundancy on probabilistic inferences." Memory & Cognition, 35, 1801-1813.
83. DiMaggio, P. 1997. "Culture and Cognition." Annual Review of Sociology 23:263-287.
84. Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
85. Druckman, J. N. 2004. "Political preference formation: Competition, deliberation, and the (ir)relevance of framing effects." American Political Science Review 98:671-686.
86. Druckman, J. N. and A. Lupia. 2000. "Preference Formation." Annual Review of Political Science 3:1-24.
87. Druckman, J., C. L. Hennessy, K. St. Charles, and J. Webber. 2010. "Competing rhetoric over time: Frames versus cues." The Journal of Politics 72:136-148.
88. Duprè, J. 1993. "The Disorder of Things." In Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
89. Edwards, W. 1954. "The theory of decision making." Psychological Bulletin 51:380-417.
90. Edwards, W. 1961. "Behavioral decision theory." Annual Review of Psychology 12:473-498.
91. Einhorn, H. J. and R. M. Hogarth. 1981. "Behavioral decision theory:Processes of judgement and choice." Annual Review of Psychology 32:53-88.
92. Elstein, A. S., L. S. Shulman, S. A. Sprafka. 1978. Medical problem solving: An analysis of clinical reasoning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
93. Elster, J. 1979. Ulysses and the Sirens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
94. Elster, J. 1999. Strong Feelings. Emotion, Addiction and Human behavior, edited by A. Bradford. London-Cambridge: The MIT Press.
95. Elster, J. 2007. Explaining Social Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Enelow, J. and M. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Enelow, J. and M. Hinich. 1990. Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Fabbrini, S. 1998. Quale democrazia. L'Italia e gli altri. 2 ed. Bari: Laterza.
99. Fabbrini, S. 2000. Tra pressioni e veti: il cambiamento politico in Italia. Bari:Laterza.
100. Fiorina, M. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
101. Fiorina, M. 1990. "Information and Rationality in Elections." In Information and Democratic Process, edited by J. A. Ferejohn, J. H. Kuklinski. Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
102. Fischhoff, B. 2002. "Heuristics and Biases in Application." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 730-748. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Fiske, S. T. and D. R. Kinder. 1981. "Involvement, Expertise, and Schema Use: Evidence from Political Cognition." In Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction, edited by N. Cantor, J. F. Kihlstrom, 171-190. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates.
104. Fiske, S. T., D. R. Kinder, W. M. Larter. 1983. "The Novice and the Expert:Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition." Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 19:381-400.
105. Fiske, S. T. and P. W. Linville. 1980. "What does the Schema concept buy us?." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:543-557.
106. Fiske, S. T., R. R. Lau, R. A. Smith. 1990. "On the Varieties and Utilities of Political Expertise." Social Cognition 8:31-48.
107. Fiske, S. T. and S. E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition. New York: McGraw Hill.
108. Franklin, M. N., T. T. Mackie, H. Valen. 1992. Electoral change. Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in Western countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
109. Frederick, S. 2002. "Automated Choice Heuristics." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 548-558. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
110. Galli, G., V. Capecchi, V. Cioni Polacchini, G. Sivini. 1968. Il comportamento elettorale in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
111. Gamson, W. A. 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
112. Gigerenzer, G. 2000. Adaptive thinking: rationality in the real world. New York: Oxford University Press.
113. Gigerenzer, G. 2010. "Moral Satisficing: Rethinking Moral Behavior as Bounded Rationality." Topics in Cognitive Science, 2: 528-554.
114. Gigerenzer, G., and H. J. Brighton. 2009. "Homo heuristicus: Why biased minds make better inferences." Topics in Cognitive Science, 1, 107-143.
115. Gigerenzer, G. and D. G. Goldstein. 1996. "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality." Psychological Review 103:650-669.
116. Gigerenzer, G. and D. G. Goldstein. 1999. "Betting on One Good Reason: The Take the Best Heuristic." In Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, 75-96. New York: Oxford University Press.
117. Gigerenzer, G., J. Czerlinski, L. Martignon. 2002. "How Good Are Fast and Frugal Heuristics?" In Common Sense, Reasoning and Rationality, edited by R. Elio, 149-173. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Gigerenzer, G., Hertwig, R., Pachur, T. 2011. Heuristics: The foundations of adaptive behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Gigerenzer, G. and R. Selten. 2001. Bounded Rationality. The Adaptive Toolbox, edited by G. Gigerenzer, R. Selten. Cambridge: MIT Press.
120. Gigerenzer, G., P. Todd, Abc Research Group. 1999. Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Gilbert, M. 1994. The Italian Revolution. The End of Politics Italian-Style? Boulder: Westview Press.
122. Gilens, M. 2001. "Political Ignorance and collective policy preferences." American Political Science Review 95:379-396.
123. Gilovich, T. 1991. How we know what isn't so: The fallibility of human judgment in everyday life. New York: Free Press.
124. Gilovich, T. and D. Griffin. 2002. "Introduction-Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 1-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
125. Gilovich, T., D. Griffin, D. Kahneman. 2002. Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Girotto, V. 1996. "Introduzione alla teoria del prospetto e alle sue applicazioni in ambito politico." In Psicologia e Politica, edited by P. Legrenzi, V. Girotto, 19-42. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
127. Goldberg, A. 2012. Where Do Social Categories Come From? A Comparative Analysis of Online Interaction and Categorical Emergence in Music and Finance. Dissertation.
128. Goldstein, D. G. and Gigerenzer, G. 1999. "The Recognition Heuristic: How Ignorance Makes Us Smart." In Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, edited by G. Gigerenzer, P. Todd, ABC Research Group, 75-96. New York: Oxford University Press.
129. Goldstein, D. G. and G. Gigerenzer. 2002. "Models of ecological rationality:The recognition heuristic." Psychological Review, 109, 75-90.
130. Goldthorpe, J. H. 2000. On Sociology. Numbers, Narratives, and the Integration of Research and Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
131. Gordon, S. B. and G. M. Segura. 1997. "Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice?." The Journal of Politics 59:126-147.
132. Gould, R. V. 1995. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1948 to the Commune. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
133. Green, D. P., and A. S. Gerber. 2008. Get Out The Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout, Second Edition. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
134. Guizzardi, G. 1994. "Messaggi e immagini." In Milano a Roma. Guida all'Italia elettorale del 1994, edited by I. Diamanti, R. Mannheimer, 143-150. Roma:Donzelli.
135. Hamill, R., M. Lodge, F. Blake. 1985. "The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata." American Journal of Political Science 29:850-870.
136. Hamill, R. and M. Lodge. 1986. "Cognitive consequences of Political Sophistication." In Political Cognition, edited by R. Lau, D. O. Sears, 69-93. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
137. Hedström, P. 2005. Dissecting the Social: On the Principles of Analytical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
138. Henrion, M. and B. Fischoff. 2002. "Assessing Uncertainty in Physical Constants." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 666-677. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
139. Hinich, M. and M. Munger. 1994. Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
140. Hinich, M. and W. Pollard. 1981. "A New Approach to the Spatial Theory of Electoral Competition." American Journal of Political Science 25:323-341.
141. Hirschmann, A. O. 1970. Exit, voice and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
142. Huckfeld, R., Sprague, J. 1995. Citizens, Politics and Social Communication:Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Press.
143. Inglehart, R. and H. D. Klingemann. 1976. "Party identification, Ideological Preference and the Left-right Dimension among Western Mass Publics." In Party Identification and beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition, edited by I. Budge, I. Crewe, D. Farlie, 243-273. London: Wiley.
144. Itanes. 1997. "Itanes 1990-1996." Italian National Election Studies, in Misure. Materiali di ricerca dell'Istituto Cattaneo.
145. Itanes. 2001. Perché ha vinto il centro-destra. Oltre la mera conta dei voti:chi, come, dove, perché. Bologna: Il Mulino.
146. Johnson, P. E. 1998. Social Choice: Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
147. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky. 1972. "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness, in." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 5:187-200.
148. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky. 1973. "On the psychology of prediction." Psychological Review 80:237-251.
149. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky. 1979. "Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk." Econometrica 47:263-291.
150. Kahneman, D. and S. Frederick. 2002. "Representativeness Revisited:Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 49-81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
151. Kahneman, D., P. Slovic, A. Tversky. 1982. Judgment under Uncertainty:Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
152. Katsikopoulos, K.V., and L. Martignon. 2006. "Naïve heuristics for paired comparisons: Some results on their relative accuracy," Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50, 3, 488-494.
153. Kinder, D and D. Sears. 1985. "Public Opinion and Political Action." In Handbook of Political Science, edited by G. Lindzey, E. Aronson, 625-741. Vol. 2. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
154. Klayman, J. and Y. W. Ha, 1987. "Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing." Psychological Review 94:211-228.
155. Kleinnijenhuis, J. and P. Pennings. 2001. "Measurement of Party Positions on the basis of Party Programs, Media Coverage and Voter Perceptions." In Estimating the Policy Position of Political Actors, edited by M. Laver, 162-182. London: Routledge.
156. Krosnick, J. A. 1990a. "Expertise and Political Psychology." Social Cognition 8:1-8.
157. Krosnick, J. A. 1990b. "Lessons learned: A Review and Integration of Our Findings." Social Cognition 8:154-158.
158. Kuklinski, J. 2001. Citizens and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
159. Kuklinski, J. and P. J. Quirk. 2000. "Reconsidering the Rational Public:Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion." In Elements of Reason. Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, edited by A. Lupia, M. D. McCubbins, S. L. Popkin, 153-182. New York: Cambridge University Press.
160. Kuklinski, J. H., P. J. Quirk, J. Jerit, R. F. Rich. 2001. "The Political Environment and Citizen Competence." American Journal of Political Science 45:410-424.
161. Kuklinski, J., R. C. Luskin, J. Bolland. 1991. "Where is The Schema? Going Beyond the "S" Word in Political Psychology." American Political Science Review 85:1341-1356.
162. La Palombara, J. 1966. "Italy: Fragmentation, Isolation, Alienation." In Political Culture and Political Development, edited by L. W. Pye, S. Verba. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
163. Laland, K. N. 2001. "Imitation, Social Learning, and Preparedness as Mechanisms." In Bounded rationality. The adaptive toolbox, edited by G. Gigerenzer, R. Selten, 233-247. Cambridge: MIT Press.
164. Laponce, J. A. 1981. Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions. Toronto: University of Toronto.
165. Lau R. and D. Redlawsk. 2007. How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Election Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
166. Lau, R. and D. O. Sears. 1986. Political Cognition. Hillsdale, New York:Erlbaum.
167. Laver, M. and B. Hunt. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York:Routledge.
168. Lawrence, C. N. 2003. "The Concept of Political Sophistication." The Impact of Political Sophistication on the Decision-Making Processes of Voters, PhD dissertation, The University of Mississippi.
169. LeDuc, L., R. G. Niemi, P. Norris. 2002. Comparing Democracies 2. New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting. Sage: London.
170. Legnante, G. 1998. "Le tipologie del comportamento elettorale in Italia." Quaderni di Scienza Politica 5:111-172.
171. Legnante, G. and G. Sani. 2002. "La campagna più lunga" In Maggioritario Finalmente. La transizione elettorale 1994-2001. Edited by D'Alimonte, R. and S. Bartolini. Bologna: Il Mulino. 41-78s.
172. Levin, I. P., S. L. Schneider, G. J. Gaeth. 1998. "All frames are not created equal: a typology and critical analysis of framing effects." In Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76:149-188.
173. Lijphart, A. 1968. "Typologies of Democratic Systems." Comparative Political Studies. 1:3-44.
174. Lipset, S. M. and S. Rokkan. 1967. "Cleavage Structures, Party System and Voter Alignments. An Introduction." In Party System and Voter Alignments, edited by S. M. Lipset, S. Rokkan, 1-64. New York: Free Press.
175. Lodge, M. G. and R. Hamill. 1986. "A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing." American Political Science Review 80:505-519.
176. Lodge M. G., K. McGrawn, P. J. Conover, S. Feldman, A. Miller. 1991. "Where Is the Schema? Critiques." American Political Science Review 85:1357-1383.
177. Lopes, L. L. 1991. "The rhetoric of irrationality." Theory and Psychology 1:65-82.
178. Luce, R. D. and H. Raiffa. 1957. Games and Decisions. New York: Wiley.
179. Lupia, A. 1994. "Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections." American Political Science Review 89:63-76.
180. Lupia A. and M. D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press.
181. Lupia, A., M. D. McCubbins, S. L. Popkin. 2000. Elements of Reason. Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
182. Luskin, R. C. 1987. "Measuring Political Sophistication." American Journal of Political Science. 4:856-899.
183. Luskin, R. C. 1990. "Explaining Political Sophistication." Political Behavior 12:331-361.
184. Luskin, R. C. 2002. "Political Psychology, Political Behavior, and Politics:Questions of Aggregation, Causal Distance, and Taste." In Thinking about Political Psychology, edited by J. H. Kuklinski, 217-250. New York: Cambridge University Press.
185. Mannheimer, R. 1989. Capire il voto. Contributi per l'analisi del comportamento elettorale Italia. Milano: Franco Angeli.
186. Mannheimer, R. and G. Sani. 1987. Il mercato elettorale. Identikit dell'elettore italiano. Bologna: Il Mulino.
187. Mannheimer, R. and G. Sani. 1994. La rivoluzione elettorale. L'Italia tra la prima e la seconda repubblica. Milano: Anabasi.
188. Maraffi, M. 2007. Gli Italiani e la politica. Bologna: Il Mulino.
189. Markus, G. E. 2000 "Emotions in Politics" Annual Review of Political Science. 3:221-250.
190. Marradi, A. 1998. "Termometri con vincolo di ordinalità: il gioco della torre consente di aggirare la tendenza alla desiderabilità sociale?." Sociologia e ricerca sociale 57:49-59.
191. Martignon, L. 2001. "Comparing Fast and Frugal Heuristics and Optimal Models." In Bounded rationality. The adaptive toolbox, edited by G. Gigerenzer, R. Selten, 147-172. Cambridge: MIT Press.
192. Martignon, L., and U. Hoffrage 2002. "Fast, frugal and fit: simple heuristics for paired comparison." Theory and Decision, 52, 29-71.
193. Martignon, L., U. Hoffrage, N. Kriegeskorte. 1997. Lexicographic comparison under uncertainty: A satisficing cognitive algorithm. Manuscript, Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Munich.
194. Martin, J. L. 2011. The Explanation of Social Action, New York: Oxford University Press.
195. Mavrogordatos, G. T. 1987. "Downs Revisited: Spatial Models of Party Competition and Left-Right Measurement." International Political Science Review 4:333-342.
196. McAdam, D. 1982 (1999). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency: 1930-1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
197. McFadden, D. 1999. "Rationality for economists?." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 19:73-105.
198. McIver, J. P. and E. G. Carmines. 1981. "Unidimensional Scaling." Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 7-24. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.
199. McKelvey, R. D. and P. C. Ordeshook. 1985. "Elections with Limited Information: A Fulfilled Expectations Model Using Contemporaneous Poll and Endorsement Data as Information Sources." Journal of Economic Theory 36:55-85.
200. McKelvey, R. D. and P. C. Ordeshook. 1990. "Information and Elections:Retrospective Voting and Rational Expectations." In Information and Democratic Processes, edited by J. A. Ferejohn, J. H. Kuklinski. Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
201. McKenzie, C. R. 2003a. "Judgment and Decision Making." In Handbook of Cognition, edited by K. Lamberts, R. L. Goldstone. London: Sage.
202. McKenzie, C.R. 2003b. "Rational models as theories-not standards-of behavior." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:403-406.
203. Merton, R. K. 1936. "The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action." American Sociological Review 1(6):894-904.
204. Milbrath, L. W. 1965. Political Participation. How and Why Do People Get involved in Politics. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co.
205. Miller, N. R. 1986. "Information, Electorates and Democracy: Some Extensions and Interpretations of the Condorcet Jury Theorem." In Information Pooling and Group Decision Making, edited by B. Grofman, G. Owen. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
206. Mohr, John W. 1998. "Measuring Meaning Structures." Annual Review of Sociology 24:345-370.
207. Montgomery, H. 1989. "From Cognition to Action." In Process and Structure in Human Decision Making, edited by H. Montgomery, O. Svenson. New York:Wiley.
208. Müller, W. and Y. Shavit. 1998. From School to Work. A comparative study of educational qualification and occupational destinations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
209. Mutz, D. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative vs. Participatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
210. Newell, A., J. C. Shaw, H. A. Simon. 1962. "The Process of Creative Thinking." In Contemporary approaches to creative thinking, edited by H. E. Gruber, G. Terrel, M. Wertheimer, 93-119. New York: Atherton Press.
211. Nie, N. H. and W. Andersen. 1974. "Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure." Journal of Politics 36:541-591.
212. Nie, N. H., S. Verba, R. Petrocik. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
213. Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
214. Page, B. and R. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in American's Policy Preferences. Chicago: University Chicago Press.
215. Pais, A. 1982. "Subtile is the Lord.." The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
216. Pareto, V. 1916. Trattato di Sociologia Generale. Firenze: G. Barbéra.
217. Parisi, A. 1995. "Appartenenza, opinione e scambio." In Sulla soglia del cambiamento. Elettori e partiti alla fine della prima Repubblica, edited by A. Parisi, H. M. A. Schadee, 359-392. Bologna: Il Mulino.
218. Parisi, A. and G. Pasquino. 1977. Continuità e mutamento elettorale in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
219. Parisi, A. and G. Pasquino. 1977. "Relazioni partiti-elettori e tipi di voto." In Continuità e mutamento elettoral in Italia, edited by A. Parisi, G. Pasquino, 215-259. Bologna: Il Mulino.
220. Parisi, A. and H. M. A. Schadee. 1995. Sulla soglia del cambiamento. Elettori e partiti alla fine della prima Repubblica. Bologna: Il Mulino.
221. Pennings, P. and H. Keman. 2002. "Towards a new methodology of estimating party policy positions." Quality & Quantity 36:55-79.
222. Peterson, C. R. and L. R. Beach. 1967. "Man as an intuitive statistician." Psychological Bulletin 68:29-46.
223. Petty, R. and J. T. Cacioppo. 1986. Communication and Persuasion. Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
224. Pierce, J. C. and P. R. Hagner. 1982. "Conceptualization and Party Identification: 1956-1976." American Journal of Political Science 26:377-387.
225. Pisati, M. 1997. "Chi ha votato chi. Omogeneità e differenze fra gli elettorati dei diversi schieramenti politici." In A domanda risponde. Il cambiamento del voto degli italiani nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996, edited by P. Corbetta, A. M. L. Parisi, 91-139. Bologna: Il Mulino.
226. Pisati, M. 2000. "Il video e il voto. Gli effetti dell'informazione politica televisiva sulle elezioni del 1996." Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 2:329-353.
227. Pizzorno, A. 1983. "Sulla razionalità della scelta democratica." Stato e Mercato 7:3-45.
228. Pizzorno, A. 1989. "Individualismo metodologico: prediche e ragionamenti." In Il soggetto dell'azione. Paradigmi sociologici e immagini dell'attore sociale, edited by L. Sciolla, L. Ricolfi. Milano: Franco Angeli.
229. Pizzorno, A. 2001. "Natura della diseguaglianza, potere politico e potere privato nella società in via di globalizzazione." Stato e Mercato 62:201-236.
230. Poggi, G. 1968. Le preferenze politiche degli italiani. Analisi di alcuni sondaggi pre-elettorali, Qaderni dell'Istituto di studi e ricerche 2, edited by Carlo Cattaneo. Bologna: Il Mulino.
231. Polya, G. 1945. How To Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
232. Popkin, S. L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
233. Popkin, S. L. and M. A. Dimoch. 1996. "Le conoscenze dei cittadini, le scorciatoie informative ed il ragionamento politico." In Comunicazione politica nel sistema dei media, edited by S. Bentivegna. Genoa: Costa & Nolan.
234. Popkin, S. L. and M. A. Dimoch. 1999. "Political knowledge and Citizens Competence." In Citizens Competence and Democratic Institutions, edited by S. Elkin, K. Soltan, 119-146. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
235. Popper, K. R. 1957. The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge.
236. Post, W. 1992. Non parametric unfolding models, a latent structure approach. Leiden: DSWO Press.
237. Prelec, D. 2000. "Compound invariant weighting functions in prospect theory." In Choices, Values and Frame, edited by A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, 67-92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
238. Putnam, R. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
239. Rahn, W. M. 1993. "The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates." American Journal of Political Science 37:472-496.
240. Rahn, W. M. 2000. "Affect as Information: The Role of Public Mood in Political Reasoning." In Elements of Reason, edited by A. Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, S. L. Popkin, 130-151. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
241. Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. 4 ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
242. Ricolfi, L. 1984. Modelli dell'attore e analisi dei dati. Utilitarismo e sociologia. Torino: Giappichelli.
243. Ricolfi, L. 1994. Elezioni e mass-media. Quanti voti ha spostato la tv, 6:1031-1046. Bologna: Il Mulino.
244. Ricolfi, L. 1999. Destra e sinistra? Studi sulla geometria dello spazio elettorale. Torino: Omega.
245. Rieskamp, J., and P. E. Otto. 2006. "SSL: A theory of how people learn to select strategies." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 135, 207-236.
246. Rodriguez, M. 1994. "La comunicazione politica." In Milano a Roma. Guida all'Italia elettorale del 1994, edited by I. Diamanti, R. Mannheimer, 135-142. Roma: Donzelli.
247. Rottenstreich, Y. and A. Tversky. 1997. "Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory." Psychological Review 104:406-415.
248. Saks, M. J. and R. F. Kidd. "1980-81 Human information processing and adjudication: Trials by heuristics." Law and Society Review 15:123-160.
249. Sani, G. 1973. "Fattori determinanti delle preferenze partitiche in Italia." Rivista Italiana di Scienza politica 1:129-144.
250. Sani, G. 1994. "Modelli di cittadino e comportamenti di massa." In La rivoluzione elettorale. L'Italia tra la prima e la seconda republica, edited by R. Mannheimer, G. Sani, 15-36. Milano: Anabasi.
251. Sani, G. 2001. Mass media ed elezioni. Bologna: Il Mulino.
252. Sani, G. and G. Legnante. 2001. "La comunicazione politica in tv." In Mass media ed elezioni, edited by G. Sani. Bologna: Il Mulino.
253. Sani, G. and G. Sartori. 1978. "Frammentazione, polarizzazione e cleavages: democrazie facili e difficili." Rivista Italiana di Scienza politica 3:339-362.
254. Sani, G. and G. Sartori. 1983. "Polarization, Fragmentation and Competition in Western Democracies." In Western European Party Systems, edited by H. Daalder, P. Mair, 307-340. London: Sage.
255. Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
256. Sartori, G. 1982. Teoria dei partiti e caso italiano. Milano: Sugarco.
257. Sartori, G. 1982. "Il pluralismo polarizzato: critiche e repliche." Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 12:3-44.
258. Sartori, G. 1989. "Videopotere." Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 2:289-242.
259. Sartori, G. 1993. La democrazia. Cosa è. Milano: Rizzoli.
260. Sartori, G. 1995. "Ideologia." Elementi di teoria politica. Bologna: Il Mulino.
261. Schadee, H. M. A. 1995. "Destra, sinistra, centro: etichette partitiche e contenuti politici." In Sulla soglia del cambiamento. Elettori e partiti alla fine della prima Repubblica, edited by A. Parisi, H. M.A. Schadee, 75-103. Bologna: Il Mulino.
262. Schmitt, C. 1927. Der Begriff des Politischen. Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt. English translation:
263. Schmitt, C. 2007. The Concept of the Political. Translated by George D. Schwab. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
264. Segatti, P. 1997. "Un centro instabile eppure fermo. Mutamento e continuità nel movimento elettorale." In A domanda risponde. Il cambiamento del voto degli italiani nelle elezioni del 1994 e del 1996, edited by P. Corbetta, A. M. L. Parisi, 215-260. Bologna: Il Mulino.
265. Segatti, P. and H. M. A. Schadee. 2003. "Gli Effetti di una campagna lunga e Flussi informativi, spazio politico e movimento elettorale" In Le ragioni dell'elettore. Edited by M. Caciagli e P. Corbetta. Bologna: Il Mulino.
266. Segatti P. and C. Vezzoni 2007. "Quanto conta la gente come me? Il senso di efficacia politica. In Gli Italiani e la politica. Edited by Maraffi, M. Bologna: Il Mulino. 73-104.
267. Selten, R. 2001. "What is Bounded Rationality?" In Bounded Rationality. The Adaptive Toolbox, edited by G. Gigerenzer, R. Selten, 13-36. Cambridge: MIT Press.
268. Sharif, E. 1999. "Belief and Decision: the Continuing Legacy of Amos Tversky." Cognitive Psychology 38:3-15.
269. Sharif, E. and R. A. LeBoeuf. 2002. "Rationality." Annual Review of Psychology 53:491-517.
270. Simon, H. 1956. "Rational choice and the structure of environments." Psychological Review 63:129-138.
271. Simon, H. 1957. Models of Man: Social and Rational. New York: Wiley.
272. Simon, H. 1982. Models of Bounded Rationality. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MIT Press.
273. Simon, H. 1985. "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue in Psychology with Political Science." American Political Science Review 79:293-304.
274. Simon, H. 1990. "Invariants in human behavior." Annual Review of Psychology 41:1-19.
275. Simon, H. 2000. "Bounded Rationality in social science: today and tomorrow." Mind and Society 1:25-39.
276. Sloman, S. A. 2002. "Two Systems of Reasoning." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgement, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 379-396. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
277. Slovic, P. and S. Lichtenstein. 1983. "Preference reversals: A broader perspective." American Economic Review 73:596-605.
278. Smith, E. R. A. N. 1980. "The Levels of Conceptualisation: False Measures of Ideological Sophistication." American Political Science Review 74:685-696.
279. Sniderman, P. M., J. M. Glaser, R. Griffin. 1991. "Information and electoral choice." In Reasoning and Choice. Exploration in Political Psychology, edited by P. M. Sniderman, R. A. Brody, P. E. Tetlok, 164-178. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
280. Sniderman, P. M., R. A. Brody, P. E. Tetlok. 1991. Reasoning and Choice. Exploration in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
281. Sniderman, P. M. 1993. "The New Look in Public Opinion Research." In Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, edited by A. W. Finifter, 219-245. Washington: American Political Science Association.
282. Sniderman, P. M. 2000. "Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning." In Elements of Reason. Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, edited by A. Lupia, M. D. McCubbins, S. L. Popkin, 67-84. New York: Cambridge University Press.
283. Stille, A. 2006. The Sack of Rome: How a Beautiful European Country with a Fabled History and a Storied Culture Was Taken Over by a Man Named Silvio Berlusconi. New York: Penguin Books.
284. Strack, F., N. J. Smelser, P. B Baltes. 2001. "Heuristics in Social Cognition." In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 6679-6683.
285. Pergamon Tetlock, P. E. 2002. "Theory-Driven Reasoning about Plausible Pasts and Probable Futures in World Politics." In Heuristics and Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, edited by T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, D. Kahneman, 749-762. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
286. Todd, P. 2001. "Fast and Frugal Heuristics for Environmentally Bounded Minds." In Bounded Rationality. The Adaptive Toolbox, edited by G. Gigerenzer, R. Selten, 51-70. Cambridge: MIT Press.
287. Tomz, M. and R. P. Van Houweling. 2008. "Candidate Positioning and Voter Choice." American Political Science Review 102:303-318.
288. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1973. "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability." Cognitive Psychology 54:207-232.
289. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1974. "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases." Science 185:1124-1131.
290. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1981. "The framing of decision and the psychology of choice." Science 211:453-458.
291. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1987. "Rational Choice and the framing of decision." In Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology, edited by R. M. Hogarth, M. W. Reder, 295-310. Chicago:University Chicago Press.
292. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1992. "Advances in prospect theory:cumulative representation of uncertainty." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5:297-323.
293. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 2000. Choices, Values and Frame. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
294. Tversky, A., D. J. Koehler. 1994. "Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability." Psychological Review 101:547-567.
295. Udéhn L. 2002. "The Changing Face of Methodological Individualism." Annual Review of Sociology, 28:479-507.
296. Van Dijk, T. A. 1998. Ideology. A Multidisciplinary Approach. Towbridge:Cromwell Press.
297. Van Schuur, H. 1984. Structure in Political Beliefs. Amsterdam: CT Press.
298. Van Schuur, H. and W. Post. 1990. Mudfold. A program for Multiple Unidimensional Unfolding, Progamma. Groningen.
299. Van Schuur, W. H. 1992. "Nonparametric unfolding models for multicategory data." Political Analysis 4:41-74.
300. Von Neumann, J. and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
301. Weber, M. 1904. "Die Objectivität sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitiscer Erkenntnis." In Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, XIX.
302. Weber, M. 1922. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Mohr: Tübingen.
303. Wilkinson, G. and C. E. Rogers. 1973. "Symbolic Description of Factorial Models for Analysis of Variance." Journal of the royal statistical society; Applied Statistics Series C, 22:392-399.
304. Zaller, J. 1991. "Information, Values and Opinion." American Political Science Review 85:1215-1237.
305. Zaller, J. 1992. The Nature and the Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
306. Zuckerman, A. S. 2005 (ed). The Social Logic of Politics. Personal Networks as Contexts for Political Behavior. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.