Emotions in politics

Annual Review of Political Science

Volumn 3, Issue , 2000, Pages 221-250

  Marcus, G E ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Cognition; Judgment; Memory; Mood

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034355649     PISSN: 10942939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.221     Document Type: Article

References (318)

1. Abelson RP, Kinder DR, Peters MD, Fiske ST. 1982. Affective and semantic components in political personal perception. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 42:619-30
2. Agres SJ, Edell JA, Dubitsky TM, eds. 1990. Emotion in Advertising. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. 383 pp.
3. Apter MJ. 1989. Reversal Theory: Motivation, Emotion and Personality. London: Routledge. 208 pp.
4. Arendt H. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking. 275 pp.
5. Aristotle. 1954. Rhetoric. Transl. W Rhys Roberts. New York: Modern Library. 289 pp.
6. Aristotle. 1983. The Politics. Transl. TA Sinclair. New York: Penguin Books. 586 pp. Rev. ed.
7. Arkes H. 1993. Can emotion supply the place of reason? In Reconsidering the Democratic Public, ed. GE Marcus, RL Hanson, pp. 287-305. University Park, PA: Penn. State Univ. Press
8. Armony JL, LeDoux JE. 1997. How the brain processes emotional information. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 821:259-70
9. Aronoff J, Woike BA, Hyman LM. 1992. Which are the stimuli in facial displays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:1050-66
10. Bagozzi RP. 1993. An examination of the psychometric properties of measures of negative affect in the PANAS-X scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65:836-51
11. Barber JD. 1985. The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 582 pp. 3rd ed.
12. Bargh JA, Chaiken S, Govender R, Pratto F. 1992. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:893-912
13. Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. 1999. The unbearable automaticity of being. Am. Psychol. 54:462-79
14. Batson CD, Shaw LL, Oleson KC. 1992. Differentiating affect, mood, and emotion: toward functionally based conceptual distinctions. In Emotion, ed. MS Clark, pp. 294-326. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
15. Baumeister RF. 1997. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: Freeman. 431 pp.
16. Berntson GG, Boysen ST, Cacioppo JT. 1993. Neurobehavioral organization and the cardinal principle of evaluative ambivalence. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 702:75-102
17. Berry DS, Hansen JS. 1996. Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 71:796-809
18. Blaney PH. 1986. Affect and memory: a review. Psychol. Bull. 99:229-46
19. Blight JG. 1990. The Shattered Crystal Ball: Fear and Learning in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 199 pp.
20. Boddy J, Carver A, Rowley K. 1986. Effect of positive and negative reinforcers on performance as a function of extraversion-introversion: some tests of Gray's theory. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 7:81-88
21. Bodenhausen GV. 1993. Emotion, arousal, and stereotypic judgments: a heuristic model of affect and stereotyping. In Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception, ed. D Mackie, D Hamilton, pp. 13-37. San Diego: Academic
22. Bodenhausen G, Sheppard LA, Kramer GP. 1994a. Negative affect and social judgment: the differential impact of anger and sadness. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol 24:45-62
23. Bodenhausen GV, Kramer GP, Süsser K. 1994b. Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 66:621-32
24. Bornstein RF, D'Agostino PR. 1992. Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63:545-52
25. Brader T. 1999. Campaigning for hearts and minds: how campaign ads use emotion and information to sway the electorate. PhD thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA
26. Bradley MM. 2000. Motivation and emotion. In Handbook of Psychophysiology, ed. JT Cacioppo, LG Tassinary, GG Berntson. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
27. Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN, Lang PJ. 1990. Startle reflex modification: emotion or attention? Psychophysiology 27:513-22
28. Brady H, Sniderman P. 1985. Attitude attribution: a group basis for political reasoning. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 79:1061-78
29. Breckler SJ. 1984. Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 47:1191-1205
30. Breckler SJ. 1994. A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitude ambivalence. Educ. Psychol. Measur. 54:350-65
31. Breckler SJ, Wiggins EC. 1989. Affect versus evaluations in the structure of attitudes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 25:253-71
32. Broadbent D, Broadbent M. 1988. Anxiety and attentional bias: state and trait. Cogn. Emot. 2:165-83
33. Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG. 1994. Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: a critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychol. Bull. 115:401-43
34. Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG, Klein DJ, Poehlmann KM. 1999a. The psychophysiology of emotion across the lifespan. Ann. Rev. Gerontol. Ger. 17:27-74
35. Cacioppo JT, Petty RE, Loseh ME, Kim HS. 1986. Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50:260-68
36. Cacioppo JT, Gardner WL. 1999. Emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 50:191-214
37. Cacioppo JT, Gardner WL, Berntson GG. 1997. Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: the case of attitudes and evaluative space. Person. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 1:3-25
38. Cacioppo JT, Gardner WL, Berntson GG. 1999b. The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 76:839-55
39. Cacioppo JT, Klein DJ, Berntson GG, Hatfield E. 1993. The psychophysiology of emotion. In The Handbook of Emotion, ed. R Lewis, JM Haviland, pp. 119-42. New York: Guilford
40. Cacioppo JT, Martzke JS, Petty RE, Tassinary LG. 1988. Specific forms of facial EMG response index emotions during an interview: from darwin to the continuous flow hypothesis of affect-laden information processing. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:592-604
41. Callan E. 1997. Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy. Oxford Political Theory, ed. D Miller, A Ryan. Oxford, UK: Clarendon. 262 pp.
42. Campbell A, Converse PE, Miller WE, Stokes DE. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley & Sons
43. Carlson M, Charlin V, Miller N. 1988. Positive mood and helping behavior: a test of six hypotheses. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 55:211-29
44. Carver CS, White TL. 1994. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective response to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67:319-33
45. Chadhuri A, Buck R. 1995. Affect, reason, and persuasion: advertising strategies that predict affective and analytic-cognitive responses. Hum. Commun. Res. 21:422-41
46. Christ WG. 1985. Voter preference and emotion: using emotional response to classify decided and undecided voters. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 15:237-54
47. Cloninger CR. 1986. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr. Dev. 3:167-226
48. Clore GL, Schwarz N, Conway M. 1994. Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In Handbook of Social Cognition, 1:323-417. ed. RS Wyer Jr, TK Srull. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2 vols. 2nd ed.
49. Conley JJ. 1984. Longitudinal consistency of adult personality: self-reported psychological characteristics across 45 years. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 47:1325-33
50. Conover P, Feldman S. 1986. Emotional reactions to the economy: I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it any more. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 30:30-78
51. Cooper JB. 1959. Emotion in prejudice. Science 130:314-18
52. Cornelius RR. 1996. The Science of Emotion: Research and Tradition in the Psychology of Emotions. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 260 pp.
53. Corr PJ, Wilson GD, Fotiadou M, Kumari V, Gray NS, et al. 1995. Personality and affective modulation of the startle reflex. Pers. Individ. Differ. 19:543-53
54. Costa PT, McCrae RR. 1995. Primary traits of Eysenck's P-E-N system: three- and five-factor solutions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 69: 308-17
55. Crites SL, Fabrigar LR, Petty RE. 1994. Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: conceptual and methodological issues. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 20:619-34
56. Damasio AR. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam's Sons. 312 pp.
57. Darwin C. 1998 (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 3rd ed. 472 pp.
58. Davidson R, Tomarken A. 1994. Frontal brain activation in repressors and nonrepressors. J. Abnorm. Psychol 103:339-49
59. Davidson RJ. 1995. Cerebral asymmetry, emotion and affective style. In Brain Asymmetry, ed. RJ Davidson, K Hugdahl, pp. 361-87. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
60. Davidson RJ. 1993. Parsing affective space: perspectives from neuropsychology and psychophysiology. Neuropsychology. 7:464-75
61. Davies AF. 1980. Skills, Outlooks and Passions: A Psychoanalytic Contribution to the Study of Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 522 pp.
62. de Sousa R. 1987. The Rationality of Emotion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 373 pp.
63. Derryberry D. 1991. The immediate effects of positive and negative feedback signals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 61:267-78
64. Descartes R. 1989 (1649). The Passions of the Soul. Transl. SH Voss. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. 165 pp.
65. Diener E. 1999. Introduction to the special issue on the structure of emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76:803-4
66. Diener E, Emmons RA. 1985. The independence of positive and negative affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 47:1105-17
67. Diener E, Smith H, Fujita F. 1995. The personality structure of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69:130-41
68. Dienstbier RA. 1984. The role of emotion in moral socialization. In Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior, ed. C Izard, J Kagan, R Zajonc, pp. 484-514. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
69. Digman JM. 1989. Five robust trait dimensions: development, stability and utility. J. Pers. 57:195-214
70. Edelman M. 1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: Univ. Ill. Press. 201 pp.
71. Edelman M. 1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 137 pp.
72. Edwards K. 1990. The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:202-16
73. Ekman P, Davidson RJ, eds. 1994. The Nature of Emotion. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 496 pp.
74. Ekman P, Rosenberg E, eds. 1997. What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS). Ser. Affect. Sci., ed. RJ Davidson, P Ekman, K Scherer. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 495 pp.
75. Elder CD, Cobb RW. 1983. The Political Uses of Symbols. Longman Prof. Stud. Polit. Commun. Policy, ed. JB Mannheim. New York: Longman. 173 pp.
76. Elster J. 1999. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. xi, 450 pp.
77. Erdley CA, D'Agostino PR. 1988. Cognitive and affective components of automatic priming effects. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:741-47
78. Fabrigar LR, Petty RE. 1999. The role of affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25:363-81
79. Feldman S, Stenner K. 1997. Perceived threat andauthoritarianism. Polit. Psychol. 18:741-70
80. Fiske ST, Pavelchak M. 1986. Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: developments in schema-triggered affect. In The Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, ed. R Sorrentino, E Higgins, pp. 167-203. New York: Guilford
81. Flett GL, Endler NS, Fairlie P. 1999. The interaction model of anxiety and threat of Quebec's separation from Canada. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76:143-50
82. Forgas JP. 1992. On mood and peculiar people: affect and person typicality in impression formation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:863-75
83. Forgas JP. 1995. Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM). Psychol. Bull. 117:39-66
84. Frank R. 1988. Passions Within Reason. New York: Norton. 304 pp.
85. Fridlund AJ, Cacioppo JT. 1986. Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology 23:567-89
86. Frijda NH, Kuipers P, Schure E. 1989. Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:212-28
87. George AL, George JL. 1998. Presidential Personality and Performance. Boulder, CO: Westview. 287 pp.
88. Gibbard A. 1990. Wise Choices, Apt Feelings. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 346 pp.
89. Gibson JL. 1992. Alternative measures of political tolerance: must tolerance be "least-liked"? Am. J. Polit. Sci. 36:560-77
90. Gibson JL, Bingham RD. 1982. On the conceptualization and measurement of political tolerance. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 76:603-20
91. Glaser J, Salovey P. 1998. Affect in electoral politics. Person. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2:156-72
92. Goldberg LR. 1990. An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five Factor structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:1216-29
93. Granberg D, Brown TA. 1989. On affect and cognition in politics. Soc. Psychol. Q. 52: 171-82
94. Gray JA. 1987a. The neuropsychology of emotion and personality. In Cognitive Neurochemistry, ed. SM Stahl, SD Iversen, EC Goodman, pp. 171-90. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
95. Gray JA. 1987b. The Psychology of Fear and Stress. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed. 422 pp.
96. Gray JA. 1990. Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cogn. Emot. 4:269-88
97. Gray JA, McNaughton N. 1996. The neuropsychology of anxiety: reprise. In Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic and Fear, ed. DA Hope, 43:61-134. Lincoln: Univ. Nebr. Press
98. Green DP, Citrin J. 1994. Measurement error and the structure of attitudes: are positive and negative judgments opposites? Am. J. Polit. Sci. 38:256-81
99. Green DP, Goldman SL, Salovey P. 1993. Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64:1029-41
100. Green DP, Salovey P. 1999. In what sense are positive and negative affect independent? Psychol. Sci. 10:304-6
101. Green DP, Salovey P, Truax KM. 1999. Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76:856-67
102. Greene S. 1998. Affective and cognitive components of partisanship: a new approach. Presented at Annu. Meet. Midwest Polit. Sci. Assoc., Chicago
103. Greene S. 2000. Race, gender, and the psychological structure of partisanship. Women Polit. In press
104. Greenstein F. 1969. The benevolent leader: children's images of political authority. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 54:934-43
105. Greenstein FI. 1987. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference and Conceptualization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 200 pp.
106. Greenstein FI. 1992. Can personality and politics be studied systematically? Polit. Psychol. 13:105-28
107. Greenstein FI. 1994. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, xxii, 286 pp.
108. Greenstein FI, Destler IM. 1983. The Reagan Presidency: An Early Assessment. Garfield Found. Public Aff. Study. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, vii, 197 pp.
109. Gross JJ, Sutton SK, Ketelaar T. 1998. Relations between affect and personality: support for affect-level and affective reactivity views. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 24:279-88
110. Gump BB, Kulik JA. 1997. Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 72:305-19
111. Gunther AC, Thorson E. 1992. Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public service announcements. Commun. Res. 19:574-96
112. Halberstadt JB, Niedenthal PM. 1997. Emotional state and the use of stimulus dimensions in judgment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 72:1017-33
113. Harmon-Jones E, Allen JJB. 1996. Anterior EEG asymmetry and facial EMG as evidence that affect is involved in the mere exposure effect. Psychophysiology 33:544
114. Hass RG, Katz I, Rizzo N, Bailey J, Moore L. 1992. When racial ambivalence evokes negative affect, using a disguised measure of mood. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 18:786-97
115. Hastie R. 1986. A primer of information-processing theory for the political scientist. In Political Cognition, ed. R Lau, D Sears, pp. 11-39. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
116. Hastie R, Park B. 1986. The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the task is memory-based or on-line. Psychol. Rev. 93:258-68
117. Hatfield E, Cacioppo JT, Rapson R. 1992. The logic of emotion: emotional contagion. In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, ed. MS Clark, 14:151-77. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
118. Hatfield E, Cacioppo JT, Rapson RL. 1994. Emotional Contagion. Studies in Emotion & Social Interaction, ed. P Ekman, KR Scherer. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 240 pp.
119. Hibbing JR, Theiss-Morse E. 1995. Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions. Cambridge Univ. Press Ser. Polit. Psychol., ed. J Kuklinski. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 186 pp.
120. Hibbing JR, Theiss-Morse E. 1998. The media's role in public negativity toward congress: distinguishing emotional reactions and cognitive reactions. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 42:475-98
121. Hilgard ER. 1980. The trilogy of the mind: cognition, affection, and conation. J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 16:107-17
122. Hobbes T. 1968. Leviathan. ed. CB Macpherson. London: Penguin. 729 pp.
123. Hoffman M. 1984. Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior, ed. C Izard, J Kagan, R Zajonc, pp. 103-31. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
124. Holmes S. 1995. Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 337 pp.
125. Hsee CK, Hatfield E, Carlson JG. 1990. The effect of power on susceptibility to emotional contagion. Cogn. Emot. 4:327-40
126. Hume D. 1739-40. A Treatise of Human Nature. London: Penguin. 678 pp.
127. Isbell LM, Wyer RS Jr. 1999. Correcting for mood-induced bias in the evaluation of political candidates: the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25:237-49
128. Ito TA, Cacioppo JT, Lang PJ. 1998a. Eliciting affect using the international affective picture system: trajectories through evaluative space. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bul. 24:855-79
129. Ito TA, Larsen JT, Smith NK, Cacioppo JT. 1998b. Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: the negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 75:887-900
130. Jackson LA, Sullivan LA. 1990. Cognition and affect in evaluations of stereotyped group members. J. Soc. Psychol. 129:659-72
131. James W. 1883. What is emotion? Mind 9:188-204
132. James W. 1894. The physical basis of emotion. Psychol. Rev. 1:516-29
133. Jamieson KH. 1992. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 335 pp.
134. Janis IL. 1982. Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2nd ed. 349 pp.
135. Janis IL, Mann L. 1977. Decision Making. New York: Free. 488 pp.
136. Jervis R, Lebow RN, Stein JG. 1985. Psychology and Deterrence. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Univ. Press. 270 pp.
137. John OP. 1990. The "big five" factor taxonomy: dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In Handbook of Personality Theory and Research, ed. LA Pervin, pp. 66-100. New York: Guilford
138. Jones LE, Iacobucci D. 1989. The structure of affect and trait judgments of political figures. Multivariate Behav. Res. 24:457-76
139. Kelley S. 1983. Interpreting Elections. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 267 pp.
140. Kenney P, Rice TR. 1988. Presidential prenomination preferences and candidate evaluations. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 82:1309-19
141. Kern M. 1989. 30-Second Politics: Political Advertising in the Eighties. New York: Westport. 237 pp.
142. Kinder D, Sanders LM. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 391 pp.
143. Kinder DR. 1994. Reason and emotion in American political life. In Beliefs, Reasoning, & Decision-Making: Psycho-Logic in Honor of Bob Abelson, ed. R Schank, E Langer, pp. 277-314. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
144. Kinder DR, Sanders LM. 1990. Mimicking political debate with survey questions: the case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Soc. Cogn. 8:73-103
145. Klein JG. 1991. Negativity effects in impression formation: a test in the political arena. Pers. Soc. Psychol Bul. 17:412-18
146. Krosnick JA, Brannon LA. 1993. The impact of the Gulf War on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: multidimensional effects of political involvement. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 87:963-75
147. Krosnick JA, Kinder DR. 1990. Altering the foundations of support for the president through priming. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 84:497-512
148. Kuklinski JH, Riggle E, Ottati V, Schwarz N, Wyer RS Jr. 1991. The cognitive and affective bases of political tolerance judgments. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 35:1-27
149. Kunst-Wilson WR, Zajonc RB. 1980. Affect discrimination of stimuli cannot be recognized. Science 207:557-58
150. Lang A, ed. 1994. Measuring Psychological Responses to Media. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 244 pp.
151. Lang PJ. 1995. The emotion probe: studies of motivation and attention. Am. Psychol. 50: 372-85
152. Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. 1990. Emotion, attention, and the startle reflect. Psychol. Rev. 97:377-95
153. Lang PJ, Greenwald MK, Bradley MM, Hamm AO. 1993. Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology 30:261-73
154. Langer W. 1972. The Mind of Adolf Hitler. New York: Basic Books. 286 pp.
155. Larsen RJ, Diener E. 1992. Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In Emotion, ed. MS Clark, pp. 25-59. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
156. Lasswell H. 1930. Psychopathology and Politics. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 319 pp.
157. Lasswell H. 1948. Power and Personality. New York: Norton. 250 pp.
158. Lavine H, Burgess D, Snyder M, Transue J, Sullivan JL, et al. 1999. Threat, authoritarianism, and voting: an investigation of personality and persuasion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25:337-47
159. Lazarus R. 1982. Thoughts on the relations of emotion and cognition. Am. Psychol. 37:1019-24
160. Lazarus R. 1984. On the primacy of cognition. Am. Psychol. 39:124-29
161. LeDoux J. 1996. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster
162. Leeper R. 1948. A motivational theory of emotion to replace 'emotion as disorganized response.' Psychol. Rev. 55:5-21
163. Lerner JS, Goldberg JH, Tetlock PE. 1998. Sober second thought: the effects of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 24:563-74
164. Lifton RJ. 1986. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books. 561 pp.
165. Lodge M, Hamill R. 1986. A partisan schema for political information processing. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 80:505-20
166. Lodge M, Taber C. 1998. Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning. In Elements of Political Reason: Understanding and Expanding the Limits of Rationality, ed. A Lupia, M McCubbins, S Popkin. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
167. Lodge MG, McGraw KM, Stroh P. 1989. An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 83:399-420
168. Madison J, Hamilton A, Jay J. 1961 (1787). The Federalist Papers, ed. J Cooke. Cleveland: World. 672 pp.
169. Madsen D, Snow PG. 1991. The Charismatic Bond: Political Behavior in Time of Crisis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 187 pp.
170. Malatesta CZ. 1990. The role of emotions in the development and organization of personality. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. RA Thompson, 36:1-56. Lincoln: Univ. Nebr. Press
171. Marcus GE. 1988. The structure of emotional response: 1984 presidential candidates. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 82:735-61
172. Marcus GE. 1991. Emotions and politics: hot cognitions and the rediscovery of passion. Soc. Sci. Inf. 30:195-232
173. Marcus GE, MacKuen M. 1993. Anxiety, enthusiasm and the vote: the emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 87:688-701
174. Marcus GE, MacKuen M. 1996. Measuring Mood in the 1995 NES Pilot Study. Tech. Rep. Natl. Election Stud. Natl. Board Overseers. Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor
175. Marcus GE, Neuman WR, MacKuen M. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. In press
176. Marcus GE, Neuman WR, MacKuen M, Sullivan JL. 1996. Dynamic models of emotional response: the multiple role of affect in politics. In Research In Micropolitics, ed. M Delli Carpini, L Huddy, RY Shapiro, 5:33-59. Greenwich, CT: JAI
177. Marcus GE, Sullivan JL, Theiss-Morse E, Wood S. 1995. With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. Political Psychology, ed. J Kuklinski. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 288 pp.
178. Marcus GE, Wood SL, Theiss-Morse E. 1998. Linking neuroscience to political intolerance and political judgment. Polit. Life Sci. 17:165-78
179. Masters R, Sullivan D. 1993. Nonverbal behavior and leadership: emotion and cognition in political attitudes. In Explorations in Political Psychology, ed. S Iyengar, W McGuire, pp. 150-82. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
180. Masters RD. 1989. The Nature of Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 298 pp.
181. Masters RD. 1991. Individual and cultural differences in response to leaders' nonverbal displays. J. Soc. Issue 47:151-65
182. Masters RD, Frey S, Bente G. 1991. Dominance & attention: images of leaders in German, French, & American TV news. Polity 23:373-94
183. Masters RD, Sullivan DG. 1989a. Facial displays and political leadership in France. Behav. Proc. 19:1-30
184. Masters RD, Sullivan DG. 1989b. Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France and the United States. Polit. Behav. 11:123-56
185. May CP, Kane MJ, Hasher L. 1995. Determinants of negative priming. Psychol. Bull. 118:35-54
186. McCrae RR, John OP. 1992. An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. J. Pers. 60:175-215
187. McGraw KM, Pinney N, Neumann D. 1991. Memory for political actors: contrasting the use of semantic and evaluative organizational strategies. Polit. Behav. 13:165-89
188. McHugo GJ, Lanzetta JT, Sullivan DG, Masters RD, Englis B. 1985. Emotional reactions to expressive displays of a political leader. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 49:1512-29
189. McNeil DW, Vrana SR, Melamed BG, Cuthbert BN, Lang PJ. 1993. Emotional imagery in simple and social phobia: fear versus anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102:212-25
190. Mehrabian A. 1995. Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states. Genet. Soc. Gen. Psychol. Monogr. 12:339-61
191. Mehrabian A. 1996. Pleasure-arousal-dominance: a general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Curr. Psychol. 14:261-92
192. Mikula G, Scherer KR, Athenstaedt U. 1998. The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 24:769-83
193. Millar MG, Millar KU. 1990. Attitude change as a function of attitude type and argument type. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:217-28
194. Millar MG, Tesser A. 1986a. Effects of affective and cognitive focus on the attitude-behavior relation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51:270-76
195. Millar MG, Tesser A. 1986b. Thought-induced attitude change: the effects of schema structure and commitment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51:259-69
196. Millar MG, Tesser A. 1989. The effects of affective-cognitive consistency and thought on the attitude-behavior relationship. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 25:189-202
197. Miller JM, Krosnick JA. 1999. The impact of policy change threat on grassroots activism. Presented at Annu. Meet. Midwest Polit. Sci. Assoc., Chicago, IL
198. Mogg K, Mathews A, Bird C, Macgregor-Morris R. 1990. Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:1230-37
199. Monroe KR. 1996. The Heart of Altruism: Perceptions of a Common Humanity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 292 pp.
200. Moreland RL, Zajonc RB. 1979. Exposure effects may not depend on stimulus recognition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 37:1085-89
201. Murphy ST, Monahan JL, Zajonc RB. 1995. Additivity of nonconscious affect: combined effects of priming and exposure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69:589-602
202. Murphy ST, Zajonc RB. 1993. Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64:723-39
203. Nelson TE. 1998. Group affect and attribution in social policy opinion. J. Polit. 61:567-84
204. Nelson TE, Clawson RA, Oxley ZM. 1997. Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 91:567-83
205. Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A. 1989. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 207 pp.
206. Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: Univ. Ill. Press. 342 pp.
207. Ottati V. 2000. The psychological determinants of political judgment. In Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology, Vol 1. Intraindividual Processes, ed. A Tesser, N Schwarz. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. In press
208. Ottati VC. 1997. When the survey question directs retrieval: implications for assessing the cognitive and affective predictors of global evaluations. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 27:1-21
209. Ottati VC, Isbell LM. 1996. Effects of mood during exposure to target information on subsequently reported judgments: an on-line model of misattribution and correction. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 71:39-53
210. Ottati VC, Riggle EJ, Wyer RS Jr, Schwarz N, Kuklinski J. 1989. Cognitive and affective bases of opinion survey responses. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:404-15
211. Ottati VC, Wyer RS Jr. 1991. The cognitive mediators of political choice: toward a comprehensive model of political information processing. In Information and Democratic Processes, ed. JA Ferejohn, JH Kuklinski, pp. 186-216. Champaign: Univ. Ill. Press
212. Ottati VC, Wyer RS Jr. 1993. Affect and political judgment. In Explorations in Political Judgment, ed. S Iyengar, W McGuire, pp. 296-320. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
213. Panksepp J. 1989. The neurobiology of emotions: of animal brains and human feelings. In Handbook of Social Psychophysiology, ed. H Wagner, A Manstead, pp. 5-26. Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons
214. Panksepp J. 1998. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Ser. Affect. Sci., ed. RJ Davidson, P Ekman, K Scherer. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 466 pp.
215. Petty RE, Gleicher F, Baker SM. 1991. Multiple roles for affect in persuasion. In Emotion and Social Judgments, ed. JP Forgas, pp. 181-99. Oxford: Pergamon
216. Plato. 1974. The Republic. New York: Penguin. 2nd ed. 464 pp.
217. Plutchik R. 1980a. Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. 440 pp.
218. Plutchik R. 1980b. A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience, Vol. 1. Theories of Emotion, ed. R Plutchik, H Kellerman, pp. 3-34. San Diego: Academic
219. Plutchik R, Kellerman H, eds. 1989. Emotion Theory, Research, and Experience. Vol. 4. The Measurement of Emotions, Vol. 4. Emotion Theory, Research, and Experience. ed. R Plutchik, H Kellerman. San Diego: Academic
220. Post JM. 1993. Current concepts of the narcissistic personality: implications for political psychology. Polit. Psychol. 14:99-121
221. Pratto F, John OP. 1991. Automatic vigilance: the attention-grabbing power of negative social information. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 61:380-91
222. Quigley BM, Tedeschi JT. 1996. Mediating effects of blame attributions on feelings of anger. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bul. 19:1280-88
223. Ragsdale L. 1991. Strong feelings: emotional responses to presidents. Polit. Behav. 13:33-65
224. Rahn W. 1998. Political Campaigns and Public Mood: A Proposal for the 1998 NES Pilot Study. Ann Arbor, MI: Natl. Election Stud. 15 pp.
225. Rahn W. 2000. Affect as information: the role of public mood in political reasoning. In Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, ed. A Lupia, M McCubbins, S Popkin. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. In press
226. Rahn WM, Aldrich JH, Borgida E, Sullivan JL. 1990. A social-cognitive model of candidate appraisal. In Information and Democratic Processes, ed. J Ferejohn, J Kuklinski, pp. 136-59. Urbana-Champaign: Univ. Ill. Press
227. Rahn WM, Kroeger B, Kite CM. 1996. A framework for the study of public mood. Polit. Psychol. 17:29-58
228. Renshon SA. 1998. The Psychological Assessment of Presidential Candidates. New York: Routledge. 515 pp.
229. Robinson RG. 1995. Mapping brain activity associated with emotion. Am. J. Psychiatry 152:327-29
230. Rogow AA. 1963. James Forrestal, A Study of Personality, Politics, and Policy. New York: Macmillan. xv, 397 pp.
231. Rolls ET. 1999. The Brain and Emotion. Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press, ix, 367 pp.
232. Rorty EO, ed. 1980. Explaining Emotions. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.
233. Rorty EO, ed. 1996. Aristotle's Rhetoric. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press. 440 pp.
234. Roseman I. 1984. Cognitive determinants of emotions: a structural theory. In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, ed. P Shaver, pp. 11-36. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
235. Roseman I, Abelson RP, Ewing MF. 1986. Emotions and political cognition: emotional appeals in political communication. In Political Cognition, ed. R Lau, DO Sears, pp. 279-94. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
236. Roseman IJ, Antoniou AA, Jose PE. 1996. Appraisal determinants of emotions: constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cogn. Emot. 10:241-77
237. Rosenberg MJ, Hovland CI. 1960. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes. In Attitude Organization and Change, ed. MJ Rosenberg, CI Hovland, pp. 1-14. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
238. Rosenberg S, Bohan L, McCafferty P, Harris K. 1986. The image and the vote: effects of candidate presentation on voter preference. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 30:108-27
239. Russell D, McAuley E. 1986. Causal attributions, causal dimensions, and affective reactions to success and failure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50:1174-85
240. Russell JA. 1980. A circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39:1161-78
241. Russell JA. 1983. Pancultural aspects of human conceptual organization of emotions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45:1281-88
242. Russell JA, Barrett LF. 1999. Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76:805-19
243. Russell JA, Bullock M. 1985. Multidimensional scaling of facial expressions: similarity from preschoolers to adults. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48:1290-98
244. Russell JA, Carroll JM. 1999. On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychol. Bull. 125:3-30
245. Russell JA, Lewicka M, Niit T. 1989a. A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:848-56
246. Russell JA, Weiss A, Mendelsohn GA. 1989b. Affect grid: a single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:493-502
247. Rusting CL. 1998. Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: three conceptual frameworks. Psychol. Bull. 124:165-96
248. Rusting CL, Larsen RJ. 1998. Personality and cognitive processing of affective information. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 24:200-13
249. Sacks CH, Bugental DB. 1987. Attributions as moderators of affective and behavioral responses to social failure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53:939-47
250. Saucier G. 1992. Benchmarks: integrating affective and interpersonal circles with the big-five personality factors. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:1025-35
251. Schatz RT, Staub E. 1997. Manifestations of blind and constructive patriotism: personality correlates and individual-group relations. In Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, ed. D Bar-Tal, E Staub, pp. 229-45. Chicago: Nelson Hall
252. Schatz RT, Staub E, Levine H. 1999. On the varieties of national attachment: blind versus constructive patriotism. Polit. Psychol. 20:151-75
253. Scholz JT, Lubell M. 1998. Adaptive political attitudes: duty, trust, and fear as monitors of tax policy. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 42:903-20
254. Schwarz N. 1990. Feelings as information: informational and motivational functions of affective states. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, ed. R Sorrentino, ET Higgins, 2:527-61. New York: Guilford
255. Schwarz N, Clore GL. 1996. Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, ed. ET Higgins, AW Kruglanski, pp. 433-64. New York: Guilford
256. Sears DO. 1993. Symbolic politics: a socio-psychological theory. In Explorations in Political Psychology, ed. S Iyengar, WJ McGuire, pp. 113-49. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
257. Sears DO, Citrin J. 1982. Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 278 pp.
258. Sears DO, Funk CL. 1999. Evidence of long-term persistence of adults' political predispositions. J. Polit. 61:1-28
259. Sears DO, Hensler C, Speer L. 1979. Whites' opposition to "busing": self-interest or symbolic politics? Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 73:369-85
260. Sears DO, Lau RR, Tyler TR, Allen HM Jr. 1980. Self-interest vs. symbolic politics in policy attitudes and presidential voting. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 74:670-84
261. Sears DO, Valentino NA. 1997. Politics matters: political events as catalysts for preadult socialization. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 91:45-65
262. Smith A. 1959. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. 412 pp.
263. Smith CA, Haynes KN, Lazarus RS, Pope LK. 1993. In search of the "hot" cognitions: attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65:916-29
264. Sniderman PM, Piazza TL. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 212 pp.
265. Stangor C, Sullivan LA, Ford TE. 1991. Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Soc. Cogn. 9:359-91
266. Staub E. 1997. Blind versus constructive patriotism: moving from embeddedness in the group to critical loyalty and action. In Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, ed. D Bar-Tal, E Staub, pp. 213-29. Chicago: Nelson Hall
267. Stein JG. 1988. Building politics into psychology: the misperception of threat. Polit. Psychol. 9:245-71
268. Steinberg B. 1996. Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press. 397 pp.
269. Storm C, Storm T. 1987. A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53:805-16
270. Sullins ES. 1991. Emotional contagion revisited: effects of social comparison and expressive style on mood convergence. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 17:166-74
271. Sullivan D, Masters R. 1988a. Happy warriors: leaders' facial displays, viewers emotions, and political support. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 32:345-68
272. Sullivan JL, Piereson J, Marcus GE. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 278 pp.
273. Sutton SK, Davidson RJ. 1997. Prefrontal brain asymmetry: a biological substrate of the behavioral and inhibition systems. Psychol. Sci. 8:204-10
274. Taylor SE. 1991. Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychol. Bull. 110: 67-85
275. Tellegen A. 1985. Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, ed. AH Tuma, JD Maser, pp. 681-716. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
276. Tellegen A, Watson D, Clark LA. 1999a. Further support for a hierarchical model of affect. Psychol. Sci. 10:307-9
277. Tellegen A, Watson D, Clark LA. 1999b. On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychol. Sci. 10:297-303
278. Tesser A, Martin L. 1996. The psychology of evaluation. In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, ed. ET Higgins, AW Kruglanski, pp. 400-32. New York: Guilford
279. Thompson MM, Zanna MP, Griffin DW. 1995. Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences, ed. RE Petty, JA Krosnick, pp. 361-86. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
280. Titchener EB. 1895. Affective memory. Philos. Rev. 4:65-76
281. Tomarken AJ, Davidson RJ, Henriques JB. 1990. Resting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective response to films. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:791-801
282. Tomarken AJ, Davidson RJ, Wheeler RE, Doss RC. 1992. Individual differences in anterior brain assymetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:676-87
283. Tomkins SS. 1962. Affect, Imagery, and Consciousness. Vol. 1. The Positive Affects. New York: Springer
284. Tomkins SS. 1963. Affect, Imagery, and Consciousness. Vol. 2. The Negative Affects. New York: Springer
285. Tomkins SS. 1981. The quest for primary motives: biography and autobiography of an idea. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 41:306-29
286. Tomkins SS. 1984. Affect theory. In Approaches to Emotion, ed. KR Scherer, P Ekman, pp. 163-95. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
287. Tooby J, Cosmides L. 1990. The past explains the present: emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethol. Sociobiol. 11:375-424
288. Tulving E, Schacter DL. 1990. Priming and human memory systems. Science 247:301-6
289. Volkan VD. 1988. The Need to Have Enemies and Allies. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. 298 pp.
290. Volkan VD, Itkowitz N. 1984. The Immortal Ataturk: A Psychobiography. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press. 374 pp.
291. Volkan VD, Itkowitz N, Dod AW. 1997. Richard Nixon: A Psychobiography. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 190 pp.
292. Warnecke AM, Masters RD, Kempter G. 1992. The roots of nationalism: nonverbal behavior and xenophobia. Ethol. Sociobiol. 13:267-82
293. Watson D. 1988. The vicissitudes of mood measurement: effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 55:128-41
294. Watson D, Clark LA. 1992. Affects separable and inseparable: on the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:489-505
295. Watson D, Clark LA. 1994. The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form, Univ. Iowa, Iowa City. Unpublished manuscript. 35 pp.
296. Watson D, Clark LA. 1997. Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: recurrent and emergent issues. J. Pers. Assess. 68:267-96
297. Watson D, Clark LA, McIntyre CW, Hamaker S. 1992. Affect, personality and social activity. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63:1011-25
298. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. 1988. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:1063-70
299. Watson D, Tellegen A. 1985. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychol. Bull. 98:219-35
300. Watson D, Tellegen A. 1999. Issues in the dimensional structure of affect - effects of descriptors, measurement error, and response formats: comment on Russell and Carroll. Psychol. Bull. 125:601-10
301. Watson D, Walker LM. 1996. The long-term stability and predictive validity of trait measures of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 70:567-77
302. Watson D, Wiese D, Vaidya J, Tellegen A. 1999. The two general activation systems of affect: structuctural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76:820-38
303. Way B, Masters R. 1996a. Emotion and cognition in political-information processing. J. Commun. 46:48-65
304. Way BM, Masters RD. 1996b. Political attitudes: interactions of cognition and affect. Motiv. Cogn. 20:205-36
305. Weiner B, Graham S. 1984. An attributional approach to emotional development. In Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior, ed. C Izard, J Kagan, R Zajonc, pp. 167-91. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
306. Wheeler RE, Davidson RJ, Tomarken AJ. 1993. Frontal brain asymmetry and emotional reactivity: a biological substrate of affective style. Psychophysiology 30:82-89
307. Wiener B, Russell D, Lerman D. 1978. Affective consequences of causal ascriptions. In New Directions in Attribution Research, ed. JH Harvey, RF Kidd. 2:59-90. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
308. Wilcox C, Sigelman L, Cook E. 1989. Some like it hot: individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opin. Q. 53:246-57
309. Wood JV, Saltzberg JA, Goldsamt LA. 1990. Does affect induce self-focused attention? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 58:899-908
310. Zajonc RB. 1980. Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. Am. Psychol. 39:151-75
311. Zajonc RB. 1982. On the primacy of affect. Am. Psychol 39:117-23
312. Zajonc RB. 1998. Emotions. In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. D Gilbert, S Fiske, G Lindzey, 1:591-632. New York: McGraw Hill. 4th ed.
313. Zevon M, Tellegen A. 1982. The structure of mood change: an ideographic/nomothetic analysis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 43:111-22
314. Zuckerman M. 1991. Psychobiology of Personality. Problems in Behavioral Sciences, ed. JA Gray. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 482 pp.
315. Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM, Joireman J, Teta P, Kraft M. 1993. A comparison of three structural models for personality: the big three, the big five, and the alternative five. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65:757-68
316. Zullow H, Oettingen G, Peterson C, Seligman MEP. 1988. Pessimistic explanatory style in the historical record CAVing LBJ, presidential candidates, and East versus West Berlin. Am. Psychol. 43:673-82
317. Zullow HM, Seligman MEP. 1990. Pessimistic rumination predicts defeat of presidential candidates, 1990 to 1984. Psychol. Inq. 1:52-61
318. Zuwerink JR, Devine PG. 1996. Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 70:931-44