Menopausal hormone treatment cardiovascular disease: Another look at an unresolved conundrum

Fertility and Sterility

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 887-897

  Harman, S Mitchell ^a  

^a Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease; Hormone replacement therapy

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GELATINASE B; GESTAGEN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN 2; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NITRIC OXIDE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD VESSEL OCCLUSION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MENOPAUSAL HORMONE TREATMENT; MENOPAUSE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SELECTION BIAS; THROMBOSIS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSALITY; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MENOPAUSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 84897129565     PISSN: 00150282     EISSN: 15565653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.042     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. S. Murphy Deaths: final data for 1998 National vital statistics reports. Vol. 48, no. 11 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, Maryland
2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Incidence and prevalence: 2006 chart book on cardiovascular and lung diseases 2006 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
3. Y. Ma, J.R. Hebert, R. Balasubramanian, N.M. Wedick, B.V. Howard, and M.C. Rosal et al. All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: the Women's Health Initiative, 1993-2009 Am J Epidemiol 178 2013 1533 1541
4. R.F. Gillum, A. Mehari, B. Curry, and T.O. Obisesan Racial and geographic variation in coronary heart disease mortality trends BMC Public Health 12 2012 410
5. F.B. Hu, M.J. Stampfer, J.E. Manson, F. Grodstein, G.A. Colditz, and F.E. Speizer et al. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women N Engl J Med 343 2000 530 537
6. J.K. Pai, and J.E. Manson Acceleration of cardiovascular risk during the late menopausal transition Menopause 20 2013 1 2
7. K. Hill The demography of menopause Maturitas 23 1996 113 127
8. M.E. Mendelsohn, and R.H. Karas Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences Science 308 2005 1583 1587
9. Z. Jambrik, L. Venneri, A. Varga, F. Rigo, A. Borges, and E. Picano Peripheral vascular endothelial function testing for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease Am Heart J 148 2004 684 689
10. D.M. Herrington, B.L. Werbel, W.A. Riley, B.E. Pusser, and T.M. Morgan Individual and combined effects of estrogen/progestin therapy and lovastatin on lipids and flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1999 2030 2037
11. A. Sherwood, J.K. Bower, J. McFetridge-Durdle, J.A. Blumenthal, L.K. Newby, and A.L. Hinderliter Age moderates the short-term effects of transdermal 17β-estradiol on endothelium-dependent vascular function in postmenopausal women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 2007 1782 1787
12. J.C. Stevenson, A. Oladipo, N. Manassiev, M.I. Whitehead, S. Guilford, and A.J. Proudler Randomized trial of effect of transdermal continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk markers Br J Haematol 124 2004 802 808
13. A. Wakatsuki, Y. Okatani, N. Ikenoue, and T. Fukaya Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen Circulation 104 2001 1773 1778
14. C. Rajkumar, B.A. Kingwell, J.D. Cameron, T. Waddell, R. Mehra, and N. Christophidis et al. Hormonal therapy increases arterial compliance in postmenopausal women J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1997 350 356
15. K. Kawecka-Jaszcz, D. Czarnecka, A. Olszanecka, M. Rajzer, and P. Jankowski The effect of hormone replacement therapy on arterial blood pressure and vascular compliance in postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension J Hum Hypertens 16 2002 509 516
16. K.L. Moreau, A.J. Donato, D.R. Seals, C.A. DeSouza, and H. Tanaka Regular exercise, hormone replacement therapy and the age-related decline in carotid arterial compliance in healthy women Cardiovasc Res 57 2003 861 868
17. M.R. Adams, T.C. Register, D.L. Golden, J.D. Wagner, and J.K. Williams Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 1997 217 221
18. X.P. Li, Y. Zhou, S.P. Zhao, M. Gao, Q.C. Zhou, and Y.S. Li Effect of endogenous estrogen on endothelial function in women with coronary heart disease and its mechanism Clin Chim Acta 339 2004 183 188
19. M.E. Mendelsohn Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature Am J Cardiol 90 2002 3F 6F
20. S. Nuedling, R.H. Karas, M.E. Mendelsohn, J.A. Katzenellenbogen, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, and R. Meyer et al. Activation of estrogen receptor beta is a prerequisite for estrogen-dependent upregulation of nitric oxide synthases in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes FEBS Lett 502 2001 103 108
21. Z. Dai, H.Q. Zhu, D.J. Jiang, J.L. Jiang, H.W. Deng, and Y.J. Li 17beta-estradiol preserves endothelial function by reduction of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor level Int J Cardiol 96 2004 223 227
22. T. Ishibahshi, S. Obayashi, S. Sakamoto, T. Aso, M. Ishizaka, and H. Azuma Estrogen replacement effectively improves the accelerated intimal hyperplasia following balloon injury of carotid artery in the ovariectomized rats J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47 2006 37 45
23. D. Wang, S. Strandgaard, J.S. Iversen, and C.S. Wilcox Asymmetric dimethylarginine, oxidative stress and vascular nitric oxide synthase in essential hypertension Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296 2008 R195 R200
24. J. Wang, A.S. Sim, X.L. Wang, C. Salonikas, D. Naidoo, and D.E. Wilcken Relations between plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and risk factors for coronary disease Atherosclerosis 184 2006 383 388
25. T.M. Lu, Y.A. Ding, M.J. Charng, and S.J. Lin Asymmetrical dimethylarginine: a novel risk factor for coronary artery disease Clin Cardiol 26 2003 458 464
26. N. Ilhan, D. Seckin, and Y. Ozbay Abnormal asymmetric dimethylarginine/nitric oxide balance in patients with documented coronary artery disease: relation to renal function and homocysteine J Thromb Thrombolysis 23 2007 205 211
27. M. Zeller, C. Korandji, J.C. Guilland, P. Sicard, C. Vergely, and L. Lorgis et al. Impact of asymmetric dimethylarginine on mortality after acute myocardial infarction Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 2008 954 960
28. W.H. Tang, W. Tong, K. Shrestha, Z. Wang, B.S. Levison, and B. Delfraino et al. Differential effects of arginine methylation on diastolic dysfunction and disease progression in patients with chronic systolic heart failure Eur Heart J 29 2008 2506 2513
29. E. Monsalve, P.J. Oviedo, M.A. Garcia-Perez, J.J. Tarin, A. Cano, and C. Hermenegildo Estradiol counteracts oxidized LDL-induced asymmetric dimethylarginine production by cultured human endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res 73 2007 66 72
30. M.O. Verhoeven, M.J. van der Mooren, T. Teerlink, R.H. Verheijen, P.G. Scheffer, and P. Kenemans The influence of physiological and surgical menopause on coronary heart disease risk markers Menopause 16 2009 37 49
31. S.N. Kalantaridou, K.K. Naka, E. Papanikolaou, N. Kazakos, M. Kravariti, and K.A. Calis et al. Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure: normalization with hormone therapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2004 3907 3913
32. M.S. Post, M.O. Verhoeven, M.J. van der Mooren, P. Kenemans, C.D. Stehouwer, and T. Teerlink Effect of hormone replacement therapy on plasma levels of the cardiovascular risk factor asymmetric dimethylarginine: a randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week study in healthy early postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 4221 4226
33. M.O. Verhoeven, M. Hemelaar, M.J. van der Mooren, P. Kenemans, and T. Teerlink Oral, more than transdermal, oestrogen therapy lowers asymmetric dimethylarginine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study J Intern Med 259 2006 199 208
34. A.Z. Steiner, H.N. Hodis, R.A. Lobo, D. Shoupe, M. Xiang, and W.J. Mack Postmenopausal oral estrogen therapy and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial Menopause 12 2005 728 733
35. J.A. McCubbin, S.G. Helfer, F.S. Switzer 3rd, and T.M. Price Blood pressure control and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women at risk for coronary heart disease Am Heart J 143 2002 711 717
36. P. Angerer, S. Stork, and C. von Schacky Influence of 17beta-oestradiol on blood pressure of postmenopausal women at high vascular risk J Hypertens 19 2001 2135 2142
37. P.J. Harvey, L.M. Wing, J. Savage, and D. Molloy The effects of different types and doses of oestrogen replacement therapy on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in normotensive postmenopausal women J Hypertens 17 1999 405 411
38. J. Ichikawa, H. Sumino, S. Ichikawa, and M. Ozaki Different effects of transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system, plasma bradykinin level, and blood pressure of normotensive postmenopausal women Am J Hypertens 19 2006 744 749
39. A. Ichikawa, H. Sumino, T. Ogawa, S. Ichikawa, and K. Nitta Effects of long-term transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system, plasma bradykinin levels and blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women Geriatr Gerontol Int 8 2008 259 264
40. A. Scuteri, A.J. Bos, L.J. Brant, L. Talbot, E.G. Lakatta, and J.L. Fleg Hormone replacement therapy and longitudinal changes in blood pressure in postmenopausal women Ann Intern Med 135 2001 229 238
41. J.E. Manson, J. Hsia, K.C. Johnson, J.E. Rossouw, A.R. Assaf, and N.L. Lasser et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 349 2003 523 534
42. G.L. Anderson, M. Limacher, A.R. Assaf, T. Bassford, S.A. Beresford, and H. Black et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 291 2004 1701 1712
43. L.G. Futterman, and L. Lemberg Lp(a) lipoprotein - an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease after menopause Am J Crit Care 10 2001 63 67
44. M.G. Shlipak, J.A. Simon, E. Vittinghoff, F. Lin, E. Barrett-Connor, and R.H. Knopp et al. Estrogen and progestin, lipoprotein(a), and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events after menopause JAMA 283 2000 1845 1852
45. A.P. Candido, S. Ferreira, A.A. Lima, R.L. Nicolato, S.N. Freitas, and P. Brandao et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor associated with ischemic heart disease: Ouro Preto Study Atherosclerosis 191 2007 454 459
46. J.J. Albers, A. Slee, K.D. O'Brien, J.G. Robinson, M.L. Kashyap, and P.O. Kwiterovich Jr. et al. Relationship of apolipoproteins A-1 and B, and lipoprotein(a) to cardiovascular outcomes: the AIM-HIGH trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglyceride and Impact on Global Health Outcomes) J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 1575 1579
47. H.D. Wu, L. Berglund, C. Dimayuga, J. Jones, R.R. Sciacca, and M.R. Di Tullio et al. High lipoprotein(a) levels and small apolipoprotein(a) sizes are associated with endothelial dysfunction in a multiethnic cohort J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 1828 1833
48. U. Lundstam, J. Herlitz, T. Karlsson, T. Linden, and O. Wiklund Serum lipids, lipoprotein(a) level, and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms as prognostic markers in patients with coronary heart disease J Intern Med 251 2002 111 118
49. W. Perry, and R.A. Wiseman Combined oral estradiol valerate- norethisterone treatment over 3 years in postmenopausal women: effect on lipids, coagulation factors, haematology and biochemistry Maturitas 42 2002 157 164
50. M. Seed, R.H. Sands, M. McLaren, G. Kirk, and D. Darko The effect of hormone replacement therapy and route of administration on selected cardiovascular risk factors in post-menopausal women Fam Pract 17 2000 497 507
51. M.G. Sorci-Thomas, and M.J. Thomas Why targeting HDL should work as a therapeutic tool, but has not J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 62 2013 239 246
52. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report Circulation 106 2002 3143 3421
53. H.N. Ginsberg Is hypertriglyceridemia a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease? A simple question with a complicated answer Ann Intern Med 126 1997 912 914
54. J.R. Crouse 3rd, R.P. Byington, M.G. Bond, M.A. Espeland, T.E. Craven, and J.W. Sprinkle et al. Pravastatin, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis in the Carotid Arteries (PLAC-II) Am J Cardiol 75 1995 455 459
55. Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels N Engl J Med 339 1998 1349 1357
56. Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering JAMA 251 1984 365 374
57. J. Shepherd, S.M. Cobbe, I. Ford, C.G. Isles, A.R. Lorimer, and P.W. MacFarlane et al. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia N Engl J Med 333 1995 1301 1307
58. J.R. Downs, M. Clearfield, S. Weis, E. Whitney, D.R. Shapiro, and P.A. Beere et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study JAMA 279 1998 1615 1622
59. R.H. Knopp Drug treatment of lipid disorders N Engl J Med 341 1999 498 511
60. P.M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M.A. Pfeffer, F. Sacks, E. Braunwald Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein Circulation 100 1999 230 235
61. F. Bea, E. Blessing, B. Bennett, M. Levitz, E.P. Wallace, and M.E. Rosenfeld Simvastatin promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability in apoE-deficient mice independently of lipid lowering Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 2002 1832 1837
62. J. Hwang, H.N. Hodis, T.K. Hsiai, L. Asatryan, and A. Sevanian Role of annexin II in estrogen-induced macrophage matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity: the modulating effect of statins Atherosclerosis 189 2006 76 82
63. M. Kanadasi, M. Cayli, M. Demirtas, T. Inal, M. Demir, and M. Koc et al. The effect of early statin treatment on inflammation and cardiac events in acute coronary syndrome patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Heart Vessels 21 2006 291 297
64. J.R. Guyton, A.E. Slee, T. Anderson, J.L. Fleg, R.B. Goldberg, and M.L. Kashyap et al. Relationship of lipoproteins to cardiovascular events: the AIM-HIGH Trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes) J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 1580 1584
65. Hps Thrive Collaborative Group HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment Eur Heart J 34 2013 1279 1291
66. M.J. Tikkanen Estrogens, progestins and lipid metabolism Maturitas 23 Suppl 1996 S51 S55
67. V.T. Miller, R.A. Muesing, J.C. LaRosa, D.B. Stoy, E.A. Phillips, and R.J. Stillman Effects of conjugated equine estrogen with and without three different progestogens on lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein subfractions, and apolipoprotein A-I Obstet Gynecol 77 1991 235 240
68. Writing Group for the PEPI Trial Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial JAMA 273 1995 199 208
69. G.M. Darling, J.A. Johns, P.I. McCloud, and S.R. Davis Estrogen and progestin compared with simvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 337 1997 595 601
70. A. Paganini-Hill, R. Dworsky, and R.M. Krauss Hormone replacement therapy, hormone levels, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in elderly women Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1996 897 902
71. J.H. Pickar, R.A. Wild, B. Walsh, E. Hirvonen, R.A. Lobo Menopause Study Group Effects of different hormone replacement regimens on postmenopausal women with abnormal lipid levels Climacteric 1 1998 26 32
72. F. Sendag, N. Karadadas, S. Ozsener, and O. Bilgin Effects of sequential combined transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapies on serum lipid and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women Arch Gynecol Obstet 266 2002 38 43
73. S. Tugrul, G. Yildirim, O. Pekin, H. Uslu, T. Kutlu, and S. Eren Comparison of two forms of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with respect to metabolic effects Arch Gynecol Obstet 275 2007 335 339
74. J. Slowinska-Srzednicka, S. Zgliczynski, E. Chotkowska, M. Srzednicki, U. Stopinska-Gluszak, and W. Jeske et al. Effects of transdermal 17 beta-oestradiol combined with oral progestogen on lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women J Intern Med 234 1993 447 451
75. S. Vehkavaara, A. Silveira, T. Hakala-Ala-Pietila, A. Virkamaki, O. Hovatta, and A. Hamsten et al. Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and serum lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women Thromb Haemost 85 2001 619 625
76. P.M. Ridker, J. Genest, and P. Libby Risk factors for atherosclerotic disease E. Braunwald, D.P. Zipes, P. Libby, Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2001 W.B. Saunders Philadelphia 1010 1039
77. R.P. Tracy Emerging relationships of inflammation, cardiovascular disease and chronic diseases of aging Int J Obes 27 2003 S29 S34
78. J.T. Willerson Systemic and local inflammation in patients with unstable atherosclerotic plaques Prog Cardiovasc Dis 44 2002 469 478
79. K. Prasongsukarn, U. Chaisri, P. Chartburus, K. Wetchabut, S. Benjathummarak, and V. Khachansaksumet et al. Phenotypic alterations in human saphenous vein culture induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipoproteins: a preliminary development of an initial atherosclerotic plaque model Lipids Health Dis 12 2013 132
80. U.A. Ajani, E.S. Ford, and L.C. McGuire Distribution of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10-year risk for coronary heart disease Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13 2006 745 752
81. A.C. St-Pierre, B. Cantin, J. Bergeron, M. Pirro, G.R. Dagenais, and J.P. Despres et al. Inflammatory markers and long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men A 13-year follow-up of the Quebec Cardiovascular Study Atherosclerosis 182 2005 315 321
82. M. Cesari, B.W. Penninx, A.B. Newman, S.B. Kritchevsky, B.J. Nicklas, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell et al. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease (the Health, Aging and Body Composition [Health ABC] Study) Am J Cardiol 92 2003 522 528
83. W.K. Lagrand, C.A. Visser, W.T. Hermens, H.W. Niessen, F.W. Verheugt, and G.J. Wolbink et al. C-Reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation 100 1999 96 102
84. S.S. Bassuk, N. Rifai, and P.M. Ridker High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance Curr Probl Cardiol 29 2004 439 493
85. M. Roivainen, M. Viik-Kajander, T. Palosuo, P. Toivanen, M. Leinonen, and P. Saikku et al. Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease Circulation 101 2000 252 257
86. J. Danesh, P. Whincup, M. Walker, L. Lennon, A. Thomson, and P. Appleby et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses BMJ 321 2000 199 204
87. P.M. Ridker, M. Cushman, M.J. Stampfer, R.P. Tracy, and C.H. Hennekens Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men N Engl J Med 336 1997 973 979
88. W. Koenig, M. Sund, M. Frohlich, H.G. Fischer, H. Lowel, and A. Doring et al. C-Reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992 Circulation 99 1999 237 242
89. L.H. Kuller, R.P. Tracy, J. Shaten, and E.N. Meilahn Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Am J Epidemiol 144 1996 537 547
90. S.G. Thompson, J. Kienast, S.D. Pyke, F. Haverkate, J.C. van de Loo European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris N Engl J Med 332 1995 635 641
91. A.D. Pradhan, J.E. Manson, J.E. Rossouw, D.S. Siscovick, C.P. Mouton, and N. Rifai et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study JAMA 288 2002 980 987
92. J.K. Pai, T. Pischon, J. Ma, J.E. Manson, S.E. Hankinson, and K. Joshipura et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women N Engl J Med 351 2004 2599 2610
93. P. Hu, G.A. Greendale, S.L. Palla, B.A. Reboussin, D.M. Herrington, and E. Barrett-Connor et al. The effects of hormone therapy on the markers of inflammation and endothelial function and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen Progestin Intervention (PEPI) trial Atherosclerosis 185 2006 347 352
94. P.M. Ridker, C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Buring, and N. Rifai C-Reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women N Engl J Med 342 2000 836 843
95. A.R. Folsom, J.S. Pankow, R.P. Tracy, D.K. Arnett, J.M. Peacock, and Y. Hong et al. Association of C-reactive protein with markers of prevalent atherosclerotic disease Am J Cardiol 88 2001 112 117
96. I.F. Godsland, R.S. Elkeles, M.D. Feher, F. Nugara, M.B. Rubens, and W. Richmond et al. Coronary calcification, homocysteine, C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes: the Prospective Evaluation of Diabetic Ischaemic Heart Disease by Coronary Tomography (PREDICT) Study Diabet Med 23 2006 1192 1200
97. G.D. Lowe, A. Rumley, A.D. McMahon, I. Ford, D.S. O'Reilly, and C.J. Packard Interleukin-6, fibrin D-dimer, and coagulation factors VII and XIIa in prediction of coronary heart disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 2004 1529 1534
98. K. Hager, U. Machein, S. Krieger, D. Platt, G. Seefried, and J. Bauer Interleukin-6 and selected plasma proteins in healthy persons of different ages Neurobiol Aging 15 1994 771 772
99. P.J. Manning, W.H. Sutherland, A.R. Allum, S.A. de Jong, and S.D. Jones Effect of hormone replacement therapy on inflammation-sensitive proteins in post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes Diabet Med 19 2002 847 852
100. H. Sumino, S. Ichikawa, S. Kasama, T. Takahashi, H. Kumakura, and Y. Takayama et al. Different effects of oral conjugated estrogen and transdermal estradiol on arterial stiffness and vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women Atherosclerosis 189 2006 436 442
101. H. Sumino, S. Ichikawa, S. Kasama, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, and T. Sakamaki et al. Effect of transdermal hormone replacement therapy on carotid artery wall thickness and levels of vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women Hypertens Res 28 2005 579 584
102. M. Cushman, C. Legault, E. Barrett-Connor, M.L. Stefanick, C. Kessler, and H.L. Judd et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study Circulation 100 1999 717 722
103. B. Zegura, I. Keber, M. Sebestjen, and W. Koenig Double blind, randomized study of estradiol replacement therapy on markers of inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis Atherosclerosis 168 2003 123 129
104. S. Stork, C. von Schacky, and P. Angerer The effect of 17beta-estradiol on endothelial and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial Atherosclerosis 165 2002 301 307
105. B. Okopien, M. Haberka, L. Cwalina, J. Kowalski, D. Belowski, and A. Madej et al. Plasma cytokines as predictors of coronary heart disease Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 112 2002 5 15
106. R. Marcucci, D. Brogi, F. Sofi, C. Giglioli, S. Valente, and A.A. Liotta et al. PAI-1 and homocysteine, but not lipoprotein (a) and thrombophilic polymorphisms, are independently associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events after successful coronary stenting Heart 92 2006 377 381
107. Y. Zhang, B.V. Howard, L.D. Cowan, T.K. Welty, C.F. Schaefer, and R.A. Wild et al. Associations of postmenopausal hormone therapy with markers of hemostasis and inflammation and lipid profiles in diabetic and nondiabetic American Indian women: the Strong Heart study J Womens Health (Larchmt) 13 2004 155 163
108. P.Y. Scarabin, M. Alhenc-Gelas, G. Plu-Bureau, P. Taisne, R. Agher, and M. Aiach Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 1997 3071 3078
109. H.E. Brussaard, J.A. Leuven, H.M. Krans, and C. Kluft The effect of 17 beta-oestradiol on variables of coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Vascul Pharmacol 39 2002 141 147
110. P. Libby Changing concepts of atherogenesis J Intern Med 247 2000 349 358
111. V. Pasceri, J.T. Willerson, and E.T. Yeh Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells Circulation 102 2000 2165 2168
112. D.T. Price, and J. Loscalzo Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis Am J Med 107 1999 85 97
113. H. Beekhuizen, and R. van Furth Monocyte adherence to human vascular endothelium J Leukoc Biol 54 1993 363 378
114. M.P. Bevilacqua, S. Stengelin, M.A. Gimbrone Jr., and B. Seed Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1: an inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins Science 243 1989 1160 1165
115. H.B. Semaan, P.A. Gurbel, J.L. Anderson, J.B. Muhlestein, J.F. Carlquist, and B.D. Horne et al. Soluble VCAM-1 and E-selectin, but not ICAM-1 discriminate endothelial injury in patients with documented coronary artery disease Cardiology 93 2000 7 10
116. Y. Oishi, T. Wakatsuki, A. Nishikado, T. Oki, and S. Ito Circulating adhesion molecules and severity of coronary atherosclerosis Coron Artery Dis 11 2000 77 81
117. T.A. Elhadd, G. Kennedy, M. McLaren, P.A. Stonebridge, W.J. Shaw, and J.J. Belch Elevated levels of soluble E-selectin in diabetic patients with severe symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease requiring angioplasty. A possible role in diabetic vascular disease? Int Angiol 19 2000 171 175
118. M. Porsch-Oezcueruemez, D. Kunz, H.U. Kloer, and C. Luley Evaluation of serum levels of solubilized adhesion molecules and cytokine receptors in coronary heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1999 1995 2001
119. S.J. Hwang, C.M. Ballantyne, A.R. Sharrett, L.C. Smith, C.E. Davis, and A.M. Gotto Jr. et al. Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study Circulation 96 1997 4219 4225
120. G. Kennedy, M. McLaren, J.J. Belch, and M. Seed Elevated levels of sE-selectin in post-menopausal females are decreased by hormone replacement therapy to levels observed in pre-menopausal females Thromb Haemost 82 1999 1433 1436
121. D. Zanger, B.K. Yang, J. Ardans, M.A. Waclawiw, G. Csako, and L.M. Wahl et al. Divergent effects of hormone therapy on serum markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease on appropriate medical management J Am Coll Cardiol 36 2000 1797 1802
122. K.K. Koh, C. Cardillo, M.N. Bui, L. Hathaway, G. Csako, and M.A. Waclawiw et al. Vascular effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women Circulation 99 1999 354 360
123. I. Seljeflot, H. Arnesen, A.E. Hofstad, and I. Os Reduced expression of endothelial cell markers after long-term transdermal hormone replacement therapy in women with coronary artery disease Thromb Haemost 83 2000 944 948
124. P.M. Ridker, C.H. Hennekens, B. Roitman-Johnson, M.J. Stampfer, and J. Allen Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risks of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men Lancet 351 1998 88 92
125. T.J. DeGraba Expression of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules in human atherosclerotic plaque Neurology 49 1997 S15 S19
126. J. Ikata, T. Wakatsuki, Y. Oishi, T. Oki, and S. Ito Leukocyte counts and concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of coronary atherosclerosis Coron Artery Dis 11 2000 445 449
127. Y. Balbay, H. Tikiz, R.J. Baptiste, S. Ayaz, H. Sasmaz, and S. Korkmaz Circulating interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and soluble ICAM-1 in patients with chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction Angiology 52 2001 109 114
128. K.K. Koh, D.K. Jin, S.H. Yang, S.K. Lee, H.Y. Hwang, and M.H. Kang et al. Vascular effects of synthetic or natural progestagen combined with conjugated equine estrogen in healthy postmenopausal women Circulation 103 2001 1961 1966
129. I.M. Loftus, A.R. Naylor, S. Goodall, M. Crowther, L. Jones, and P.R. Bell et al. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in unstable carotid plaques. A potential role in acute plaque disruption Stroke 31 2000 40 47
130. R. de Nooijer, C.J. Verkleij, J.H. von der Thusen, J.W. Jukema, E.E. van der Wall, and T.J. van Berkel et al. Lesional overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced lesions but not at earlier stages of atherogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 2006 340 346
131. R. Corti, M.E. Farkouh, and J.J. Badimon The vulnerable plaque and acute coronary syndromes The Am J Med 113 2002 668 680
132. N. Watanabe, and U. Ikeda Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerosis Curr Atheroscler Rep 6 2004 112 120
133. J. Kunz Matrix metalloproteinases and atherogenesis in dependence of age Gerontology 53 2006 63 73
134. P.J. Gough, I.G. Gomez, P.T. Wille, and E.W. Raines Macrophage expression of active MMP-9 induces acute plaque disruption in apoE-deficient mice J Clin Invest 116 2006 59 69
135. B. Zeng, A. Prasan, K.C. Fung, V. Solanki, D. Bruce, and S.B. Freedman et al. Elevated circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease Intern Med J 35 2005 331 335
136. P. Ferroni, S. Basili, F. Martini, C.M. Cardarello, F. Ceci, and M. di Franco et al. Serum metalloproteinase 9 levels in patients with coronary artery disease: a novel marker of inflammation J Investig Med 51 2003 295 300
137. Trials TWGftW Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 321 333
138. X. Zhang, L.K. Christenson, and W.B. Nothnick Regulation of MMP-9 expression and activity in the mouse uterus by estrogen Mol Reprod Dev 74 2007 321 331
139. T. Lu, Y. Achari, P. Sciore, and D.A. Hart Estrogen receptor alpha regulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 promoter activity primarily through the AP-1 transcriptional regulatory site Biochim Biophys Acta 1762 2006 719 731
140. T. Suzuki, and D.A. Sullivan Comparative effects of estrogen on matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines in immortalized and primary human corneal epithelial cell cultures Cornea 25 2006 454 459
141. K.C. Lewandowski, J. Komorowski, D.P. Mikhalidis, M. Bienkiewicz, B.K. Tan, and C.J. O'Callaghan et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy type and route of administration on plasma matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2006 3123 3130
142. R&D Systems Human MMP-9 (total) immunoassay 2006 R&D Systems Minneapolis
143. M.J. Stampfer, W.C. Willett, G.A. Colditz, B. Rosner, F.E. Speizer, and C.H. Hennekens A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 313 1985 1044 1049
144. P.W. Wilson, R.J. Garrison, and W.P. Castelli Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham Study N Engl J Med 313 1985 1038 1043
145. T.L. Bush, E. Barrett-Connor, L.D. Cowan, M.H. Criqui, R.B. Wallace, and C.M. Suchindran et al. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study Circulation 75 1987 1102 1109
146. D.B. Petitti, J.A. Perlman, and S. Sidney Noncontraceptive estrogens and mortality: long-term follow-up of women in the Walnut Creek Study Obstet Gynecol 70 1987 289 293
147. B.E. Henderson, A. Paganini-Hill, and R.K. Ross Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction Am J Obstet Gynecol 159 1988 312 317
148. P.H. Wolf, J.H. Madans, F.F. Finucane, M. Higgins, and J.C. Kleinman Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort Am J Obstet Gynecol 164 1991 489 494
149. M. Falkeborn, I. Persson, H.O. Adami, R. Bergstrom, E. Eaker, and H. Lithell et al. The risk of acute myocardial infarction after oestrogen and oestrogen-progestogen replacement Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99 1992 821 828
150. B.M. Psaty, S.R. Heckbert, D. Atkins, R. Lemaitre, T.D. Koepsell, and P.W. Wahl et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with the combined use of estrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women Arch Intern Med 154 1994 1333 1339
151. A.R. Folsom, P.J. Mink, T.A. Sellers, C.P. Hong, W. Zheng, and J.D. Potter Hormonal replacement therapy and morbidity and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women Am J Public Health 85 1995 1128 1132
152. F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer, J.E. Manson, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, and B. Rosner et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease N Engl J Med 335 1996 453 461
153. G. Boysen, J. Nyboe, M. Appleyard, P.S. Sorensen, J. Boas, and F. Somnier et al. Stroke incidence and risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark Stroke 19 1988 1345 1353
154. M.H. Criqui, L. Suarez, E. Barrett-Connor, J. McPhillips, D.L. Wingard, and C. Garland Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community Am J Epidemiol 128 1988 606 614
155. M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, J.E. Manson, B. Rosner, and F.E. Speizer et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study N Engl J Med 325 1991 756 762
156. B. Ettinger, G.D. Friedman, T. Bush, and C.P.J. Quesenberry Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy Obstet Gynecol 87 1996 6 12
157. F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, J.E. Manson, and M. Joffe et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality N Engl J Med 336 1997 1769 1775
158. F. Grodstein, J.E. Manson, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, F.E. Speizer, and M.J. Stampfer A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease Ann Intern Med 133 2000 933 941
159. T.L. Bush, L.D. Cowan, E. Barrett-Connor, M.H. Criqui, J.M. Karon, and R.B. Wallace et al. Estrogen use and all-cause mortality. Preliminary results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-Up Study JAMA 249 1983 903 906
160. B.E. Henderson, A. Paganini-Hill, and R.K. Ross Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy Arch Intern Med 151 1991 75 78
161. F. Grodstein, J.E. Manson, and M.J. Stampfer Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: The role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation J Womens Health (Larchmt) 15 2006 35 44
162. F. Grodstein, J.E. Manson, and M.J. Stampfer Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the nurses' health study. a prospective, observational study Ann Intern Med 135 2001 1 8
163. C.E. Chilvers, R.C. Knibb, S.J. Armstrong, K.L. Woods, and R.F. Logan Post menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction - a case control study of women in the East Midlands, UK Eur Heart J 24 2003 2197 2205
164. C.N. Bairey Merz, B.D. Johnson, S.L. Berga, G.D. Braunstein, R. Azziz, and Y. Yang et al. Total estrogen time and obstructive coronary disease in women: insights from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) J Womens Health (Larchmt) 18 2009 1315 1322
165. S.R. Salpeter, J.M. Walsh, T.M. Ormiston, E. Greyber, N.S. Buckley, and E.E. Salpeter Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women Diabetes Obes Metab 8 2006 538 554
166. C.A. Barber, K. Margolis, R.V. Luepker, and D.K. Arnett The impact of the Women's Health Initiative on discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Minnesota Heart Survey (2000-2002) J Womens Health 13 2004 975 985
167. J.P. Kelly, D.W. Kaufman, L. Rosenberg, K. Kelley, S.G. Cooper, and A.A. Mitchell Use of postmenopausal hormone therapy since the Women's Health Initiative findings Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 14 2005 837 842
168. J. Hsia, M.H. Criqui, R.J. Rodabough, R.D. Langer, H.E. Resnick, and L.S. Phillips et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Women's Health Initiative Circulation 109 2004 620 626
169. F. Grodstein, T.B. Clarkson, and J.E. Manson Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy N Engl J Med 348 2003 645 650
170. F. Naftolin, H.S. Taylor, R. Karas, E. Brinton, I. Newman, and T.B. Clarkson et al. The Women's Health Initiative could not have detected cardioprotective effects of starting hormone therapy during the menopausal transition Fertil Steril 81 2004 1498 1501
171. E.A. Brinton, H.N. Hodis, G.R. Merriam, S.M. Harman, and F. Naftolin Can menopausal hormone therapy prevent coronary heart disease? Trends Endocrinol Metab 19 2008 206 212
172. S.M. Harman, and E.A. Brinton Biphasic effects of hormone treatment on risk of cardiovascular disease: resolving the paradox in postmenopausal women Menopausal Med 17 2009 S5 S8
173. J. Hsia, R.D. Langer, J.E. Manson, L. Kuller, K.C. Johnson, and S.L. Hendrix et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative Arch Intern Med 166 2006 357 365
174. J.E. Rossouw, R.L. Prentice, J.E. Manson, L. Wu, D. Barad, and V.M. Barnabei et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause JAMA 297 2007 1465 1477
175. J.E. Manson, M.A. Allison, J.E. Rossouw, J.J. Carr, R.D. Langer, and J. Hsia et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification N Engl J Med 356 2007 2591 2602
176. S. Toh, S. Hernandez-Diaz, R. Logan, J.E. Rossouw, and M.A. Hernan Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear? A randomized trial Ann Intern Med 152 2010 211 217
177. S.M. Harman, E. Vittinghoff, E.A. Brinton, M.J. Budoff, M.I. Cedars, and R.A. Lobo et al. Timing and duration of menopausal hormone treatment may affect cardiovascular outcomes Am J Med 124 2011 199 205
178. L.L. Schierbeck, L. Rejnmark, C.L. Tofteng, L. Stilgren, P. Eiken, and L. Mosekilde et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial BMJ 345 2012 e6409
179. N.F. Col, M.H. Eckman, R.H. Karas, S.G. Pauker, R.J. Goldberg, and E.M. Ross et al. Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women JAMA 277 1997 1140 1147
180. S.R. Salpeter, N.S. Buckley, H. Liu, and E.E. Salpeter The cost-effectiveness of hormone therapy in younger and older postmenopausal women Am J Med 122 2009 42 52.e2