Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 349, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 523-534

  Manson, JoAnn E ^a   Hsia, Judith ^b   Johnson, Karen C ^c   Rossouw, Jacques E ^d   Assaf, Annlouise R ^e   Lasser, Norman L ^f   Trevisan, Maurizio ^g   Black, Henry R ^h   Heckbert, Susan R ⁱ   Detrano, Robert ^j   Strickland, Ora L ^k   Wong, Nathan D ^l   Crouse, John R ^m   Stein, Evan ⁿ   Cushman, Mary ^o  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^d NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^f RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^h RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^k EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁿ Pharmaceutical Product Development   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN PLUS MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLACEBO; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PROGESTERONE DERIVATIVE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY RISK; DEATH; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG COMBINATION; HEART DISEASE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGED; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CORONARY DISEASE; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG COMBINATIONS; ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP); FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEART DISEASES; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE 17-ACETATE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; POSTMENOPAUSE; PROGESTERONE CONGENERS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0042093742     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030808     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Grodstein F, Stampfer M. The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1995;38:199-210.
2. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016-37.
3. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HEKS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605-13.
4. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:522-9.
5. Clarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, Slack M, Schofiel PM. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. BJOG 2002;109:1056-62.
6. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2432-40.
7. Hemminki E, McPherson K. Impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular events and cancer: pooled data from clinical trials. BMJ 1997;315:149-53.
8. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33.
9. Risks of postmenopausal hormone replacement. JAMA 2002;288:2819-25.
10. Grodstein F, Clarkson TB, Manson JE. Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy. N Engl J Med 2003;348:645-50.
11. Manson JE, Martin KA. Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:34-40.
12. Chae CU, Manson JE. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. In: Hennekens CH, ed. Clinical trials in cardiovascular disease: a companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1999:399-414.
13. Shlipak MG, Simon JA, Vittinghoff E, et al. Estrogen and progestin, lipoprotein(a), and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events after menopause. JAMA 2000;283:1845-52.
14. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, et al. Hormone replacement therapy, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of incident nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2001;285:906-13.
15. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study: the Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials 1998;19:61-109.
16. Rautaharju PM, Park LP, Chaitman BR, Rautaharju F, Zhang ZM. The Novacode criteria for classification of ECG abnormalities and their clinically significant progression and regression. J Electrocardiol 1998;31(3): 157-87.
17. Ives DG, Fitzpatrick AL, Bild DE, et al. Surveillance and ascertainment of cardiovascular events: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:278-85.
18. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix S, Limacher M, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative. JAMA 2003;289:2673-84.
19. Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;34:187-220.
20. Pilon D, Castilloux AM, Lelorier J. Estrogen replacement therapy: determinants of persistence with treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:97-100.
21. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57. [Erratum, JAMA 2002;288:1064.]
22. Cherry N, Gilmour K, Hannaford P, et al. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:2001-9.
23. Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Sarrel PM, Suissa S, Horwitz PI. A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1243-9.
24. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995;273:199-208. [Erratum, JAMA 1995;274:1676.]
25. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1801-11.
26. Cushman M, Meilahn EN, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Dobs AS, Tracy RP. Hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, and hemostasis in elderly women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:893-9.
27. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 1999;100:717-22.
28. Furberg CD, Vittinghoff E, Davidson M, et al. Subgroup interactions in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study: lessons learned. Circulation 2002;105:917-22.
29. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001;286:64-70.
30. Mosca L, Collins P, Herrington DM, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Assocation. Circulation 2001;104:499-503.
31. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). Report from the NAMS Advisory Panel on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. Cleveland: North American Menopause Society, October 3, 2002.
32. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for primary prevention ofchronic conditions.: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:834-9.