Recreational drugs: A new health hazard for patients with concomitant chronic liver diseases

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 79-84

  Tarantino, Giovanni ^a,b   Citro, Vincenzo ^c   Finelli, Carmine ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b Cancer Research Center of Mercogliano   (Italy)

^c Umberto i Hospital   (Italy)

^d Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Cannabis; HCV infection; Non alcoholic fatty liver disease; Recreational drug

Indexed keywords

2 ARACHIDONOYLGLYCEROL; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; 4' METHYLMETHCATHINONE; ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANANDAMIDE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BUPRENORPHINE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CANNABINOID 2 RECEPTOR; CANNABIS; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE I; COCAINE; CYCLINE; FATTY ACID SYNTHASE; KETAMINE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHYLENEDIOXY METHAMFETAMINE; RECREATIONAL DRUG; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1C; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; STREET DRUG;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DRUG MISUSE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH HAZARD; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; LIPID DIET; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STEATOSIS; UPREGULATION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPLICATION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY; LIVER DISEASE;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; CANNABIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 84897047179     PISSN: 18418724     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Tarantino G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and other illnesses. Clin Invest Med 2008;31:E290-E295.
2. Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Negreanu L, Tarantino G. Is fatty liver always benign and should not consequently be treated? J Physiol Pharmacol 2013;64:3-9.
3. Colicchio P, Tarantino G, del Genio F, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adult severely obese non-diabetic patients in South Italy. Ann Nutr Metab 2005;49:289-295.
4. Tarantino G, Colicchio P, Conca P, et al. Young adult obese subjects with and without insulin resistance: what is the role of chronic inflammation and how to weigh it non-invasively? J Inflamm (Lond) 2009;6:6.
5. Labruna G, Pasanisi F, Nardelli C, et al. UCP1 -3826 AG+GG genotypes, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio in severe obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 2009;32:525-529.
6. Tarantino G, Pizza G, Colao A, et al. Hepatic steatosis in overweight/ obese females: new screening method for those at risk. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5693-5699.
7. Tarantino G, Colao A, Capone D, et al. Circulating levels of cytochrome C, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides and unconjugated bilirubin in overweight/obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2011;25:47-56.
8. Tarantino G, Finelli C, Colao A, et al. Are hepatic steatosis and carotid intima media thickness associated in obese patients with normal or slightly elevated gamma-glutamyl-transferase? J Transl Med 2012;10:50.
9. Finelli C, Tarantino G. Is visceral fat reduction necessary to favour metabolic changes in the liver? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012;21:205-208.
10. Finelli C, Tarantino G. Is there any consensus as to what diet or lifestyle approach is the right one for NAFLD patients? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012;21:293-302.
11. Finelli C, Tarantino G. Have guidelines addressing physical activity been established in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:6790-6800.
12. Finelli C, Tarantino G. What is the role of adiponectin in obesity related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:802-812.
13. Tarantino G, Finelli C. What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to de_ne metabolic syndrome? World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:3375-3384.
14. Tarantino G, Scalera A, Finelli C. Liver-spleen axis: Intersection between immunity, infections and metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:3534-3542.
15. Finelli C, Tarantino G. Should visceral fat, strictly linked to hepatic steatosis, be depleted to improve survival? Hepatol Int 2013;7:413-428.
16. Finelli C, Sommella L, Gioia S, La Sala N, Tarantino G. Should visceral fat be reduced to increase longevity? Ageing Res Rev 2013;12:996-1004.
17. Balkau B, Lange C, Vol S, Fumeron F, Bonnet F; Group Study D.E.S.I.R. Nine-year incident diabetes is predicted by fatty liver indices: the French D.E.S.I.R. study. BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:56.
18. Woreta TA, Sutcliffe CG, Mehta SH, et al. Incidence and risk factors for steatosis progression in adults coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology 2011;140:809-817.
19. Potenza MN, Sofuoglu M, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions. Neuron 2011;69:695-712.
20. Nestler EJ. Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology 2004;47 Suppl 1:24-32.
21. Grueter BA, Rothwell PE, Malenka RC. Integrating synaptic plasticity and striatal circuit function in addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:545-551.
22. Tan KR, Rudolph U, Lüscher C. Hooked on benzodiazepines: GABAA receptor subtypes and addiction. Trends Neurosci 2011;34:188-197.
23. Morales M, Pickel VM. Insights to drug addiction derived from ultrastructural views of the mesocorticolimbic system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1248:71-88.
24. Nielsen DA, Utrankar A, Reyes JA, Simons DD, Kosten TR. Epigenetics of drug abuse: predisposition or response. Pharmacogenomics 2012;13:1149-1160.
25. Robison AJ, Nestler EJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011;12:623-637.
26. Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001;2:119-128.
27. Tarantino G. Is Assessing the Presence of NASH by Liver Histology or Surrogate Markers Always Advisable? Hepat Mon 2013;13:e7560.
28. Caldwell SH, Lee VD, Kleiner DE, et al. NASH and cryptogenic cirrhosis: a histological analysis. Ann Hepatol 2009;8:346-352.
29. Arteel GE. Beyond reasonable doubt: who is the culprit in lipotoxicity in NAFLD/NASH? Hepatology 2012;55:2030-2032.
30. Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21:27-41.
31. Gäbele E, Dostert K, Dorn C, Patsenker E, Stickel F, Hellerbrand C. A new model of interactive effects of alcohol and high-fat diet on hepatic fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35:1361-1367.
32. Wang Y, Seitz HK, Wang XD. Moderate alcohol consumption aggravates high-fat diet induced steatohepatitis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:567-573.
33. Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Holmqvist M, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with progression of hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:366-374.
34. Alkerwi A, Boutsen M, Vaillant M, et al. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis 2009;204:624-635.
35. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1705-1714.
36. Sozio MS, Chalasani N, Liangpunsakul S. What advice should be given to patients with NAFLD about the consumption of alcohol? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:18-19.
37. Cotrim HP, Freitas LA, Alves E, Almeida A, May DS, Caldwell S. Effects of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption on steatosis and steatohepatitis in severely obese patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;21:969-972.
38. Moriya A, Iwasaki Y, Ohguchi S, et al. Alcohol consumption appears to protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol ther 2011;33:378-388.
39. Gunji T, Matsuhashi N, Sato H, et al. Alcohol consumption is inversely correlated with insulin resistance, independent of metabolic syndrome factors and fatty liver diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:808-813.
40. Hiramine Y, Imamura Y, Uto H, et al. Alcohol drinking patterns and the risk of fatty liver in Japanese men. J Gastroenterol 2011;46:519-528.
41. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Ohbora A, Takeda N, Fukui M, Kato T. Protective effect of alcohol consumption for fatty liver but not metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:156-167.
42. Baker SS, Baker RD, Liu W, Nowak NJ, Zhu L. Role of alcohol metabolism in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2010;5:e9570.
43. Hill SL, Thomas SH. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:705-719.
44. Hill SL, Doris T, Gurung S, et al. Severe clinical toxicity associated with analytically con_rmed recreational use of 25I-NBOMe: case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013;51:487-492.
45. Winstock AR, Mitcheson L. New recreational drugs and the primary care approach to patients who use them. BMJ 2012;344:e288.
46. Henry JA, Jeffreys KJ, Dawling S. Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"). Lancet 1992; 340:384-387.
47. Jones AL, Simpson KJ. Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13:129-133.
48. Andreu V, Mas A, Bruguera M, et al. Ecstasy: a common cause of severe acute hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1998;29:394-397.
49. Devlin RJ, Henry JA. Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption. Crit Care 2008;12:202.
50. Mallat A, Dhumeaux D. Cocaine and the liver. J Hepatol 1991;12:275-278.
51. Van Thiel DH, Perper JA. Hepatotoxicity associated with cocaine abuse. Recent Dev Alcohol 1992;10:335-341.
52. Peyrière H, Tatem L, Bories C, Pageaux GP, Blayac JP, Larrey D. Hepatitis afer intravenous injection of sublingual buprenorphine in acute hepatitis C carriers: report of two cases of disappearance of viral replication afer acute hepatitis. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:973-977.
53. Seeff LB. Herbal hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11:577-596.
54. Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Fatty Acid modulation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect on food intake and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013;2013:361895.
55. Gary-Bobo M, Elachouri G, Gallas JF, et al. Rimonabant reduces obesityassociated hepatic steatosis and features of metabolic syndrome in obese Zucker fa/fa rats. Hepatology 2007;46:122-129.
56. Deveaux V, Cadoudal T, Ichigotani Y, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor potentiates obesity-associated inflammation, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. PLoS One 2009;4:e5844.
57. Hézode C, Zafrani ES, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Daily cannabis use: a novel risk factor of steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2008;134:432-439.
58. Purohit V, Rapaka R, Shurtleff D. Role of cannabinoids in the development of fatty liver (steatosis). AAPS J 2010;12:233-237.
59. Wai MS, Chan WM, Zhang AQ, Wu Y, Yew DT. Long-term ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol treatments produced damages in liver and kidney. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:877-886.
60. Tarantino G, Basile V, Conca P, et al. Could the depression of obese patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C be temporarily improved? J Viral Hepat 2008;15:646-650.
61. Fiz J, Durán M, Capellà D, Carbonell J, Farré M. Cannabis use in patients with fibromyalgia: effect on symptoms relief and health-related quality of life. PLoS One 2011;6:e18440.