Review article: Mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 129-133

  Jones, A L ^a   Simpson, K J ^b  

^a ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; DRUG ABUSE; EUROPE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED KINGDOM;

AMPHETAMINE; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE;

EID: 0032991655     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00454.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Shields RO. Amphetamines. In: Poisonings and Drug Overdose. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 1990: 771-80.
2. Henry JA, Jeffreys KJ, Dawling S. Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy'). Lancet 1992; 340: 384-7.
3. Harvey JK, Todd CW, Howard JW. Fatality associated with Benzedrine ingestion: a case report. Del Med J 1949; 21: 537-40.
4. de Man RA, Wilson JH, Tjen HS. Acute liver failure caused by methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy'). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993; 137: 727-9.
5. Jones AL, Jarvie DR, MacDermid G, Proudfoot AT. Hepatocellular damage following amphetamine intoxication. Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 435-44.
6. Ellis AJ, Wendon JA, Portmann B, Williams R. Acute liver damage and ecstasy ingestion. Gut 1996; 38: 454-8.
7. Williams RJ. Classification, etiology and considerations of outcome in acute liver failure. Sem Liver Dis 1996; 16: 343-8.
8. Fidler H, Dhillon A, Gertner D, Burroughs A. Chronic ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) abuse: a recurrent and unpredictable cause of severe acute hepatitis. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 563-6.
9. Andreu V, Mas A, Bruguera M, et al. Ecstasy: a common cause of severe acute hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1998; 27: 394-7.
10. Shearman JD, Chapman RWG, Satsangi J, Ryley NG. Misuse of ecstasy. Br Med J 1992; 305: 309[Letter].
11. Ijzermans JNM, Tilanu HW, de Man RA, Metsellar HJ. Ecstasy and liver transplantation. Ann Med Intern 1993; 144: 568.
12. Khakoo SI, Coles CJ, Armstrong IS, Barry RE. Hepatotoxicity and accelerated fibrosis following 3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine ('ecstasy') usage. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 20: 244-7.
13. Elrich WE, Lewy EH, Krumbhaau EB. Experimental studies on the toxicity of benzedrine sulphate in various animals. Am J Med Sci 1939; 198: 785.
14. Milroy CM, Clark JC, Forrest AR. Pathology of deaths associated with 'ecstasy' and 'eve' misuse. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49: 149-53.
15. Maurer HH, Moeller MR, Roesler M, Kovar KA. On the metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In man. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 148.
16. Tucker GT, Lennard MS, Ellis SW, et al. The demethylenation of methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy') by debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6). Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47: 1151-6.
17. Carvalho F, Remiao F, Amado F, Domingues P, Correia AJ, Bastos ML. D-Amphetamine interaction with glutathione in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9: 1031-6.
18. Gascon MP, Dayer P. Hepatic metabolism of drugs and toxins. In: McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, Rizzeto M, Rodes J, eds. Oxford Textbook of Hepatology. Oxford University Press, 1991; 1: 247-59.
19. Brosen K, Gram LF. Clinical significance of sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 36: 537-47.
20. Eichenbaum M, Gross AS. The genetic polymorphism of debrisoquine/sparteine metabolism - clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 46: 377-94.
21. Gonzalez FJ, Meyer UA. Molecular genetics of the debrisoquine-sparteine polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50: 233-8.
22. Orrenius S, Machly AC. Lethal amphetamine intoxication - a report of three cases. J Legal Med 1970; 67: 184-9.
23. 125I-iodoamphetamine in rat liver. Ann Nucl Med 1997; 11: 27-32.
24. Wills EJ, Findlay JM, McManus JP. Effects of hyperthermia therapy on the liver II. morphological observations. J Clin Pathol 1976; 29: 1-10.
25. Kew M, Bersohn I, Seftel H, Kent G. Liver damage in heat stroke. Am J Med 1970; 49: 192-202.
26. Fidler S, Fagan EA, Williams R, Dewhurst I, Cory CE. Heat-stroke and rhabdomyolysis presenting as fulminant hepatic failure. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64: 157-9.
27. Skibba IL, Stadnicka A, Kalbfleisch JH. Hyperthermic liver toxicity: a role for oxidative stress. J Surg Oncol 1989; 42: 103-12.
28. Cairo G, Bardella L, Schiaffonati L, Bernelli-Zazzera A. Synthesis of heat shock proteins in rat liver after ischaemia and hyperthermia. Hepatol 1985; 5: 357-61.
29. Lindquist S, Craig EA. The heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet 1988; 22: 631-77.
30. Liu YC, Hayashi Y, Tohnai I, Kaneda T, Ohtsuka K. Effects of continuous heating at mild temperatures on the translocation of hsp70 and protein synthesis in NRK cells. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1992; 33: 199-210.
31. Subjeck JR, Sciandra JJ, Chao CF, Johnson RJ. Heat shock proteins and biological response to hyperthermia. Br J Cancer Suppl 1982; 45: 127-31.
32. Lu D, Das DK. Induction of differential heat shock gene expression in heart, lung, liver, brain and kidney by a sympathomimetic drug amphetamine. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1993; 192: 808-12.
33. Devi BG, Chan AW. Impairment of mitochondrial respiration and electron transport chain enzymes during cocaine-induced hepatic injury. Life Sciences 1997; 60: 849-55.
34. Kanel GC, Cassidy W, Shuster L, Reynolds TB. Cocaine-induced liver cell injury: comparison of morphological features in man and in experimental models. Hepatol 1990; 11: 646-51.
35. Schecter MD, Glennon RA. Cathinone, cocaine and methamphetamine: similarity of behavioral effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 22: 913-16.
36. Rubel LR, Ischak KG. The liver in fatal heat stroke. Liver 1983; 3: 249-60.
37. Kalant H, Kalant OJ. Death in amphetamine users: causes and rates. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112: 299-304.
38. Smith DE, Fischer CM. An analysis of 310 cases of acute highdose methamphetamine toxicity in Haight-Ashbury. Clin Toxicol 1970; 3: 117-24.
39. Gocke DJ, Hsu K, Morgan C, Bombadieri S, Lockshin M, Christian CL. Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen. Lancet 1970; 2: 1149-53.
40. Holmgren P, Lindquist O. Lethal intoxications with centrally stimulating amines in Sweden 1966-1973. Z Rechtsmed 1975; 75: 265-73.
41. Citron BP, Halpern M, McCarron M, et al. Necrotising angiitis associated with drug abuse. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 1003-11.
42. Trepo CG, Thivolet I, Prince AM. Australia antigen and polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Dis Child 1972; 123: 390-2.
43. Koff RS, Widrich WC, Robbins AH. Necrotizing angiitis in a methamphetamine user with hepatitis B - angiographic diagnosis, five-month follow-up results and localization of bleeding site. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 946-7.
44. Lautt WW. Intrinsic regulation of hepatic blood flow. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996; 74: 223-33.
45. Holden R, Jackson MA. Near-fatal hyponatraemia coma due to vasopressin over-secretion after 'ecstasy' (3,4 MDMA). Lancet, 1996; 347: 1052.
46. Box SA, Prescott LF, Freestone S. Hyponatraemia at a rave. Postgrad Med J 1997; 73: 53-4.
47. Singarajah C, Lavies NG. An overdose of ecstasy. A role for dantrolene. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 686-7.
48. Campkin NJ, Davies UM. Treatment of 'ecstasy' overdose with dantrolene. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 82-3.
49. Larner AJ. Dantrolene and 'ecstasy' overdose. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 179-80.
50. Tehan B. Ecstasy and dantrolene. Br Med J 1993; 306: 146.
51. Denborough MA, Hopkinson KC. Dantrolene and 'ecstasy'. Med J Aust 1997; 166: 165-6.
52. 2 receptors. Brain Res 1990; 529: 85-90.
53. Jones AL. The mechanism of action and value of N-acetyl-cysteine in late paracetamol poisoning: a critical review. Clinical Toxicology 1998; 36: 277-85.
54. Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R. A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987-1993). Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1907-16.
55. Chenard-Neu MP, Boudjema K, Bernuau J, et al. Auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure - a multicenter European study. Hepatol 1996; 23: 1119-27.
56. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJM, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 439-45.