메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

Stochasticity in natural forage production affects use of urban areas by black bears: Implications to management of human-bear conflicts

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BLACK BEAR; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONFLICT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FORAGE; LAND USE; MALE; NOCTURNAL SPECIES; NONHUMAN; POPULATION DENSITY; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SEASONAL VARIATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL; SURVIVAL TIME; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84896946398     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085122     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (115)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 58249084356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Population Division Department of Economics and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York
    • United Nations Population Division (2008) World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision. Department of Economics and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York.
    • (2008) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision
  • 2
    • 0030812939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human domination of Earth's ecosystems
    • DOI 10.1126/science.277.5325.494
    • Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubechenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277: 494-499. (Pubitemid 27368986)
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , Issue.5325 , pp. 494-499
    • Vitousek, P.M.1    Mooney, H.A.2    Lubchenco, J.3    Melillo, J.M.4
  • 3
    • 28444465185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization
    • McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127: 247-260.
    • (2006) Biol Conserv , vol.127 , pp. 247-260
    • McKinney, M.L.1
  • 5
    • 0002832152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds
    • Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, editors. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Marzluff JM (2001) Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. In: Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, editors. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 19-47.
    • (2001) Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World , pp. 19-47
    • Marzluff, J.M.1
  • 6
    • 13844257955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife
    • DeStefano S, DeGraaf RM (2003) Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife. Front Ecol Environ 1: 95-101.
    • (2003) Front Ecol Environ , vol.1 , pp. 95-101
    • DeStefano, S.1    DeGraaf, R.M.2
  • 7
    • 4043064413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds
    • Shochat E (2004) Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds. Oikos 106: 622-626.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.106 , pp. 622-626
    • Shochat, E.1
  • 8
    • 36749039266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban mammals: What does the future hold? An analysis of the factors affecting patterns of use of residential gardens in Great Britain
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00102.x
    • Baker PJ, Harris S (2007) Urban mammals: what does the future hold? An analysis of the factors affecting patterns of use of residential gardens in Great Britain. Mammal Rev 37: 297-315. (Pubitemid 350214893)
    • (2007) Mammal Review , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-315
    • Baker, P.J.1    Harris, S.2
  • 12
    • 42449099962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: Impact and management
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00122.x
    • Baker PJ, Boitani L, Harris S, Saunders G, White PCL (2008) Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: impacts and management. Mammal Rev 38: 123-166. (Pubitemid 351566636)
    • (2008) Mammal Review , vol.38 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 123-166
    • Baker, P.J.1    Boitani, L.2    Harris, S.3    Saunders, G.4    White, P.C.L.5
  • 13
    • 0142229593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: The responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food
    • DOI 10.1017/S0952836903004126
    • Beckmann JP, Berger J (2003) Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food. J Zool 261: 207-212. (Pubitemid 37316942)
    • (2003) Journal of Zoology , vol.261 , Issue.2 , pp. 207-212
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 14
    • 42249088914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer resource matching in urbanizing landscapes: Are synanthropic species over-matching?
    • DOI 10.1890/07-0358.1
    • Rodewald AD, Shustack DP (2008) Consumer resource matching in urbanizing landscapes: are synanthropic species over-matching? Ecology 89: 515-521. (Pubitemid 351550048)
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , Issue.2 , pp. 515-521
    • Rodewald, A.D.1    Shustack, D.P.2
  • 15
    • 33645984544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology
    • Shochat E, Warren PS, Faeth SH, McIntyre NE, Hope D (2006) From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. TRENDS 21:186-191.
    • (2006) TRENDS , vol.21 , pp. 186-191
    • Shochat, E.1    Warren, P.S.2    Faeth, S.H.3    McIntyre, N.E.4    Hope, D.5
  • 17
    • 1842743998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urbanization and the flexibility of the foraging ecology of the alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus in winter
    • Rolando A, Laiolo P, Carisio L (2003) Urbanization and the flexibility of the foraging ecology of the alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus in winter. Revue d Ecologie 58: 337-352. (Pubitemid 38809863)
    • (2003) Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-352
    • Rolando, A.1    Laiolo, P.2    Carisio, L.3
  • 18
    • 33751534277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of urbanization on Florida Key deer behavior and population dynamics
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.022, PII S0006320706003363
    • Harveson PM, Lopez RR, Collier BA, Silvy NJ (2007) Impacts of urbanization on Florida Key deer behavior and population dynamics. Biol Conserv 134: 321-331. (Pubitemid 44834376)
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.134 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-331
    • Harveson, P.M.1    Lopez, R.R.2    Collier, B.A.3    Silvy, N.J.4
  • 19
    • 0034771829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home range, habitat use, and nocturnal activity of coyotes in an urban environment
    • Grinder MI, Krausman PR (1999) Home range, habitat use, and nocturnal activity of coyotes in an urban environment. J Wildlife Manage 65: 887-898.
    • (1999) J Wildlife Manage , vol.65 , pp. 887-898
    • Grinder, M.I.1    Krausman, P.R.2
  • 20
    • 0034512506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal use of a suburban landscape by female white-tailed deer
    • Kilpatrick HJ, Spohr SM (2000) Spatial and temporal use of a suburban landscape by female white-tailed deer. Wildlife Soc B 28: 1023-1029. (Pubitemid 32113754)
    • (2000) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 1023-1029
    • Kilpatrick, H.J.1    Spohr, S.M.2
  • 21
    • 33845251796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home range size, habitat use, activity patterns and hunting behavior of urban-breeding Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis
    • Rutz C (2006) Home range size, habitat use, activity patterns and hunting behavior of urban-breeding Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis. Ardea 94: 185-202.
    • (2006) Ardea , vol.94 , pp. 185-202
    • Rutz, C.1
  • 22
    • 0002840436 scopus 로고
    • Behavior, bears, and humans
    • McCullough DR (1982) Behavior, bears, and humans. Wildlife Soc B 10: 27-33.
    • (1982) Wildlife Soc B , vol.10 , pp. 27-33
    • McCullough, D.R.1
  • 23
    • 0002199901 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural plasticity and bear-human conflicts
    • Bromley M, editor. Yellowknife: Northwest Territories Department of Natural Resources
    • Gilbert BK (1989) Behavioural plasticity and bear-human conflicts. In: Bromley M, editor. Bear-people conflicts: proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Yellowknife: Northwest Territories Department of Natural Resources. pp. 1-8.
    • (1989) Bear-people Conflicts: Proceedings of a Symposium on Management Strategies , pp. 1-8
    • Gilbert, B.K.1
  • 25
    • 0027067413 scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops
    • Mattson DJ, Blanchard BM, Knight RR (1992) Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops. J Wildlife Manage 56: 432-442. (Pubitemid 23396079)
    • (1992) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 432-442
    • Mattson, D.J.1    Blanchard, B.M.2    Knight, R.R.3
  • 26
    • 4644233969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of a black bear population within a desert metapopulation
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.007, PII S0006320704003283
    • Hellgren EC, Onorato DP, Skiles JR (2005) Dynamics of a black bear population within a desert metapopulation. Biol Conserv 122: 131-140. (Pubitemid 39290010)
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.122 , Issue.1 , pp. 131-140
    • Hellgren, E.C.1    Onorato, D.P.2    Skiles, J.R.3
  • 27
    • 34347267299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of mast production on black bear non-hunting mortalities in West Virginia
    • DOI 10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[46:IOMPOB]2.0.CO;2
    • Ryan CW, Pack JC, Igo WK, Billings A (2007) Influence of mast production on black bear non-hunting mortalities in West Virginia. Ursus 18: 46-53. (Pubitemid 47007497)
    • (2007) Ursus , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-53
    • Ryan, C.W.1    Pack, J.C.2    Igo, W.K.3    Billings, A.4
  • 28
    • 0038046191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally
    • Beckmann JP, Berger J (2003) Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally. J Mammal 84: 594-606.
    • (2003) J Mammal , vol.84 , pp. 594-606
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 29
    • 33645975235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity patterns of urban American black bears in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California
    • Lyons AJ (2005) Activity patterns of urban American black bears in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Ursus 16: 255-262.
    • (2005) Ursus , vol.16 , pp. 255-262
    • Lyons, A.J.1
  • 30
    • 69249221303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida
    • Hostetler JA, McCown JW, Garrison EP, Neils AM, Barrett MA, et al. (2009) Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida. Biol Conserv 142: 2456-2463.
    • (2009) Biol Conserv , vol.142 , pp. 2456-2463
    • Hostetler, J.A.1    McCown, J.W.2    Garrison, E.P.3    Neils, A.M.4    Barrett, M.A.5
  • 31
    • 68149162059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnivores, urban landscapes, and longitudinal studies: A case history of black bears
    • Beckmann JP, Lackey CW (2008) Carnivores, urban landscapes, and longitudinal studies: a case history of black bears. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2: 1698-174.
    • (2008) Human-Wildlife Conflicts , vol.2 , pp. 1698-2174
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Lackey, C.W.2
  • 32
    • 34347272267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • st century: A perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear
    • DOI 10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[72:GITSCA]2.0.CO;2
    • Hristienko H, McDonald JE Jr (2007) Going into the 21 st century: a perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear. Ursus 18: 72-88. (Pubitemid 46996538)
    • (2007) Ursus , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 72-88
    • Hristienko, H.1    McDonald Jr., J.E.2
  • 33
    • 22244489088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the field: Brown bear habituation to people - Safety, risks, and benefits
    • Herrero S, Smith T, DeBruyn TD, Gunther K, Matt CA (2005) From the field: brown bear habituation to people - safety, risks, and benefits. Wildlife Soc B 33: 362-373. (Pubitemid 40985086)
    • (2005) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 362-373
    • Herrero, S.1    Smith, T.2    DeBruyn, T.D.3    Gunther, K.4    Matt, C.A.5
  • 34
    • 37749036373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How agencies respond to human-bear conflicts: A survey of wildlife species in North America
    • Spencer RD, Beausoleil RA, Martorello DA (2007) How agencies respond to human-bear conflicts: A survey of wildlife species in North America. Ursus 18: 217-229.
    • (2007) Ursus , vol.18 , pp. 217-229
    • Spencer, R.D.1    Beausoleil, R.A.2    Martorello, D.A.3
  • 36
    • 68949169457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human-wildlife conflicts: Emerging challenges and opportunities
    • Messmer TA (2009) Human-wildlife conflicts: emerging challenges and opportunities. Hum-Wildlife Conflicts 3: 10-17.
    • (2009) Hum-Wildlife Conflicts , vol.3 , pp. 10-17
    • Messmer, T.A.1
  • 37
    • 78650456865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National housing and impervious surface scenarios for integrated climate impact assessment
    • Bierwagen BG, Theobald DM, Pyke CR, Choate A, Groth P, et al. (2010) National housing and impervious surface scenarios for integrated climate impact assessment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 20887-20892.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.107 , pp. 20887-20892
    • Bierwagen, B.G.1    Theobald, D.M.2    Pyke, C.R.3    Choate, A.4    Groth, P.5
  • 38
    • 84896980178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorado State Demography Office Division of Local Government, State Demography Office, State of Colorado. Available: Accessed 10 August 2011
    • Colorado State Demography Office (2011) Population totals for Colorado municipalities. Division of Local Government, State Demography Office, State of Colorado. Available: http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/demog/pop-muni-estimates. html. Accessed 10 August 2011.
    • (2011) Population Totals for Colorado Municipalities
  • 40
    • 0002264704 scopus 로고
    • Aging black bears from first premolar tooth sections
    • Willey CH (1974) Aging black bears from first premolar tooth sections. J Wildlife Manage 38: 97-100.
    • (1974) J Wildlife Manage , vol.38 , pp. 97-100
    • Willey, C.H.1
  • 41
    • 18444399316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of radio-collar position and orientation on GPS radio-collar performance, and the implications of PDOP in data screening
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01010.x
    • D'Eon RG, Delparte D (2005) Effects of radio-collar position and orientation on GPS radio-collar performance, and the implications of PDOP in data screening. J Appl Ecol 42: 383-388. (Pubitemid 40641092)
    • (2005) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 383-388
    • D'Eon, R.G.1    Delparte, D.2
  • 42
    • 34249053843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: Using data screening to reduce location error
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01286.x
    • Lewis JS, Rachlow JL, Garton EO, Vierling LA (2007) Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: using data screening to reduce location error. J Appl Ecol 44: 663-671. (Pubitemid 46791171)
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 663-671
    • Lewis, J.S.1    Rachlow, J.L.2    Garton, E.O.3    Vierling, L.A.4
  • 43
    • 33646571577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of phenology on site selection by female American black bears in coastal British Columbia
    • DOI 10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[41:IOPOSS]2.0.CO;2
    • Davis H, Wier RD, Hamilton AN, Deal JA (2006) Influence of phenology on site selection by female American black bears in coastal British Columbia. Ursus 17: 41-51. (Pubitemid 43724768)
    • (2006) Ursus , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-51
    • Davis, H.1    Weir, R.D.2    Hamilton, A.N.3    Deal, J.A.4
  • 44
    • 33846109950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and diel patterns of grizzly bear diet and activity in west-central Alberta
    • DOI 10.1644/05-MAMM-A-410R3.1
    • Munro RHM, Nielsen SE, Price MH, Stenhouse GB, Boyce MS (2006) Seasonal and diel patterns of grizzly bear diet and activity in west-central Alberta. J Mammal 87: 1112-1121. (Pubitemid 46067796)
    • (2006) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.87 , Issue.6 , pp. 1112-1121
    • Munro, R.H.M.1    Nielsen, S.E.2    Price, M.H.3    Stenhouse, G.B.4    Boyce, M.S.5
  • 45
    • 0037292632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plug-in bandwidth matrices for bivariate kernel density estimation
    • DOI 10.1080/10485250306039
    • Duong T, Hazelton ML (2003) Plug-in bandwidth matrices for bivariate kernel density estimation. Nonparameteric Statistics 15: 17-30. (Pubitemid 36294449)
    • (2003) Journal of Nonparametric Statistics , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-30
    • Duong, T.1    Hazelton, M.L.2
  • 46
    • 33845404393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bandwidth selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1334:BSFFAO]2.0.CO;2
    • Gitzen RA, Millspaugh JJ, Kernohan BJ (2006) Bandwidth selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions. J Wildlife Manage 70: 1334-1344. (Pubitemid 44907101)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 1334-1344
    • Gitzen, R.A.1    Millspaugh, J.J.2    Kernohan, B.J.3
  • 48
    • 70149113077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0
    • R Development Core Team (2009) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org.
    • (2009) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 49
    • 0001526345 scopus 로고
    • Catkin freezing and acorn production in Gambel oak in Utah, 1978
    • Nielson RP, Wullstein LH (1980) Catkin freezing and acorn production in Gambel oak in Utah, 1978. Am J Bot 67: 426-428.
    • (1980) Am J Bot , vol.67 , pp. 426-428
    • Nielson, R.P.1    Wullstein, L.H.2
  • 50
    • 0008078151 scopus 로고
    • Frost damage in flowers and immature fruits of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Maloideae)
    • Olson AR, Steeves TA (1983) Frost damage in flowers and immature fruits of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Maloideae). Can J Plant Sci 63: 461-466.
    • (1983) Can J Plant Sci , vol.63 , pp. 461-466
    • Olson, A.R.1    Steeves, T.A.2
  • 51
    • 0024876595 scopus 로고
    • Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae)
    • St. Pierre RG (1989) Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae). Can J Botany 67: 726-731.
    • (1989) Can J Botany , vol.67 , pp. 726-731
    • St Pierre, R.G.1
  • 52
    • 0035176545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of ice formation and movement in blackcurrant
    • Carter J, Brennan R, Wisniewski M (2001) Patterns of ice formation and movement in blackcurrant. Hort Science 36: 1027-1032. (Pubitemid 33072588)
    • (2001) HortScience , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 1027-1032
    • Carter, J.1    Brenna, R.2    Wisniewski, M.3
  • 54
    • 0344585301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term patterns of acorn production for five oak species in xeric Florida uplands
    • Abrahamson WG, Layne JN (2003) Long-term patterns of acorn production for five oak species in xeric Florida uplands. Ecology 84: 2476-2492. (Pubitemid 37435665)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.9 , pp. 2476-2492
    • Abrahamson, W.G.1    Layne, J.N.2
  • 55
  • 58
    • 0033453305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals
    • White GC, Burnham KP (1999) Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study Supplement 46: 120-138.
    • (1999) Bird Study Supplement , vol.46 , pp. 120-138
    • White, G.C.1    Burnham, K.P.2
  • 59
    • 0037936532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black bear (Ursus americanus) survival and demography in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00341-5, PII S0006320702003415
    • Hebblewhite M, Percy M, Serrouya R (2003) Black bear (Ursus americanus) survival and demography in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta. Biol Conserv 112: 415-425. (Pubitemid 36610554)
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 415-425
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    Percy, M.2    Serrouya, R.3
  • 60
    • 33645695798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yearling and subadult black bear survival in a hunted Virginia population
    • Lee DJ, Vaughan MR (2005) Yearling and subadult black bear survival in a hunted Virginia population. J Wildlife Manage 69: 1641-1651.
    • (2005) J Wildlife Manage , vol.69 , pp. 1641-1651
    • Lee, D.J.1    Vaughan, M.R.2
  • 61
    • 2442453680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are desert basins effective barriers to movements of relocated black bears (Ursus americanus)?
    • Beckmann JP, Lackey CW (2004) Are desert basins effective barriers to movements of relocated black bears (Ursus americanus)? West N Am Naturalist 64: 269-272. (Pubitemid 38610955)
    • (2004) Western North American Naturalist , Issue.2 , pp. 269-272
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Lackey, C.W.2
  • 62
    • 0003504455 scopus 로고
    • Technical Publication No. 39. Fort Collins: Colorado Division of Wildlife
    • Beck TDI (1991) Black bears of west-central Colorado. Technical Publication No. 39. Fort Collins: Colorado Division of Wildlife. 86 p.
    • (1991) Black Bears of West-central Colorado , pp. 86
    • Beck, T.D.I.1
  • 63
    • 35148861124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sanctuary in the city: Urban monkeys buffered against catastrophic die-off during ENSO-related drought
    • DOI 10.1007/s10393-007-0112-6
    • Waite TA, Chhangani AK, Campbell LG, Rajpurohit LS, Mohnot SM (2007) Sanctuary in the city: urban monkeys buffered against catastrophic die-off during ENSO-related drought. EcoHealth 4: 278-286. (Pubitemid 47547112)
    • (2007) EcoHealth , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 278-286
    • Waite, T.A.1    Chhangani, A.K.2    Campbell, L.G.3    Rajpurohit, L.S.4    Mohnot, S.M.5
  • 64
    • 0012798140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synurbanization of the Magpie in the Palearctic
    • Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, editors. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Jarzek L (2001) Synurbanization of the Magpie in the Palearctic. In: Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, editors. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 403-426.
    • (2001) Avian Ecology and Conservation in An Urbanizing World , pp. 403-426
    • Jarzek, L.1
  • 66
    • 84882641410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps
    • Robertson BA, Rehage JS, Sih A (2013) Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps. TRENDS 28: 552-560.
    • (2013) TRENDS , vol.28 , pp. 552-560
    • Robertson, B.A.1    Rehage, J.S.2    Sih, A.3
  • 67
    • 0347365851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history analysis for black bears (Ursus americanus) in a changing demographic landscape
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00171-6
    • Freedman AH, Portier KM, Sunquist ME (2003) Life history analysis for black bears (Ursus amreicanus) in a changing demographic landscape. Ecol Model 167: 47-64. (Pubitemid 37537937)
    • (2003) Ecological Modelling , vol.167 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 47-64
    • Freedman, A.H.1    Portier, K.M.2    Sunquist, M.E.3
  • 68
    • 71749099836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of vital rates to growth of a protected population of American black bears
    • Mitchell MS, Pacifici LB, Grand JB, Powell RA (2009) Contribution of vital rates to growth of a protected population of American black bears. Ursus 20: 77-84.
    • (2009) Ursus , vol.20 , pp. 77-84
    • Mitchell, M.S.1    Pacifici, L.B.2    Grand, J.B.3    Powell, R.A.4
  • 69
    • 0029663406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gypsy moth infestation on black bear reproduction and survival
    • Kasbohm JW, Vaughan MR, Kraus JG (1996) Effects of gypsy moth infestation on black bear reproduction and survival. J Wildlife Manage 60: 408-416.
    • (1996) J Wildlife Manage , vol.60 , pp. 408-416
    • Kasbohm, J.W.1    Vaughan, M.R.2    Kraus, J.G.3
  • 70
    • 34347203934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population responses of black bears following oak mortality induced by gypsy moths
    • Schrage MW, Vaughan MR (1998) Population responses of black bears following oak mortality induced by gypsy moths. Ursus 10: 49-54.
    • (1998) Ursus , vol.10 , pp. 49-54
    • Schrage, M.W.1    Vaughan, M.R.2
  • 71
    • 4644233969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of a black bear population within a desert metapopulation
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.007, PII S0006320704003283
    • Hellgren EC, Onorato DP, Skiles JR (2005) Dynamics of a black bear population within a desert metapopulation. Biol Conserv 122: 131-140. (Pubitemid 39290010)
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.122 , Issue.1 , pp. 131-140
    • Hellgren, E.C.1    Onorato, D.P.2    Skiles, J.R.3
  • 72
    • 70449121266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival and productivity of a low-density black bear population in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Baldwin RA, Bender LC (2009) Survival and productivity of a low-density black bear population in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Hum-Wildlife Conflicts 3: 271-281.
    • (2009) Hum-Wildlife Conflicts , vol.3 , pp. 271-281
    • Baldwin, R.A.1    Bender, L.C.2
  • 73
    • 12144263284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between changes in beechnut production and asiatic black bears in northern Japan
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0979:RBCIBP]2.0.CO;2
    • Oka T, Miura S, Masaki T, Suzuki W, Osumi K, Saitoh S (2004) Relationship between changes in beechnut production and Asiatic black bears in northern Japan. J Wildlife Manage 68: 979-986. (Pubitemid 40107304)
    • (2004) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 979-986
    • Oka, T.1    Miura, S.2    Masaki, T.3    Suzuki, W.4    Osumi, K.5    Saitoh, S.6
  • 74
    • 79954486849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecological perspective on extreme climatic events: A synthetic definition and framework to guide future research
    • Smith MD (2011) An ecological perspective on extreme climatic events: a synthetic definition and framework to guide future research. J Ecol 99: 656-663.
    • (2011) J Ecol , vol.99 , pp. 656-663
    • Smith, M.D.1
  • 75
    • 84881235867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological stress memory and cross stress tolerance in plants in face of climate extremes
    • Walter J, Jentsch A, Beierkuhnlein C, Kreyling J (2013) Ecological stress memory and cross stress tolerance in plants in face of climate extremes. Environ Exp Bot 94: 3-8.
    • (2013) Environ Exp Bot , vol.94 , pp. 3-8
    • Walter, J.1    Jentsch, A.2    Beierkuhnlein, C.3    Kreyling, J.4
  • 76
    • 0013662339 scopus 로고
    • Observations on shoot morphology, anthesis, flower number, and seed production in Saskatoon, Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae)
    • St. Pierre RG, Steeves TA (1990) Observations on shoot morphology, anthesis, flower number, and seed production in Saskatoon, Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae). Can Field Nat 104: 379-386.
    • (1990) Can Field Nat , vol.104 , pp. 379-386
    • St Pierre, R.G.1    Steeves, T.A.2
  • 77
    • 0027519092 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of mast-fruiting in three species of North American deciduous oaks
    • Sork VL, Bramble J, Sexton O (1993) Ecology of mast-fruiting in three species of North American deciduous oaks. Ecology 74: 528-541. (Pubitemid 23402516)
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 528-541
    • Sork, V.L.1    Bramble, J.2    Sexton, O.3
  • 78
    • 0036230853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tools and techniques of wildlife damage management - Changing needs: An introduction
    • DOI 10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00107-X, PII S096483050100107X
    • Fall MW, Jackson WB (2002) The tools and techniques of wildlife damage management - changing needs: an introduction. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49: 87-91. (Pubitemid 34309436)
    • (2002) International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation , vol.49 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 87-91
    • Fall, M.W.1    Jackson, W.B.2
  • 79
    • 79955519983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The carrot or the stick? Evaluation of education and enforcement as management tools for human-wildlife conflicts
    • Baruch-Mordo S, Breck SW, Wilson KR, Broderick J (2011) The carrot or the stick? evaluation of education and enforcement as management tools for human-wildlife conflicts. PLoS ONE 6: e15681.
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Baruch-Mordo, S.1    Breck, S.W.2    Wilson, K.R.3    Broderick, J.4
  • 80
    • 84875670542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of patch selection models as a decision support tool to evaluate mitigation strategies of human-wildlife conflict
    • Baruch-Mordo S, Webb CT, Breck SW, Wilson KR (2013) Use of patch selection models as a decision support tool to evaluate mitigation strategies of human-wildlife conflict. Biol Conserv 160: 263-271.
    • (2013) Biol Conserv , vol.160 , pp. 263-271
    • Baruch-Mordo, S.1    Webb, C.T.2    Breck, S.W.3    Wilson, K.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.