The Carrot or the Stick? Evaluation of Education and Enforcement as Management Tools for Human-Wildlife Conflicts

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Baruch Mordo, Sharon ^a   Breck, Stewart W ^b   Wilson, Kenneth R ^a   Broderick, John ^c  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b NATIONAL WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c Colorado Division of Wildlife ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BEAR; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CONFLICT; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; EDUCATION; HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT; LAW ENFORCEMENT; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; SPECIES COEXISTENCE; UNITED STATES; URSUS AMERICANUS; WASTE DISPOSAL; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; POLICY; TEACHING;

DAUCUS CAROTA; URSUS AMERICANUS;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; COLORADO; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; HUMANS; POLICY; TEACHING; URSIDAE;

EID: 79955519983     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015681     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM, 2004, The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends Ecol Evolut 19: 305-308.
2. Ferraro PJ, Pattanayak SK, 2006, Money for nothing? A call for empirical evaluation of biodiversity conservation investments. PLoS Biol 4: 482-488.
3. Pullin AS, Knight TM, 2009, Doing more good than harm - Building an evidence-base for conservation and environmental management. Biol Cons 142: 931-934.
4. Cook CN, Hockings M, Carter RW, 2010, Conservation in the dark? The information used to support management decisions. Front Ecol Environ 8: 181-186.
5. Conover MR, 2001, Resolving human-wildlife conflicts: the science of wildlife damage management. Boca Raton Lewis Publishers.
6. Fall MW, Jackson WB, 2002, The tools and techniques of wildlife damage management - changing needs: an introduction. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49: 87-91.
7. Treves A, Karanth KU, 2003, Human-carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conserv Biol 17: 1491-1499.
8. Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A, 2005, People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
9. Messmer TA, 2009, Human-wildlife conflicts: emerging challenges and opportunities. Hum-Wildlife Conflicts 3: 10-17.
10. Linnell JDC, Aanes R, Swenson JE, Odden J, Smith ME, 1997, Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodivers Conserv 6: 1245-1257.
11. Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, 2000, An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biol Cons 96: 1-11.
12. Beckmann JP, Lackey CW, Berger J, 2004, Evaluation of deterrent techniques and dogs to alter behavior of "nuisance" black bears. Wildlife Soc B 32: 1141-1146.
13. Shivik JA, 2006, Tools for the edge: what's new for conserving carnivores. BioScience 56: 253-259.
14. Manfredo MJ, 2008, Who cares about wildlife? Social science concepts for exploring human-wildlife relationships and conservation issues. New York Springer.
15. Manfredo MJ, Teel TL, Bright AD, 2003, Why are public values towards wildlife changing? Hum Dimens Wildlife 8: 287-306.
16. Spencer RD, Beausoleil RA, Martorello DA, 2007, How agencies respond to human-black bear conflicts: a survey of wildlife agencies in North America. Ursus 18: 217-229.
17. Baruch-Mordo S, Breck SW, Wilson KR, Broderick J, 2009, A tool box half full: how social science can help solve human-wildlife conflict. Hum Dimens Wildlife 14: 219-223.
18. Gore ML, Knuth BA, Scherer CW, Curtis PD, 2008, Evaluating a conservation investment designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Conserv Lett 1: 136-145.
19. Keane A, Jones JPG, Edewards-Jones G, Milner-Gulland EJ, 2008, The sleeping policeman: understanding issues of enforcement and compliance in conservation. Anim Conserv 11: 75-82.
20. Tchamba MN, 1996, History and present status of the human/elephant conflict in the Waza-Logone region, Cameroon, West Africa. Biol Conserv 75: 35-41.
21. Dunn WC, Elwell JH, Tunberg G, 2008, Safety education in bear country: Are people getting the message? Ursus 19: 43-52.
22. McCleery RA, 2009, Improving attitudinal frameworks to predict behaviors in human-wildlife conflicts. Soc Natur Resour 22: 353-368.
23. White PCL, Jennings NV, Renwick AR, Barker HL, 2005, Questionnaires in ecology: a review of past use and recommendations for best practice. J Appl Ecol 42: 421-430.
24. Peine JD, 2001, Nuisance bears in communities: strategies to reduce conflict. Hum Dimens Wildlife 6: 223-237.
25. Jachmann H, 2008, Illegal wildlife use and protected area management in Ghana. Biol Conserv 141: 1906-1918.
26. Jachmann H, Billiouw M, 1997, Elephant poaching and law enforcement in the central Luangwa valley, Zambia. J Appl Ecol 34: 233-244.
27. Sangay T, Vernes K, 2008, Human-wildlife conflict in the kingdom of Bhutan: patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biol Conserv 141: 1272-1282.
28. Knarrum V, Sørensen OJ, Eggen T, Kvam T, Opseth O, Overkaug K, Eidsmo A, 2006, Brown bear predation on domestic sheep in central Norway. Ursus 17: 67-74.
29. Hristienko H, McDonald JEJr, 2007, Going into the 21st century: a perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear. Ursus 18: 72-88.
30. Colorado State Demography Office 2009, Population totals for Colorado municipalities. Division of Local Government, State Demography Office, State of Colorado. Available: http://www.dola.colorado.gov/dlg/demog/pop_muni_estimates.html. Accessed 2009 June 15.
31. U.S. Census Bureau 2000, Profile of selected economic characteristics: 2000. Summary File, DP-3. Generated by S. Baruch-Mordo using American FactFinder. Available: http://factfinder.census.gov. Accessed 2009 June 15.
32. Aspen Chamber Resort Association 2009, Aspen Demographic Profile Report. Aspen, Colorado.
33. U.S. Census Bureau 2000, Profile of general demographic characteristics: 2000. Summary File 1, DP-1. Generated by S. Baruch-Mordo using American FactFinder. Available: http://factfinder.census.gov. Accessed 2009 June 15.
34. Don Carlos AW, Bright AD, Teel TL, Vaske JJ, 2009, Human-black bear conflict in urban areas: an integrated approach to management response. Hum Dimens Wildlife 14: 174-184.
35. SAS Institute 2002, The SAS System for Windows v.9.2. Cary, NC SAS Institute.
36. Ott RL, Longnecker M, 2001, An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis, 5th edition. Pacific Grove Wadsworth Group.
37. Cameron AC, Windmeijer AG, 1997, An R-squared measure of goodness of fit for some common nonlinear regression models. J Econometrics 77: 329-342.
38. George SL, Crooks KR, 2006, Education and conservation on the urban-wildland interface: testing the efficacy of informational brochures. Southwest Nat 51: 240-250.
39. Jacobson SK, McDuff MD, Monroe MC, 2006, Conservation education and outreach techniques. Oxford Oxford University Press.
40. Jacobson SK, McDuff MD, 2009, Communication as an effective management strategy in a diverse world. In: Manfredo MJ, Vaske JJ, Brown PJ, Decker DJ, Duke EA, editors. Wildlife and Society: the science of human dimensions Washington DC Island Press pp. 301-314.
41. Sigmund K, 2007, Punish or perish? Retaliation and collaboration among humans. Treds Ecol Evol 22: 593-600.
42. Hilbe C, Sigmund K, 2010, Incentives and opportunism: from the carrot to the stick. P Roy Soc Lond B 277: 2427-2433.
43. Szolnoki A, Perc M, 2010, Reward and cooperation in the spatial public goods game. EPL 92: 38003.
44. Feighery E, Altman DG, Ahaffer G, 1991, The effects of combining education and enforcement to reduce tobacco sales to minors- a study of 4 northern California communities. J Amer Med Assoc 266: 3168-3171.
45. Vasudevan V, Nambisan SS, Singh AK, Pearl T, 2009, Effectiveness of media and enforcement campaigns in increasing seat belt usage rates in a state with a secondary seat belt law. Traffic Inj Prev 10: 330-339.
46. Shults RA, Elder RW, Nichols JL, Sleet DA, Compton R, Chattopadhyay SK, 2009, Effectiveness of multicomponent programs with community mobilization for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Am J Prev Med 37: 360-371.
47. Rowcliffe JM, de Merode E, Cowlishaw G, 2004, Do wildlife laws work? Species protection and the application of a prey choice model to poaching decisions. P Roy Soc Lond B Bio 271: 2631-2636.
48. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 2005, Potential costs of losing hunting and trapping as wildlife management methods. I.A.F.W.A. Washington D.C. Available: http://www.fishwildlife.org/press_pubs.html. Accessed: 2009 July 17.
49. Conover MR, 1997, Wildlife management by metropolitan residents in the United States: practices, perceptions, costs, and values. Wildlife Soc B 25: 306-311.
50. Gore ML, Knuth BA, Curtis PD, Shanahan JE, 2006, Education programs for reducing American black bear-human conflict: indicators of success? Ursus 17: 75-80.
51. National Agriculture Imagery Program 2005, NAIP Imagery. Available: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/apfoapp?area=home&subject=prog&topic =nai. Accessed: 2010, March 28.