Mechanisms of action of ACTH in the management of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 83-96

  Berkovich, Regina ^a   Agius, Mark A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ACTH; adrenal cortex hormones; melanocortins; multiple sclerosis immunology; multiple sclerosis therapy

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; B LYMPHOCYTE; CD4+ CD25+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL MIGRATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DRUG TOLERANCE; GAMMA DELTA T LYMPHOCYTE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; MEDIATOR; MICROGLIA; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NATURAL KILLER T CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REMISSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TH1 CELL;

EID: 84896820963     PISSN: 17562856     EISSN: 17562864     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1756285613518599     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Agius M. Kirvan C. Schafer A. Gudipati E. Zhu S. (1999) High prevalence of anti-α-crystallin antibodies in multiple sclerosis: correlation with severity and activity of disease. Acta Neurol Scand 100: 139–147.
2. Arnason B. Berkovich R. Catania A. Lisak R. Zaidi M. (2013) Mechanisms of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and other melanocortins relevant to the clinical management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 19: 130–136.
3. Berkovich R. (2013) Treatment of acute relapses in multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 10: 97–105.
4. Berkovich R. Subhani D. Fernandez M. (2012) Adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment of multiple sclerosis exacerbation. Int J MS Care 14(Suppl. 2): 66.
5. Boppana S. Huang H. Ito K. Dhib-Jalbut S. (2011) Immunologic aspects of multiple sclerosis. Mt Sinai J Med 78: 207–220.
6. Breij E. Brink B. Veerhuis R. van den B. Vloet R. Yan R. et al. (2008) Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 63: 16–25.
7. Calabrese M. Agosta F. Rinaldi F. Mattisi I. Grossi P. Favaretto A. et al. (2009) Cortical lesions and atrophy associated with cognitive impairment in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 66: 1144–1150.
8. Carroll W. (2009) Clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies: improvements to demonstrate long-term patient benefit. Mult Scler 15: 951–958.
9. Catania A. Gatti S. Colombo G. Lipton J. (2004) Targeting melanocortin receptors as a novel strategy to control inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 56: 1–29.
10. Chaudhuri A. Behan P. (2005) Treatment of multiple sclerosis: beyond the NICE guidelines. QJM 98: 373–378.
11. Ciccone A. Beretta S. Brusaferri F. Galea I. Protti A. Spreafico C. (2008) Corticosteroids for the long-term treatment in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006264.
12. Comi G. Hartung H. Kurukulasuriya N. Greenberg S. Scaramozza M. (2013) Cladribine tablets for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 14: 123–136.
13. Confavreux C. Vukusic S. Adeleine P. (2003) Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 126: 770–782.
14. Confavreux C. Vukusic S. Moreau T. Adeleine P. (2000) Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 343: 1430–1438.
15. Correale J. Villa A. (2010) Role of CD8+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 67: 625–638.
16. Crispe I. (2003) Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 51–62.
17. Deloire M. Ruet A. Hamel D. Bonnet M. Brochet B. (2010) Early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis predicts disability outcome several years later. Mult Scler 16: 581–587.
18. Ellison G. Myers L. (1980) Immunosuppressive drugs in multiple sclerosis: pro and con. Neurology 30: 28–32.
19. Filippini G. Brusaferri F. Sibley W. Citterio A. Ciucci G. Midgard R. et al. (2000) Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD001331.
20. Fletcher J. Lalor S. Sweeney C. Tubridy N. Mills K. (2010) T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol 162: 1–11.
21. Foong J. Rozewicz L. Quaghebeur G. Thompson A. Miller D. Ron M.A. (1998) Neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis after acute relapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64: 529–532.
22. Franklin R. ffrench-Constant C. Edgar J. Smith K. (2012) Neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 8: 624–634.
23. Frohman E. Eagar T. Monson N. Stuve O. Karandikar N. (2008) Immunologic mechanisms of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 18: 577–588.
24. Frohman E. Filippi M. Stuve O. Waxman S. Corboy J. Phillips J. et al. (2005) Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions. Arch Neurol 62: 1345–1356.
25. Frohman E. Racke M. Raine C. (2006) Multiple sclerosis–the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354: 942–955.
26. Gandhi R. Laroni Weiner H. (2010) Role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 221: 7–14.
27. Getting S. (2006) Targeting melanocortin receptors as potential novel therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 111: 1–15.
28. Gold R. Kappos L. Arnold D. Bar-Or A. Giovannoni G. Selmaj K. et al. (2012) Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 367: 1098–1107.
29. Gong R. (2012) The renaissance of corticotropin therapy in proteinuric nephropathies. Nat Rev Nephrol 8: 122–128.
30. Goodin D. (2008) Comparative studies of glatiramer acetate and interferon beta. Int MS J 15: 39–41.
31. Goodin D. Frohman E. Garmany G. Jr. Halper J. Likosky W. Lublin F. et al. (2002) Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology 58: 169–178.
32. Gray O. McDonnell G. Forbes R. (2003) Intravenous immunoglobulins for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002936.
33. Hirst C. Ingram G. Pearson O. Pickersgill T. Scolding N. Robertson N. (2008) Contribution of relapses to disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 255: 280–287.
34. Hollifield R. Harbige L. Pham-Dinh D. Sharief M. (2003) Evidence for cytokine dysregulation in multiple sclerosis: peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during relapse and remission. Autoimmunity 36: 133–141.
35. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and University of British Columbia MS / MRI Analysis Group. (1995) Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 45: 1277–1285.
36. Kappos L. Freedman M. Polman C. Edan G. Hartung H. Miller D. et al. (2009) Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial. Lancet Neurol 8: 987–997.
37. Krüger P. Mørk S. (2012) Mast cells and multiple sclerosis in females and males. World J Neurosci 2: 145–149.
38. Kurtzke J. (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33: 1444–1452.
39. Lassmann H. Bruck W. Lucchinetti C. (2007) The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 17: 210–218.
40. Lublin F. Baier M. Cutter G. (2003) Effect of relapses on development of residual deficit in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 61: 1528–1532.
41. Lublin F. Cofield S. Cutter G. Conwit R. Narayana P. Nelson F. et al. (2013) Randomized study combining interferon and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 73: 327–340.
42. Magana S. Keegan B. Weinshenker B. Erickson B. Pittock S. Lennon V. et al. (2011) Beneficial plasma exchange response in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. Arch Neurol 68: 870–878.
43. Markovic-Plese S. Pinilla C. Martin R. (2004) The initiation of the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 106: 218–222.
44. Mempel T. Henrickson S. von Andrian U. (2004) T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases. Nature 427: 154–159.
45. Morrow S. Jurgensen S. Forrestal F. Munchauer F. Benedict R. (2011) Effects of acute relapses on neuropsychological status in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol 258: 1603–1608.
46. Mountjoy K. Mortrud M. Low M. Simerly R. Cone R. (1994) Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol Endocrinol 8: 1298–1308.
47. Nair A. Frederick T. Miller S. (2008) Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis: a product of their environment. Cell Mol Life Sci 65: 2702–2720.
48. Nickerson M. Marrie R. (2013) The multiple sclerosis relapse experience: patient-reported outcomes from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry. BMC Neurol 13: 119.
49. Noseworthy J. Lucchinetti C. Rodriguez M. Weinshenker B. (2000) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 343: 938–952.
50. Ontaneda D. Rae-Grant A. (2009) Management of acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 12: 264–272.
51. PRISMS Study Group and University of British Columbia MS / MRI Analysis Group. (2001) PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon-β-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology 56: 1628–1636.
52. Prosperini L. Gianni C. Barletta V. Mancinelli C. Fubelli F. Borriello G. et al. (2012) Predictors of freedom from disease activity in natalizumab treated-patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 323: 104–112.
53. Questcor Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2012) H.P. Acthar® Gel (repository corticotropin injection) [prescribing information].
54. Rae-Grant A. Eckert N. Bartz S. Reed J. (1999) Sensory symptoms of multiple sclerosis: a hidden reservoir of morbidity. Mult Scler 5: 179–183.
55. Rao S. Leo G. Bernardin L. Unverzagt F. (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology 41: 685–691.
56. Repovic P. Lublin F. (2011) Treatment of multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Neurol Clin 29: 389–400.
57. Richman D. Agius M. (2003) Treatment of autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurology 61: 1652–1661.
58. Rio J. Castillo J. Rovira A. Tintore M. Sastre-Garriga J. Horga A. et al. (2009) Measures in the first year of therapy predict the response to interferon β in MS. Mult Scler J 15: 848–853.
59. Rio J. Rovira A. Tintore M. Huerga E. Nos C. Tellez N. et al. (2008) Relationship between MRI lesion activity and response to IFN-beta in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 14: 479–484.
60. Roosendaal S. Moraal B. Pouwels P. Vrenken H. Castelijns J. Barkhof F. et al. (2009) Accumulation of cortical lesions in MS: relation with cognitive impairment. Mult Scler 15: 708–714.
61. Rose A. Kuzma J. Kurtzke J. Namerow N. Sibley W. Tourtellotte W. (1970) Cooperative study in the evaluation of therapy in multiple sclerosis. ACTH vs. placebo–final report. Neurology 20: 1–59.
62. Ross A. Ben-Zacharia A. Harris C. Smrtka J. (2013) Multiple sclerosis, relapses, and the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Front Neurol 4: 1–12.
63. Rostami A. Ciric B. (2013) Role of Th 17 cells in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelination. J Neurol Sci. 333: 76–87.
64. Rovaris M. Comi G. Ladkani D. Wolinsky J.S. Filippi M. (2003) Short-term correlations between clinical and MR imaging findings in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 24: 75–81.
65. Rudick R. Kappos L. (2010) Measuring disability in relapsing–remitting MS. Neurology 75: 296–297.
66. Rudick R. Lee J. Cutter G. Miller D. Bourdette D. Weinstock-Guttman B. et al. (2010) Disability progression in a clinical trial of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: eight-year follow-up. Arch Neurol 67: 1329–1335.
67. Scalfari A. Neuhaus A. Daumer M. Ebers G. Muraro P. (2011) Age and disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 77: 1246–1252.
68. Scalfari A. Neuhaus A. Degenhardt A. Rice G. Muraro P. Daumer M. et al. (2010) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain 133: 1914–1929.
69. Schapiro R. (2001) Management of spasticity, pain, and paroxysmal phenomena in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 1: 299–302.
70. Schorr E. Arnason B. (1999) Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system. Brain Behav Immun 13: 271–278.
71. Scott T. Mann M. You X. (2013) Incomplete relapse recovery and sustained disability progression in MS [poster SC29]. 27th Annual Meeting of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, 29 May–1 June 2013, Orlando, FL.
72. Sellebjerg F. Barnes D. Filippini G. Midgard R. Montalban X. Rieckmann P. et al. (2005) EFNS guideline on treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses: report of an EFNS task force on treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses. Eur J Neurol 12: 939–946.
73. Sellebjerg F. Frederiksen J. Nielsen P. Olesen J. (1998) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral, high-dose methylprednisolone in attacks of MS. Neurology 51: 529–534.
74. Sibley W. Bamford C. Clark K. (1985) Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 325: 1313–1315.
75. Sormani M. Bonzano L. Roccatagliata L. Cutter G. Mancardi G. Bruzzi P. (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic approach. Ann Neurol 65: 268–275.
76. Sormani M. Bonzano L. Roccatagliata L. Mancardi G. Uccelli A. Bruzzi P. (2010) Surrogate endpoints for EDSS worsening in multiple sclerosis. A meta-analytic approach. Neurology 75: 302–309.
77. Steinman L. (2007) A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13: 139–145.
78. Steinman L. Axtell R. Barbieri D. Bhat R. Brownell S. de Jong B. et al. (2013) Piet Mondrian's trees and the evolution in understanding multiple sclerosis, Charcot Prize Lecture 2011. Mult Scler 19: 5–14.
79. Strober L. Englert J. Munschauer F. Weinstock-Guttman B. Rao S. Benedict R. (2009) Sensitivity of conventional memory tests in multiple sclerosis: comparing the Rao Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS. Mult Scler 15: 1077–1084.
80. Taylor A. Namba K. (2001) In vitro induction of CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells by the neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). Immunol Cell Biol 79: 358–367.
81. Thompson A. Kennard C. Swash M. Summers B. Yuill G. Shepherd D. et al. (1989) Relative efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone and ACTH in the treatment of acute relapse in MS. Neurology 39: 969–971.
82. Tremlett H. Yousefi M. Devonshire V. Rieckmann P. Zhao Y. (2009) Impact of multiple sclerosis relapses on progression diminishes with time. Neurology 73: 1616–1623.
83. Venken K. Hellings N. Hensen K. Rummens J. Medaer R. D'Hooghe M. et al. (2006) Secondary progressive in contrast to relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients show a normal CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell function and FOXP 3 expression. J Neurosci Res 83: 1432–1446.
84. Weinshenker B. Bass B. Rice G. Noseworthy J. Carriere W. Baskerville J. et al. (1989) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability. Brain 112: 133–146.
85. Wilson E. Weninger W. Hunter C. (2010) Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 120: 1368–1379.
86. Zivadinov R. Rudick R. De M. Nasuelli D. Ukmar M. Pozzi-Mucelli R. et al. (2001) Effects of IV methylprednisolone on brain atrophy in relapsing–remitting MS. Neurology 57: 1239–1247.