The aging kidney revisited: A systematic review

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 65-80

  Bolignano, Davide ^a   Mattace Raso, Francesco ^b   Sijbrands, Eric J G ^b   Zoccali, Carmine ^a  

^a CNR IFC   (Italy)

^b ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aging processes; Chronic kidney disease; Renal aging; Renal function decline; Renal senescence

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN II; AUTACOID; ERYTHROPOIETIN; NITRIC OXIDE; VITAMIN D;

ADAPTATION; AGING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DETERIORATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENDER; GENETICS; GLOMERULAR STRUCTURE; HUMAN; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY STRUCTURE; KIDNEY TUBULE FUNCTION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MICROSCOPY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RACE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; AGE; ANIMAL; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY;

AGE FACTORS; AGING; ANIMALS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 84895810719     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (258)

1. United Nations World Population Prospects Report 2005-2010.
2. US Census Bureau International Database. Table 094. Mid-year Population, by Age and Sex 2005.
3. Abdi R., Slakey D., Kittur D., Racusen L.C. Heterogeneity of glomerular size in normal donor kidneys: impact of race. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1998, 32:43-46.
4. Abrass C.K., Adcox M.J., Raugi G.J. Aging-associated changes in renal extracellular matrix. American Journal of Pathology 1995, 146:742-752.
5. Adler S., Lindeman R.D., Yiengst M.J., Beard E., Shock N.W. Effect of acute acid loading on urinary acid excretion by the aging human kidney. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1968, 72:278-289.
6. Agarwal B.N., Cabebe F.G. Renal acidification in elderly subjects. Nephron 1980, 26:291-295.
7. Alpern R.J. Trade-offs in the adaptation to acidosis. Kidney International 1995, 47:1205-1215.
8. Alvarez-Gregori J.A., Robles N.R., Mena C., Ardanuy R., Jauregui R., Macas-Nu Nunez J.F. The value of a formula including haematocrit, blood urea and gender (HUGE) as a screening test for chronic renal insufficiency. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2011, 15:480-484.
9. Anderson S., Brenner B.M. Effects of aging on the renal glomerulus. American Journal of Medicine 1986, 80:435-442.
10. Arking D.E., Becker D.M., Yanek L.R., Fallin D., Judge D.P., Moy T.F., Becker L.C., Dietz H.C. KLOTHO allele status and the risk of early-onset occult coronary artery disease. American Journal of Human Genetics 2003, 72:1154-1161.
11. Arking D.E., Krebsova A., Macek M., Macek M., Arking A., Mian I.S., Fried L., Hamosh A., Dey S., McIntosh I., Dietz H.C. Association of human aging with a functional variant of klotho. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99:856-861.
12. Asokan A., Fancourt G.J., Bennett S.E., Castleden C.M. Renal prostaglandins, effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate in healthy elderly subjects. Age and Ageing 1992, 21:39-42.
13. Baert L., Steg A. Is the diverticulum of the distal and collecting tubules a preliminary stage of the simple cyst in the adult?. Journal of Urology 1977, 118:707-710.
14. Baggio B., Budakovic A., Perissinotto E., Maggi S., Cantaro S., Enzi G., Grigoletto F. Atherosclerotic risk factors and renal function in the elderly: the role of hyperfibrinogenaemia and smoking. Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (ILSA). Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2005, 20:114-123.
15. Basso N., Paglia N., Stella I., de Cavanagh E.M., Ferder L., del Rosario Lores Arnaiz M., Inserra F. Protective effect of the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on aging. Regulatory Peptides 2005, 128:247-252.
16. Baylis C. Renal responses to acute angiotensin II inhibition and administered angiotensin II in the aging, conscious, chronically catheterized rat. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1993, 22:842-850.
17. Baylis C. Sexual dimorphism, the aging kidney, and involvement of nitric oxide deficiency. Seminars in Nephrology 2009, 29:569-578.
18. Baylis C., Wilson C.B. Sex and the single kidney. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1989, 13:290-298.
19. Bengele H.H., Mathias R.S., Perkins J.H., Alexander E.A. Urinary concentrating defect in the aged rat. American Journal of Physiology 1981, 240:F147-F150.
20. Benigni A., Corna D., Zoja C., Sonzogni A., Latini R., Salio M., Conti S., Rottoli D., Longaretti L., Cassis P., Morigi M., Coffman T.M., Remuzzi G. Disruption of the Ang II type 1 receptor promotes longevity in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119:524-530.
21. Benigni A., Zoja C., Tomasoni S., Campana M., Corna D., Zanchi C., Gagliardini E., Garofano E., Rottoli D., Ito T., Remuzzi G. Transcriptional regulation of nephrin gene by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist: molecular mechanism of the antiproteinuric effect of pioglitazone. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006, 17:1624-1632.
22. Berman N., Hostetter T.H. Comparing the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations for calculation of GFR and drug doses in the elderly. Nature Clinical Practice. Nephrology 2007, 3:644-645.
23. Ble A., Fink J.C., Woodman R.C., Klausner M.A., Windham B.G., Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L. Renal function, erythropoietin, and anemia of older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005, 165:2222-2227.
24. Bleyer A.J., Shemanski L.R., Burke G.L., Hansen K.J., Appel R.G. Tobacco, hypertension, and vascular disease: risk factors for renal functional decline in an older population. Kidney International 2000, 57:2072-2079.
25. Bohle A., Mackensen-Haen S., von Gise H. Significance of tubulointerstitial changes in the renal cortex for the excretory function and concentration ability of the kidney: a morphometric contribution. American Journal of Nephrology 1987, 7:421-433.
26. Brenner B.M. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney International 1983, 23:647-655.
27. Cai W., He J.C., Zhu L., Chen X., Wallenstein S., Striker G.E., Vlassara H. Reduced oxidant stress and extended lifespan in mice exposed to a low glycotoxin diet: association with increased AGER1 expression. American Journal of Pathology 2007, 170:1893-1902.
28. Cai W., He J.C., Zhu L., Chen X., Zheng F., Striker G.E., Vlassara H. Oral glycotoxins determine the effects of calorie restriction on oxidant stress, age-related diseases, and lifespan. American Journal of Pathology 2008, 173:327-336.
29. Cardani R., Zavanella T. Age-related cell proliferation and apoptosis in the kidney of male Fischer 344 rats with observations on a spontaneous tubular cell adenoma. Toxicologic Pathology 2000, 28:802-806.
30. Carey R.M. Angiotensin receptors and aging. Hypertension 2007, 50:33-34.
31. Castellani S., Ungar A., Cantini C., La Cava G., Di Serio C., Altobelli A., Vallotti B., Pellegri M., Brocchi A., Camaiti A., Coppo M., Meldolesi U., Messeri G., Masotti G. Excessive vasoconstriction after stress by the aging kidney: inadequate prostaglandin modulation of increased endothelin activity. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1998, 132:186-194.
32. Castellani S., Ungar A., Cantini C., La Cava G., Di Serio C., Vallotti B., Altobelli A., Masotti G. Impaired renal adaptation to stress in the elderly with isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 1999, 34:1106-1111.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention N.C.f.H.S. National Vital Statistics System 2006, National Vital Statistics Reports.
34. Chang Q., Hoefs S., van der Kemp A.W., Topala C.N., Bindels R.J., Hoenderop J.G. The beta-glucuronidase klotho hydrolyzes and activates the TRPV5 channel. Science 2005, 310:490-493.
35. Chen G., Bridenbaugh E.A., Akintola A.D., Catania J.M., Vaidya V.S., Bonventre J.V., Dearman A.C., Sampson H.W., Zawieja D.C., Burghardt R.C., Parrish A.R. Increased susceptibility of aging kidney to ischemic injury: identification of candidate genes changed during aging, but corrected by caloric restriction. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2007, 293:F1272-F1281.
36. Cheng H.T., Huang J.W., Chiang C.K., Yen C.J., Hung K.Y., Wu K.D. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance as risk factors for development of chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in renal function in elderly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012, 97:1268-1276.
37. Chkhotua A.B., Gabusi E., Altimari A., D'Errico A., Yakubovich M., Vienken J., Stefoni S., Chieco P., Yussim A., Grigioni W.F. Increased expression of p16(INK4a) and p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes in aging human kidney and chronic allograft nephropathy. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2003, 41:1303-1313.
38. Chonchol M., Gnahn H., Sander D. Impact of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis on incident chronic kidney disease in the elderly. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplant Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2008, 23:2593-2598.
39. Chou J.S., Reiser I.W., Porush J.G. Aging and urinary excretion of epidermal growth factor. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 1997, 27:116-122.
40. Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis C., Matsushita K., van der Velde M., Astor B.C., Woodward M., Levey A.S., de Jong P.E., Coresh J., Gansevoort R.T. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375:2073-2081.
41. Cockcroft D.W., Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976, 16:31-41.
42. Combet S., Geffroy N., Berthonaud V., Dick B., Teillet L., Verbavatz J.M., Corman B., Trinh-Trang-Tan M.M. Correction of age-related polyuria by dDAVP: molecular analysis of aquaporins and urea transporters. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2003, 284:F199-F208.
43. Coresh J., Astor B.C., Greene T., Eknoyan G., Levey A.S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2003, 41:1-12.
44. Coresh J., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., Manzi J., Kusek J.W., Eggers P., Van Lente F., Levey A.S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2007, 298:2038-2047.
45. Crane M.G., Harris J.J. Effect of aging on renin activity and aldosterone excretion. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1976, 87:947-959.
46. Danziger R.S., Tobin J.D., Becker L.C., Lakatta E.E., Fleg J.L. The age-associated decline in glomerular filtration in healthy normotensive volunteers. Lack of relationship to cardiovascular performance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990, 38:1127-1132.
47. Davidson A.J., Talner L.B., Downs W.M. A study of the angiographic appearance of the kidney in an aging normotensive population. Radiology 1969, 92:975-983.
48. Davies D.F., Shock N.W. Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1950, 29:496-507.
49. de Cavanagh E.M., Piotrkowski B., Basso N., Stella I., Inserra F., Ferder L., Fraga C.G. Enalapril and losartan attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged rats. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2003, 17:1096-1098.
50. Delahunt B., Stehbens W.E., Gilbert-Barness E., Shozawa T., Ruger B.M. Progeria kidney has abnormal mesangial collagen distribution. Pediatric Nephrology 2000, 15:279-285.
51. Derose S.F., Rutkowski M.P., Crooks P.W., Shi J.M., Wang J.Q., Kalantar-Zadeh K., Kovesdy C.P., Levin N.W., Jacobsen S.J. Racial differences in estimated GFR decline, ESRD, and mortality in an integrated health system. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2013.
52. Ding G., Franki N., Kapasi A.A., Reddy K., Gibbons N., Singhal P.C. Tubular cell senescence and expression of TGF-beta1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) in tubulointerstitial fibrosis of aging rats. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2001, 70:43-53.
53. Drusano G.L., Munice H.L., Hoopes J.M., Damron D.J., Warren J.W. Commonly used methods of estimating creatinine clearance are inadequate for elderly debilitated nursing home patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988, 36:437-441.
54. Duarte D., Santos-Araujo C., Leite-Moreira A.F. Hypertension and angiogenesis in the aging kidney: a review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2011, 52:e93-e102.
55. Edwards M.S., Wilson D.B., Craven T.E., Stafford J., Fried L.F., Wong T.Y., Klein R., Burke G.L., Hansen K.J. Associations between retinal microvascular abnormalities and declining renal function in the elderly population: the Cardiovascular Health Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2005, 46:214-224.
56. Epstein M., Hollenberg N.K. Age as a determinant of renal sodium conservation in normal man. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1976, 87:411-417.
57. Erdely A., Greenfeld Z., Wagner L., Baylis C. Sexual dimorphism in the aging kidney: effects on injury and nitric oxide system. Kidney International 2003, 63:1021-1026.
58. Ershler W.B., Sheng S., McKelvey J., Artz A.S., Denduluri N., Tecson J., Taub D.D., Brant L.J., Ferrucci L., Longo D.L. Serum erythropoietin and aging: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005, 53:1360-1365.
59. Famulski K.S., Halloran P.F. Molecular events in kidney ageing. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2005, 14:243-248.
60. Faull C.M., Holmes C., Baylis P.H. Water balance in elderly people: is there a deficiency of vasopressin?. Age and Ageing 1993, 22:114-120.
61. Fehrman-Ekholm I., Skeppholm L. Renal function in the elderly (>70 years old) measured by means of iohexol clearance, serum creatinine, serum urea and estimated clearance. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2004, 38:73-77.
62. Feinfeld D.A., Guzik H., Carvounis C.P., Lynn R.I., Somer B., Aronson M.K., Frishman W.H. Sequential changes in renal function tests in the old old: results from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995, 43:412-414.
63. Feinfeld D.A., Keller S., Somer B., Wassertheil-Smoller S., Carvounis C.P., Aronson M., Nelson M., Frishman W.H. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen over a six-year period in the very old. Creatinine and BUN in the very old. Geriatric Nephrology and Urology 1998, 8:131-135.
64. Ferrucci L., Guralnik J.M., Bandinelli S., Semba R.D., Lauretani F., Corsi A., Ruggiero C., Ershler W.B., Longo D.L. Unexplained anaemia in older persons is characterised by low erythropoietin and low levels of pro-inflammatory markers. British Journal of Haematology 2007, 136:849-855.
65. Fliser D. Assessment of renal function in elderly patients. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2008, 17:604-608.
66. Fliser D., Bischoff I., Hanses A., Block S., Joest M., Ritz E., Mutschler E. Renal handling of drugs in the healthy elderly. Creatinine clearance underestimates renal function and pharmacokinetics remain virtually unchanged. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1999, 55:205-211.
67. Fliser D., Franek E., Joest M., Block S., Mutschler E., Ritz E. Renal function in the elderly: impact of hypertension and cardiac function. Kidney International 1997, 51:1196-1204.
68. Frassetto L.A., Morris R.C., Sebastian A. Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline. American Journal of Physiology 1996, 271:F1114-F1122.
69. Frenkel-Denkberg G., Gershon D., Levy A.P. The function of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is impaired in senescent mice. FEBS Letters 1999, 462:341-344.
70. Fuiano G., Sund S., Mazza G., Rosa M., Caglioti A., Gallo G., Natale G., Andreucci M., Memoli B., De Nicola L., Conte G. Renal hemodynamic response to maximal vasodilating stimulus in healthy older subjects. Kidney International 2001, 59:1052-1058.
71. Gallagher J.C., Rapuri P., Smith L. Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007, 103:610-613.
72. Gallagher J.C., Rapuri P.B., Smith L.M. An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007, 92:51-58.
73. Gandolfo M.T., Verzola D., Salvatore F., Gianiorio G., Procopio V., Romagnoli A., Giannoni M., Garibotto G. Gender and the progression of chronic renal diseases: does apoptosis make the difference?. Minerva urologica e nefrologica 2004, 56:1-14.
74. Gourtsoyiannis N., Prassopoulos P., Cavouras D., Pantelidis N. The thickness of the renal parenchyma decreases with age: a CT study of 360 patients. AJR - American Journal of Roentgenology 1990, 155:541-544.
75. Granger J.P., Alexander B.T. Abnormal pressure-natriuresis in hypertension: role of nitric oxide. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 2000, 168:161-168.
76. Griffiths G.J., Robinson K.B., Cartwright G.O., McLachlan M.S. Loss of renal tissue in the elderly. British Journal of Radiology 1976, 49:111-117.
77. Hajjar I., Kotchen T.A. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2003, 290:199-206.
78. Hallan S.I., Gansevoort R.T. Moderator's view: estimating glomerular filtration rate - the past, present and future. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2013, 28:1404-1406.
79. Hallan S.I., Matsushita K., Sang Y., Mahmoodi B.K., Black C., Ishani A., Kleefstra N., Naimark D., Roderick P., Tonelli M., Wetzels J.F., Astor B.C., Gansevoort R.T., Levin A., Wen C.P., Coresh J., Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis C. Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2012, 308:2349-2360.
80. Han L., Bai X., Lin H., Sun X., Chen X.M. Lack of independent relationship between age-related kidney function decline and carotid intima-media thickness in a healthy Chinese population. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2010, 25:1859-1865.
81. Harvey S.J., Jarad G., Cunningham J., Goldberg S., Schermer B., Harfe B.D., McManus M.T., Benzing T., Miner J.H. Podocyte-specific deletion of dicer alters cytoskeletal dynamics and causes glomerular disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008, 19:2150-2158.
82. Hasegawa E., Tsuchihashi T., Ohta Y. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and blood pressure control status in elderly hypertensive patients. Internal Medicine 2012, 51:1473-1478.
83. He F.J., Li J., Macgregor G.A. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, 4:CD004937.
84. Herranz D., Serrano M. SIRT1: recent lessons from mouse models. Nature Reviews Cancer 2010, 10:819-823.
85. Hill C., Lateef A.M., Engels K., Samsell L., Baylis C. Basal and stimulated nitric oxide in control of kidney function in the aging rat. American Journal of Physiology 1997, 272:R1747-R1753.
86. Hill G.S., Heudes D., Bariety J. Morphometric study of arterioles and glomeruli in the aging kidney suggests focal loss of autoregulation. Kidney International 2003, 63:1027-1036.
87. Hoang K., Tan J.C., Derby G., Blouch K.L., Masek M., Ma I., Lemley K.V., Myers B.D. Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans. Kidney International 2003, 64:1417-1424.
88. Hollenberg N.K., Adams D.F., Solomon H.S., Rashid A., Abrams H.L., Merrill J.P. Senescence and the renal vasculature in normal man. Circulation Research 1974, 34:309-316.
89. Hornych A., Forette F., Bariety J., Krief C., Aumont J., Paris M. The influence of age on renal prostaglandin synthesis in man. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 1991, 43:191-195.
90. Houben J.M., Moonen H.J., van Schooten F.J., Hageman G.J. Telomere length assessment: biomarker of chronic oxidative stress?. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2008, 44:235-246.
91. Hoy W.E., Douglas-Denton R.N., Hughson M.D., Cass A., Johnson K., Bertram J.F. A stereological study of glomerular number and volume: preliminary findings in a multiracial study of kidneys at autopsy. Kidney International 2003, Supplement:S31-S37.
92. Jiang H., Ju Z., Rudolph K.L. Telomere shortening and ageing. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2007, 40:314-324.
93. Jiang S., Sun X., Gu H., Chen Y., Xi C., Qiao X., Chen X. Age-related change in kidney function, its influencing factors, and association with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in healthy individuals - a 5-year follow-up study. Maturitas 2012, 73:230-238.
94. Jiang T., Liebman S.E., Lucia M.S., Phillips C.L., Levi M. Calorie restriction modulates renal expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins, lipid accumulation, and age-related renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005, 16:2385-2394.
95. John R., Webb M., Young A., Stevens P.E. Unreferred chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2004, 43:825-835.
96. Jung T., Bader N., Grune T. Lipofuscin: formation, distribution, and metabolic consequences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007, 1119:97-111.
97. Jungers P., Chauveau P., Descamps-Latscha B., Labrunie M., Giraud E., Man N.K., Grunfeld J.P., Jacobs C. Age and gender-related incidence of chronic renal failure in a French urban area: a prospective epidemiologic study. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 1996, 11:1542-1546.
98. Kang D.H., Anderson S., Kim Y.G., Mazzalli M., Suga S., Jefferson J.A., Gordon K.L., Oyama T.T., Hughes J., Hugo C., Kerjaschki D., Schreiner G.F., Johnson R.J. Impaired angiogenesis in the aging kidney: vascular endothelial growth factor and thrombospondin-1 in renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2001, 37:601-611.
99. Kapahi P., Chen D., Rogers A.N., Katewa S.D., Li P.W., Thomas E.L., Kockel L. With TOR, less is more: a key role for the conserved nutrient-sensing TOR pathway in aging. Cell Metabolism 2010, 11:453-465.
100. Kapahi P., Zid B. TOR pathway: linking nutrient sensing to life span. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment: SAGE KE 2004, PE34.
101. Kaplan C., Pasternack B., Shah H., Gallo G. Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys. American Journal of Pathology 1975, 80:227-234.
102. Kappel B., Olsen S. Cortical interstitial tissue and sclerosed glomeruli in the normal human kidney, related to age and sex. A quantitative study. Virchows Archiv: A, Pathological anatomy and histology 1980, 387:271-277.
103. Karihaloo A., Nickel C., Cantley L.G. Signals which build a tubule. Nephron Experimental Nephrology 2005, 100:e40-e45.
104. Kasiske B.L. Relationship between vascular disease and age-associated changes in the human kidney. Kidney International 1987, 31:1153-1159.
105. Keenan K.P., Coleman J.B., McCoy C.L., Hoe C.M., Soper K.A., Laroque P. Chronic nephropathy in ad libitum overfed Sprague-Dawley rats and its early attenuation by increasing degrees of dietary (caloric) restriction to control growth. Toxicologic Pathology 2000, 28:788-798.
106. Keller F. Kidney function and age. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 1987, 2:382.
107. Kiberd B.A., Clase C.M. Cumulative risk for developing end-stage renal disease in the US population. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2002, 13:1635-1644.
108. Kielstein J.T., Bode-Boger S.M., Frolich J.C., Ritz E., Haller H., Fliser D. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, blood pressure, and renal perfusion in elderly subjects. Circulation 2003, 107:1891-1895.
109. Kilbride H.S., Stevens P.E., Eaglestone G., Knight S., Carter J.L., Delaney M.P., Farmer C.K., Irving J., O'Riordan S.E., Dalton R.N., Lamb E.J. Accuracy of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study and CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) equations for estimation of GFR in the elderly. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2013, 61:57-66.
110. Kimmel P.L., Lew S.Q., Bosch J.P. Nutrition, ageing and GFR: is age-associated decline inevitable?. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 1996, 11(Suppl. 9):85-88.
111. Kirkland J.L., Lye M., Levy D.W., Banerjee A.K. Patterns of urine flow and electrolyte excretion in healthy elderly people. British Medical Journal 1983, 287:1665-1667.
112. Knight E.L., Stampfer M.J., Hankinson S.E., Spiegelman D., Curhan G.C. The impact of protein intake on renal function decline in women with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003, 138:460-467.
113. Koh N., Fujimori T., Nishiguchi S., Tamori A., Shiomi S., Nakatani T., Sugimura K., Kishimoto T., Kinoshita S., Kuroki T., Nabeshima Y. Severely reduced production of klotho in human chronic renal failure kidney. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2001, 280:1015-1020.
114. Kotchen J.M., McKean H.E., Kotchen T.A. Blood pressure trends with aging. Hypertension 1982, 4:III128-III134.
115. Krop J.S., Coresh J., Chambless L.E., Shahar E., Watson R.L., Szklo M., Brancati F.L. A community-based study of explanatory factors for the excess risk for early renal function decline in blacks vs whites with diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999, 159:1777-1783.
116. Kume S., Uzu T., Horiike K., Chin-Kanasaki M., Isshiki K., Araki S., Sugimoto T., Haneda M., Kashiwagi A., Koya D. Calorie restriction enhances cell adaptation to hypoxia through Sirt1-dependent mitochondrial autophagy in mouse aged kidney. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010, 120:1043-1055.
117. Kuro-o M. Klotho as a regulator of oxidative stress and senescence. Biological Chemistry 2008, 389:233-241.
118. Kuro-o M., Matsumura Y., Aizawa H., Kawaguchi H., Suga T., Utsugi T., Ohyama Y., Kurabayashi M., Kaname T., Kume E., Iwasaki H., Iida A., Shiraki-Iida T., Nishikawa S., Nagai R., Nabeshima Y.I. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 1997, 390:45-51.
119. Kurosu H., Yamamoto M., Clark J.D., Pastor J.V., Nandi A., Gurnani P., McGuinness O.P., Chikuda H., Yamaguchi M., Kawaguchi H., Shimomura I., Takayama Y., Herz J., Kahn C.R., Rosenblatt K.P., Kuro-o M. Suppression of aging in mice by the hormone Klotho. Science 2005, 309:1829-1833.
120. Kwon J., Lee B., Chung H. Gerontome: a web-based database server for aging-related genes and analysis pipelines. BMC Genomics 2010, 11(Suppl. 4):S20.
121. Laucks S.P., McLachlan M.S. Aging and simple cysts of the kidney. British Journal of Radiology 1981, 54:12-14.
122. Lauretani F., Semba R.D., Bandinelli S., Miller E.R., Ruggiero C., Cherubini A., Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decline of renal function. Clinical Chemistry 2008, 54:475-481.
123. Lee J.H., Jung K.J., Kim J.W., Kim H.J., Yu B.P., Chung H.Y. Suppression of apoptosis by calorie restriction in aged kidney. Experimental Gerontology 2004, 39:1361-1368.
124. Lefevre G.M., Patel S.R., Kim D., Tessarollo L., Dressler G.R. Altering a histone H3K4 methylation pathway in glomerular podocytes promotes a chronic disease phenotype. PLoS Genetics 2010, 6:e1001142.
125. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Balk E., Kausz A.T., Levin A., Steffes M.W., Hogg R.J., Perrone R.D., Lau J., Eknoyan G. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003, 139:137-147.
126. Li M., Nicholls K.M., Becker G.J. Glomerular size and global glomerulosclerosis in normal Caucasian donor kidneys: effects of aging and gender. Journal of Nephrology 2002, 15:614-619.
127. Li Z., Chen X., Xie Y., Shi S., Feng Z., Fu B., Zhang X., Cai G., Wu C., Wu D., Gu Y. Expression and significance of integrin-linked kinase in cultured cells, normal tissue, and diseased tissue of aging rat kidneys. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004, 59:984-996.
128. Lim J.H., Kim E.N., Kim M.Y., Chung S., Shin S.J., Kim H.W., Yang C.W., Kim Y.S., Chang Y.S., Park C.W., Choi B.S. Age-associated molecular changes in the kidney in aged mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012, 2012:171383.
129. Lin T.H., Chiu H.C., Wang C.L., Hsu P.C., Su H.M., Voon W.C., Lai W.T., Sheu S.H. The Gly460Trp polymorphism of alpha-adducin gene as a predictor of renal function decline over 4 years of follow-up in an apparently healthy Chinese population. Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 2012, 160:162-163.
130. Lindeman R.D., Goldman R. Anatomic and physiologic age changes in the kidney. Experimental Gerontology 1986, 21:379-406.
131. Lindeman R.D., Tobin J., Shock N.W. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985, 33:278-285.
132. Ljungqvist A., Lagergren C. Normal intrarenal arterial pattern in adult and ageing human kidney. A microangiographical and histological study. Journal of Anatomy 1962, 96:285-300.
133. Long D.A., Mu W., Price K.L., Johnson R.J. Blood vessels and the aging kidney. Nephron Experimental Nephrology 2005, 101:e95-e99.
134. Long D.A., Newaz M.A., Prabhakar S.S., Price K.L., Truong L.D., Feng L., Mu W., Oyekan A.O., Johnson R.J. Loss of nitric oxide and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated responses in aging. Kidney International 2005, 68:2154-2163.
135. Lorenz E.C., Lieske J.C., Vrtiska T.J., Krambeck A.E., Li X., Bergstralh E.J., Melton L.J., Rule A.D. Clinical characteristics of potential kidney donors with asymptomatic kidney stones. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2011, 26:2695-2700.
136. Lu C., He J.C., Cai W., Liu H., Zhu L., Vlassara H. Advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) receptor 1 is a negative regulator of the inflammatory response to AGE in mesangial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:11767-11772.
137. Luckey A.E., Parsa C.J. Fluid and electrolytes in the aged. Archives of Surgery 2003, 138:1055-1060.
138. Luft F.C., Weinberger M.H., Fineberg N.S., Miller J.Z., Grim C.E. Effects of age on renal sodium homeostasis and its relevance to sodium sensitivity. American Journal of Medicine 1987, 82:9-15.
139. Magnason R.L., Indridason O.S., Sigvaldason H., Sigfusson N., Palsson R. Prevalence and progression of CRF in Iceland: a population-based study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2002, 40:955-963.
140. Marcantoni C., Ma L.J., Federspiel C., Fogo A.B. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans versus Caucasians. Kidney International 2002, 62:172-180.
141. Maric C., Sandberg K., Hinojosa-Laborde C. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are attenuated with 17beta-estradiol in the aging Dahl salt sensitive rat. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2004, 15:1546-1556.
142. Martin G.M., Ogburn C.E., Colgin L.M., Gown A.M., Edland S.D., Monnat R.J. Somatic mutations are frequent and increase with age in human kidney epithelial cells. Human Molecular Genetics 1996, 5:215-221.
143. Martin J.E., Sheaff M.T. Renal ageing. Journal of Pathology 2007, 211:198-205.
144. McKiernan S.H., Tuen V.C., Baldwin K., Wanagat J., Djamali A., Aiken J.M. Adult-onset calorie restriction delays the accumulation of mitochondrial enzyme abnormalities in aging rat kidney tubular epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Renal physiology 2007, 292:F1751-F1760.
145. McLachlan M.S., Guthrie J.C., Anderson C.K., Fulker M.J. Vascular and glomerular changes in the ageing kidney. Journal of Pathology 1977, 121:65-78.
146. Medawar P.B. An Unsolved Problem of Biology 1952, H. K. Lewis, London.
147. Mei C., Zheng F. Chronic inflammation potentiates kidney aging. Seminars in Nephrology 2009, 29:555-568.
148. Melk A. Senescence of renal cells: molecular basis and clinical implications. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2003, 18:2474-2478.
149. Melk A., Kittikowit W., Sandhu I., Halloran K.M., Grimm P., Schmidt B.M., Halloran P.F. Cell senescence in rat kidneys in vivo increases with growth and age despite lack of telomere shortening. Kidney International 2003, 63:2134-2143.
150. Melk A., Mansfield E.S., Hsieh S.C., Hernandez-Boussard T., Grimm P., Rayner D.C., Halloran P.F., Sarwal M.M. Transcriptional analysis of the molecular basis of human kidney aging using cDNA microarray profiling. Kidney International 2005, 68:2667-2679.
151. Melk A., Ramassar V., Helms L.M., Moore R., Rayner D., Solez K., Halloran P.F. Telomere shortening in kidneys with age. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2000, 11:444-453.
152. Melk A., Schmidt B.M., Braun H., Vongwiwatana A., Urmson J., Zhu L.F., Rayner D., Halloran P.F. Effects of donor age and cell senescence on kidney allograft survival. American Journal of Transplant Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2009, 9:114-123.
153. Melk A., Schmidt B.M., Takeuchi O., Sawitzki B., Rayner D.C., Halloran P.F. Expression of p16INK4a and other cell cycle regulator and senescence associated genes in aging human kidney. Kidney International 2004, 65:510-520.
154. Melk A., Schmidt B.M., Vongwiwatana A., Rayner D.C., Halloran P.F. Increased expression of senescence-associated cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a in deteriorating renal transplants and diseased native kidney. American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2005, 5:1375-1382.
155. Mendoza-Nunez V.M., Ruiz-Ramos M., Sanchez-Rodriguez M.A., Retana-Ugalde R., Munoz-Sanchez J.L. Aging-related oxidative stress in healthy humans. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2007, 213:261-268.
156. Meyer T.E., Kovacs S.J., Ehsani A.A., Klein S., Holloszy J.O., Fontana L. Long-term caloric restriction ameliorates the decline in diastolic function in humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006, 47:398-402.
157. Michan S., Sinclair D. Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. Biochemical Journal 2007, 404:1-13.
158. Millatt L.J., Siragy H.M. Age-related changes in renal cyclic nucleotides and eicosanoids in response to sodium intake. Hypertension 2000, 35:643-647.
159. Mitani H., Ishizaka N., Aizawa T., Ohno M., Usui S., Suzuki T., Amaki T., Mori I., Nakamura Y., Sato M., Nangaku M., Hirata Y., Nagai R. In vivo klotho gene transfer ameliorates angiotensin II-induced renal damage. Hypertension 2002, 39:838-843.
160. Mostoslavsky R., Chua K.F., Lombard D.B., Pang W.W., Fischer M.R., Gellon L., Liu P., Mostoslavsky G., Franco S., Murphy M.M., Mills K.D., Patel P., Hsu J.T., Hong A.L., Ford E., Cheng H.L., Kennedy C., Nunez N., Bronson R., Frendewey D., Auerbach W., Valenzuela D., Karow M., Hottiger M.O., Hursting S., Barrett J.C., Guarente L., Mulligan R., Demple B., Yancopoulos G.D., Alt F.W. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 2006, 124:315-329.
161. Muntner P., Coresh J., Smith J.C., Eckfeldt J., Klag M.J. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney International 2000, 58:293-301.
162. Musso C.G. Geriatric nephrology and the 'nephrogeriatric giants'. International Urology and Nephrology 2002, 34:255-256.
163. Musso C.G., Michelangelo H., Vilas M., Reynaldi J., Martinez B., Algranati L., Macias Nunez J.F. Creatinine reabsorption by the aged kidney. International Urology and Nephrology 2009, 41:727-731.
164. Musso C.G., Oreopoulos D.G. Aging and physiological changes of the kidneys including changes in glomerular filtration rate. Nephron Physiology 2011, 119(Suppl. 1):1-5.
165. Nagai R., Saito Y., Ohyama Y., Aizawa H., Suga T., Nakamura T., Kurabayashi M., Kuroo M. Endothelial dysfunction in the klotho mouse and downregulation of klotho gene expression in various animal models of vascular and metabolic diseases. Cellular and Molecular Life Science: CMLS 2000, 57:738-746.
166. Nakhoul F.Z.C., Levin M., Gteen J., Winavet J., Better O.S. Urinary acidification capacity in the elderly. Geriatric Nephrology and Urology 1995, 5:149-155.
167. Nath K.A. Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1992, 20:1-17.
168. National Institute of Health N.I.o.D.a.D.a.K.D. United States Renal Data System. Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda 2009.
169. National Kidney F. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2002, 39:S1-S266.
170. Newbold K.M., Sandison A., Howie A.J. Comparison of size of juxtamedullary and outer cortical glomeruli in normal adult kidney. Virchows Archiv: A Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology 1992, 420:127-129.
171. Noth R.H., Lassman M.N., Tan S.Y., Fernandez-Cruz A., Mulrow P.J. Age and the renin-aldosterone system. Archives of Internal Medicine 1977, 137:1414-1417.
172. Nyengaard J.R., Bendtsen T.F. Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight, and body surface in normal man. Anatomical Record 1992, 232:194-201.
173. Ogata N., Matsumura Y., Shiraki M., Kawano K., Koshizuka Y., Hosoi T., Nakamura K., Kuro O.M., Kawaguchi H. Association of klotho gene polymorphism with bone density and spondylosis of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women. Bone 2002, 31:37-42.
174. Ognibene A., Mannucci E., Caldini A., Terreni A., Brogi M., Bardini G., Sposato I., Mosconi V., Salvadori B., Rotella C.M., Messeri G. Cystatin C reference values and aging. Clinical Biochemistry 2006, 39:658-661.
175. Ohashi M., Fujio N., Nawata H., Kato K., Ibayashi H., Kangawa K., Matsuo H. High plasma concentrations of human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in aged men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1987, 64:81-85.
176. Ohta Y., Tsuchihashi T., Kiyohara K., Oniki H. High salt intake promotes a decline in renal function in hypertensive patients: a 10-year observational study. Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2013, 36:172-176.
177. Palmer B.F. Disturbances in renal autoregulation and the susceptibility to hypertension-induced chronic kidney disease. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2004, 328:330-343.
178. Peralta C.A., Katz R., Sarnak M.J., Ix J., Fried L.F., De Boer I., Palmas W., Siscovick D., Levey A.S., Shlipak M.G. Cystatin C identifies chronic kidney disease patients at higher risk for complications. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011, 22:147-155.
179. Peralta C.A., Vittinghoff E., Bansal N., Jacobs D., Muntner P., Kestenbaum B., Lewis C., Siscovick D., Kramer H., Shlipak M., Bibbins-Domingo K. Trajectories of kidney function decline in young black and white adults with preserved GFR: results from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2013.
180. Perazella M.A., Mahnensmith R.L. Hyperkalemia in the elderly: drugs exacerbate impaired potassium homeostasis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1997, 12:646-656.
181. Percy C.J., Power D., Gobe G.C. Renal ageing: changes in the cellular mechanism of energy metabolism and oxidant handling. Nephrology 2008, 13:147-152.
182. Phan H.M., Alpert J.S., Fain M. Frailty, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: evidence of a connection. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2008, 17:101-107.
183. Piepsz A. New renal scarring and age. Nuclear Medicine Communications 2001, 22:1273-1275.
184. Pizzarelli F., Lauretani F., Bandinelli S., Windham G.B., Corsi A.M., Giannelli S.V., Ferrucci L., Guralnik J.M. Predictivity of survival according to different equations for estimating renal function in community-dwelling elderly subjects. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2009, 24:1197-1205.
185. Pizzarelli F., Maas R., Dattolo P., Tripepi G., Michelassi S., D'Arrigo G., Mieth M., Bandinelli S., Ferrucci L., Zoccali C. Asymmetric dimethylarginine predicts survival in the elderly. Age (Dordr) 2013.
186. Poggio E.D., Rule A.D., Tanchanco R., Arrigain S., Butler R.S., Srinivas T., Stephany B.R., Meyer K.H., Nurko S., Fatica R.A., Shoskes D.A., Krishnamurthi V., Goldfarb D.A., Gill I., Schreiber M.J. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with glomerular filtration rates in living kidney donors. Kidney International 2009, 75:1079-1087.
187. Qian H., Luo N., Chi Y. Aging-shifted prostaglandin profile in endothelium as a factor in cardiovascular disorders. Journal of Aging Research 2012, 121390.
188. Qiao X., Chen X., Wu D., Ding R., Wang J., Hong Q., Shi S., Li J., Xie Y., Lu Y., Wang Z. Mitochondrial pathway is responsible for aging-related increase of tubular cell apoptosis in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005, 60:830-839.
189. Rao U.V., Wagner H.N. Normal weights of human organs. Radiology 1972, 102:337-339.
190. Ravani P., Malberti F., Tripepi G., Pecchini P., Cutrupi S., Pizzini P., Mallamaci F., Zoccali C. Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International 2009, 75:88-95.
191. Razzaque M.S., Lanske B. The emerging role of the fibroblast growth factor-23-klotho axis in renal regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Journal of Endocrinology 2007, 194:1-10.
192. Reckelhoff J.F., Baylis C. Proximal tubular metalloprotease activity is decreased in the senescent rat kidney. Life Sciences 1992, 50:959-963.
193. Reckelhoff J.F., Kanji V., Racusen L.C., Schmidt A.M., Yan S.D., Marrow J., Roberts L.J., Salahudeen A.K. Vitamin E ameliorates enhanced renal lipid peroxidation and accumulation of F2-isoprostanes in aging kidneys. American Journal of Physiology 1998, 274:R767-R774.
194. Reckelhoff J.F., Kellum J.A., Racusen L.C., Hildebrandt D.A. Long-term dietary supplementation with l-arginine prevents age-related reduction in renal function. American Journal of Physiology 1997, 272:R1768-R1774.
195. Reckelhoff J.F., Zhang H., Granger J.P. Decline in renal hemodynamic function in aging SHR: role of androgens. Hypertension 1997, 30:677-681.
196. Riordan J.F. Angiotensin II: biosynthesis, molecular recognition, and signal transduction. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1995, 15:637-651.
197. Rodwell G.E., Sonu R., Zahn J.M., Lund J., Wilhelmy J., Wang L., Xiao W., Mindrinos M., Crane E., Segal E., Myers B.D., Brooks J.D., Davis R.W., Higgins J., Owen A.B., Kim S.K. A transcriptional profile of aging in the human kidney. PLoS Biology 2004, 2:e427.
198. Rogina B., Helfand S.L. Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:15998-16003.
199. Roman B., Carta L., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A., Serra-Majem L. Effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet in the elderly. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2008, 3:97-109.
200. Rowe J.W., Andres R., Tobin J.D., Norris A.H., Shock N.W. The effect of age on creatinine clearance in men: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Journal of Gerontology 1976, 31:155-163.
201. Rowe J.W., Shock N.W., DeFronzo R.A. The influence of age on the renal response to water deprivation in man. Nephron 1976, 17:270-278.
202. Ruiz-Torres M.P., Bosch R.J., O'Valle F., Del Moral R.G., Ramirez C., Masseroli M., Perez-Caballero C., Iglesias M.C., Rodriguez-Puyol M., Rodriguez-Puyol D. Age-related increase in expression of TGF-beta1 in the rat kidney: relationship to morphologic changes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1998, 9:782-791.
203. Rule A.D., Amer H., Cornell L.D., Taler S.J., Cosio F.G., Kremers W.K., Textor S.C., Stegall M.D. The association between age and nephrosclerosis on renal biopsy among healthy adults. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010, 152:561-567.
204. Rule A.D., Gussak H.M., Pond G.R., Bergstralh E.J., Stegall M.D., Cosio F.G., Larson T.S. Measured and estimated GFR in healthy potential kidney donors. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2004, 43:112-119.
205. Rule A.D., Semret M.H., Amer H., Cornell L.D., Taler S.J., Lieske J.C., Melton L.J., Stegall M.D., Textor S.C., Kremers W.K., Lerman L.O. Association of kidney function and metabolic risk factors with density of glomeruli on renal biopsy samples from living donors. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic 2011, 86:282-290.
206. Saito K., Ishizaka N., Mitani H., Ohno M., Nagai R. Iron chelation and a free radical scavenger suppress angiotensin II-induced downregulation of klotho, an anti-aging gene, in rat. FEBS Letters 2003, 551:58-62.
207. Samuel T., Hoy W.E., Douglas-Denton R., Hughson M.D., Bertram J.F. Determinants of glomerular volume in different cortical zones of the human kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005, 16:3102-3109.
208. Sands J.M. Urine-concentrating ability in the aging kidney. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment: SAGE KE 2003, PE15.
209. Scalera F., Borlak J., Beckmann B., Martens-Lobenhoffer J., Thum T., Tager M., Bode-Boger S.M. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl l-arginine accelerates endothelial cell senescence. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2004, 24:1816-1822.
210. Schaeffner E.S., Ebert N., Delanaye P., Frei U., Gaedeke J., Jakob O., Kuhlmann M.K., Schuchardt M., Tolle M., Ziebig R., van der Giet M., Martus P. Two novel equations to estimate kidney function in persons aged 70 years or older. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012, 157:471-481.
211. Schmitt R., Cantley L.G. The impact of aging on kidney repair. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2008, 294:F1265-F1272.
212. Semba R.D., Ferrucci L., Fink J.C., Sun K., Beck J., Dalal M., Guralnik J.M., Fried L.P. Advanced glycation end products and their circulating receptors and level of kidney function in older community-dwelling women. American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2009, 53:51-58.
213. Semba R.D., Fink J.C., Sun K., Windham B.G., Ferrucci L. Serum carboxymethyl-lysine, a dominant advanced glycation end product, is associated with chronic kidney disease: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Journal of Renal Nutrition: The Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation 2010, 20:74-81.
214. Shan H., Bai X., Chen X. Angiotensin II induces endothelial cell senescence via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cell Biochemistry and Function 2008, 26:459-466.
215. Shan H.Y., Bai X.J., Chen X.M. Apoptosis is involved in the senescence of endothelial cells induced by angiotensin II. Cell Biology International 2008, 32:264-270.
216. Shlipak M.G., Katz R., Kestenbaum B., Fried L.F., Siscovick D., Sarnak M.J. Clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease and kidney function decline in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204:298-303.
217. Shurin G.V., Yurkovetsky Z.R., Chatta G.S., Tourkova I.L., Shurin M.R., Lokshin A.E. Dynamic alteration of soluble serum biomarkers in healthy aging. Cytokine 2007, 39:123-129.
218. Skott P., Ingerslev J., Damkjaer Nielsen M., Giese J. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal 85-year-old people. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1987, 47:69-74.
219. Smeets B., Uhlig S., Fuss A., Mooren F., Wetzels J.F., Floege J., Moeller M.J. Tracing the origin of glomerular extracapillary lesions from parietal epithelial cells. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009, 20:2604-2615.
220. Smith H. The Kidney: Structure and Function in Health and Disease 1951, Oxford Medical Publications, New York.
221. Smith S.M., Hoy W.E., Cobb L. Low incidence of glomerulosclerosis in normal kidneys. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 1989, 113:1253-1255.
222. Steffes M.W., Schmidt D., McCrery R., Basgen J.M., International Diabetic Nephropathy Study G. Glomerular cell number in normal subjects and in type 1 diabetic patients. Kidney International 2001, 59:2104-2113.
223. Swedko P.J., Clark H.D., Paramsothy K., Akbari A. Serum creatinine is an inadequate screening test for renal failure in elderly patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003, 163:356-360.
224. Swenson K.L., Sands J.M., Jacobs J.D., Sladek C.D. Effect of aging on vasopressin and aquaporin responses to dehydration in Fischer 344-brown-Norway F1 rats. American Journal of Physiology 1997, 273:R35-R40.
225. Tada S., Yamagishi J., Kobayashi H., Hata Y., Kobari T. The incidence of simple renal cyst by computed tomography. Clinical Radiology 1983, 34:437-439.
226. Tan D., Cernadas M.R., Aragoncillo P., Castilla M.A., Alvarez Arroyo M.V., Lopez Farre A.J., Casado S., Caramelo C. Role of nitric oxide-related mechanisms in renal function in ageing rats. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 1998, 13:594-601.
227. Tan J.C., Workeneh B., Busque S., Blouch K., Derby G., Myers B.D. Glomerular function, structure, and number in renal allografts from older deceased donors. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009, 20:181-188.
228. Tanaka A., Kyokuwa M., Mori T., Kawashima S. Acceleration of renal dysfunction with ageing by the use of androgen in Wistar/Tw rats. In Vivo 1995, 9:495-502.
229. Tanaka T., Kato H., Kojima I., Ohse T., Son D., Tawakami T., Yatagawa T., Inagi R., Fujita T., Nangaku M. Hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in the aging kidney. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006, 61:795-805.
230. Tauchi H., Tsuboi K., Okutomi J. Age changes in the human kidney of the different races. Gerontologia 1971, 17:87-97.
231. Thomas S.E., Anderson S., Gordon K.L., Oyama T.T., Shankland S.J., Johnson R.J. Tubulointerstitial disease in aging: evidence for underlying peritubular capillary damage, a potential role for renal ischemia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1998, 9:231-242.
232. Tian Y., Serino R., Verbalis J.G. Downregulation of renal vasopressin V2 receptor and aquaporin-2 expression parallels age-associated defects in urine concentration. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2004, 287:F797-F805.
233. Tracy R.E. The heterogeneity of vascular findings in the kidneys of patients with benign essential hypertension. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplant: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 1999, 14:1634-1639.
234. Tsuboi N., Kawamura T., Koike K., Okonogi H., Hirano K., Hamaguchi A., Miyazaki Y., Ogura M., Joh K., Utsunomiya Y., Hosoya T. Glomerular density in renal biopsy specimens predicts the long-term prognosis of IgA nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2010, 5:39-44.
235. Tsuboi N., Kawamura T., Miyazaki Y., Utsunomiya Y., Hosoya T. Low glomerular density is a risk factor for progression in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplant: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2011, 26:3555-3560.
236. Tsujikawa H., Kurotaki Y., Fujimori T., Fukuda K., Nabeshima Y. Klotho, a gene related to a syndrome resembling human premature aging, functions in a negative regulatory circuit of vitamin D endocrine system. Molecular Endocrinology 2003, 17:2393-2403.
237. Tsunoda K., Abe K., Goto T., Yasujima M., Sato M., Omata K., Seino M., Yoshinaga K. Effect of age on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal subjects: simultaneous measurement of active and inactive renin, renin substrate, and aldosterone in plasma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986, 62:384-389.
238. Van Pottelbergh G., Mathei C., Vaes B., Adriaensen W., Gruson D., Degryse J.M. The influence of renal function on vitamin D metabolism in the very elderly. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2013, 17:107-111.
239. Verbeke P., Perichon M., Friguet B., Bakala H. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity by early and advanced glycation end products in cultured rabbit proximal tubular epithelial cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000, 1502:481-494.
240. Walford R.L., Mock D., Verdery R., MacCallum T. Calorie restriction in biosphere 2: alterations in physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters in humans restricted for a 2-year period. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2002, 57:B211-B224.
241. Weidmann P., Beretta-Piccoli C., Ziegler W.H., Keusch G., Gluck Z., Reubi F.C. Age versus urinary sodium for judging renin, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels: studies in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Kidney International 1978, 14:619-628.
242. Westhoff J.H., Schildhorn C., Jacobi C., Homme M., Hartner A., Braun H., Kryzer C., Wang C., von Zglinicki T., Kranzlin B., Gretz N., Melk A. Telomere shortening reduces regenerative capacity after acute kidney injury. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010, 21:327-336.
243. Wetzels J.F., Kiemeney L.A., Swinkels D.W., Willems H.L., den Heijer M. Age- and gender-specific reference values of estimated GFR in Caucasians: the Nijmegen Biomedical Study. Kidney International 2007, 72:632-637.
244. Wharram B.L., Goyal M., Wiggins J.E., Sanden S.K., Hussain S., Filipiak W.E., Saunders T.L., Dysko R.C., Kohno K., Holzman L.B., Wiggins R.C. Podocyte depletion causes glomerulosclerosis: diphtheria toxin-induced podocyte depletion in rats expressing human diphtheria toxin receptor transgene. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005, 16:2941-2952.
245. Wieczorowska-Tobis K., Niemir Z.I., Guzik P., Breborowicz A., Oreopoulos D.G. Difference in estimated GFR with two different formulas in elderly individuals. International Urology and Nephrology 2006, 38:381-385.
246. Wiggins J.E., Goyal M., Sanden S.K., Wharram B.L., Shedden K.A., Misek D.E., Kuick R.D., Wiggins R.C. Podocyte hypertrophy, adaptation, and decompensation associated with glomerular enlargement and glomerulosclerosis in the aging rat: prevention by calorie restriction. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005, 16:2953-2966.
247. Wiggins J.E., Goyal M., Wharram B.L., Wiggins R.C. Antioxidant ceruloplasmin is expressed by glomerular parietal epithelial cells and secreted into urine in association with glomerular aging and high-calorie diet. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006, 17:1382-1387.
248. Wiggins J.E., Patel S.R., Shedden K.A., Goyal M., Wharram B.L., Martini S., Kretzler M., Wiggins R.C. NFkappaB promotes inflammation, coagulation, and fibrosis in the aging glomerulus. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010, 21:587-597.
249. Xiong Y., Yuan L.W., Deng H.W., Li Y.J., Chen B.M. Elevated serum endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and endothelial dysfunction in aged rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2001, 28:842-847.
250. Yamada H., Sacktor B., Kinsella J. Age-associated changes in ammoniagenesis in isolated rat renal tubule segments. American Journal of Physiology 1992, 262:F600-F605.
251. Yang H.C., Deleuze S., Zuo Y., Potthoff S.A., Ma L.J., Fogo A.B. The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009, 20:2380-2388.
252. Yumura W., Imasawa T., Suganuma S., Ishigami A., Handa S., Kubo S., Joh K., Maruyama N. Accelerated tubular cell senescence in SMP30 knockout mice. Histology and Histopathology 2006, 21:1151-1156.
253. Zhang J.H., Zhang Y., Herman B. Caspases, apoptosis and aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2003, 2:357-366.
254. Zhang X.Z., Qiu C., Baylis C. Sensitivity of the segmental renal arterioles to angiotensin II in the aging rat. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1997, 97:183-192.
255. Zhou X.J., Rakheja D., Yu X., Saxena R., Vaziri N.D., Silva F.G. The aging kidney. Kidney International 2008, 74:710-720.
256. Zhou X.J., Saxena R., Liu Z., Vaziri N.D., Silva F.G. Renal senescence in 2008: progress and challenges. International Urology and Nephrology 2008, 40:823-839.
257. Zhou X.J., Vaziri N.D., Zhang J., Wang H.W., Wang X.Q. Association of renal injury with nitric oxide deficiency in aged SHR: prevention by hypertension control with AT1 blockade. Kidney International 2002, 62:914-921.
258. Zhuo L., Cai G., Liu F., Fu B., Liu W., Hong Q., Ma Q., Peng Y., Wang J., Chen X. Expression and mechanism of mammalian target of rapamycin in age-related renal cell senescence and organ aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2009, 130:700-708.