Hypothyroidism and depression: Salient aspects of pathogenesis and management

Minerva Endocrinologica

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 365-377

  Duntas, L H ^a   Maillis, A ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b Institute (UMHRI EPIPSI) Athens   (Greece)

^c ONASSIS CARDIAC SURGERY CENTER   (Greece)

Author keywords

Depression; Hypothyroidism; Thyroid stimulating hormone; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Indexed keywords

AGE FACTORS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; AUTOANTIBODIES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DRUG RESISTANCE; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; THYROXINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIIODOTHYRONINE;

EID: 84894345176     PISSN: 03911977     EISSN: 18271634     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Doyle L. "Myxoedema: some early reports and contributions by British authors 1873-1898". J Royal Soc Med 1991;84:103-6.
2. Lindholm J, Laurberg P. Hypothyroidism and thyroid substitution: historical aspects. J Thyroid Res 2011;1-10.
3. th edition. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia; 1991. 1078-83.
4. Inglis T. Two cases of myxedema. Lancet 1880;2:496.
5. Report of a Committee of the Clinical Society of London Report on Myxoedema Trans Clin Soc (Suppl) (Lond) 1888;21:18.
6. Cronin AJ. The Citadel 1937.
7. Asher R. Myxoedematous madness. Br Med J 1949;2:555-62.
8. Bruns P. Ueber die Kropfbehandlung mit Schilddrue-senfutterung. Dtsch med. Wochenschr 1894;41:785-6.
9. Jellinek EH. Fits, faints, coma, and dementia in myxoedema. Lancet 1962;2:1010-2.
10. Geracioti TD Jr. Identifying hypothyroidism's psychiatric presentations. Curr Psych 2006;5.98-117.
11. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM. Epidemiology and prevention of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2002;12:839-47. (Pubitemid 35332987)
12. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC 2000 The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 160:526-34. (Pubitemid 30112276)
13. Davis JD, Tremont G. Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility. Minerva Endocrinol 2007;32:49-65.
14. Demartini B, Masu A, Scarone S, Pontiroli AE, Gambini O. Prevalence of depression in patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism. Panminerva Medica, 2010;52:277-82.
15. Haggerty JJ Jr, Stern RA, Mason GA, Beckwith J, Morey CE, Prange AJ Jr. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a modifiable risk factor for depression? Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:508-10. (Pubitemid 23072484)
16. Constant EL, Adam S, Seron X, Bruyer R, Seghers A, Daumerie C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11:535-44. (Pubitemid 41478986)
17. Williams MD, Harris R, Dayan CM, Evans J, Gallacher J, Ben-Shlomo Y. Thyroid function and the natural history of depression.findings from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS) and a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol 2009;70:484-92.
18. Hu LY, Shen CC, Hu YW, Chen MH, Tsai CF, Chiang HL et al. Hyperthyroidism and risk for bipolar disorders: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2013;30:e73057.
19. Johnson LA, Hobson V, Jenkins M, Dentino A, Ragain RM, O'Bryant S. The influence of thyroid function on cognition in a sample of ethnically diverse, rural-dwelling women: a project FRONTIER study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;23:219-22.
20. Scheinberg P, Stead EA Jr, Brannon ES, Warren JV. Correlative observations on cerebral metabolism and cardiac output in myxedema. J Clin Invest 1950;29:1139-46.
21. Constant EL, de Volder AG, Ivanoiu A, Bol A, Labar D, Seghers A et al. Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in hypothyroidisms positron emission tomography study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3864-70. (Pubitemid 32755990)
22. Bauer M, Silverman DH, Schlagenhauf F, London ED, Geist CL, van Herle K et al. Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidisms positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2922-9.
23. Piga M, Serra A, Deiana L, Loi GL, Satta L, Di Liberto M et al. Brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1639-44. (Pubitemid 40104610)
24. Hardoy MC, Cadeddu M, Serra A, Moro MF, Mura G, Mellino G et al. A pattern of cerebral perfusion anomalies between major depressive disorder and Hashimoto thyroiditis BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:148.
25. Bocchetta A, Tamburini G, Cavolina P, Serra A, Loviselli A, Piga M. Affective psychosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and brain perfusion abnormalities: case report. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2007;3:31.
26. Tahmasian M, Knight DC, Manoliu A, Schwerthöffer D, Scherr M, Meng C et al. Aberrant intrinsic connectivity of hippocampus and amygdala overlap in the fronto-insular and dorsomedial-prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:639.
27. Pilhatsch M, Marxen M, Winter C, Smolka MN, Bauer M. Hypothyroidism and mood disorders: integrating novel insights from brain imaging techniques. Thyroid Res 2011;4(Suppl 1):S3.
28. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, Tun TK, Phelan N, Feeney J et al. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3789-97.
29. Zhu DF, Wang ZX, Zhang DR, Pan ZL, He S, Hu XP, Chen XC, Zhou JN. fMRI revealed neural substrate for reversible working memory dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism. Brain 2006;129:2923-30. (Pubitemid 44684513)
30. Dixson L, Ridler K, Nichols TE, Saemann PG, Auer DP, Holsboer F et al. Thyroid hormone transporter genes and grey matter changes in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011;36:929-34.
31. Carta MG, Coppo P, Reda MA, Hardoy MC, Carpiniello B. Depression and social change. From transcultural psychiatry to a constructivist model. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2001;10:46-58. (Pubitemid 32417192)
32. Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Boi MF, Mariotti S, Carpiniello B, Usai P. Association between panic disorder, major depressive disorder and celiac diseases possible role of thyroid autoimmunity. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:789-93.
33. Haggerty JJ Jr, Silva SG, Marquardt M, Mason GA, Chang HY, Evans DL et al. Prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in mood disorders. Depress Anxiety 1997;5:91-6. (Pubitemid 28079923)
34. van de Ven AC, Muntjewerff JW, Netea-Maier RT, de Vegt F, Ross HA, Sweep FC et al. Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;126:377-84.
35. Engum A, Bjøro T, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Thyroid autoimmunity, depression and anxiety;are there any connections? An epidemiological study of a large population. J Psychosom Res 2005;59:263-8. (Pubitemid 41531377)
36. Pop VJ, Wijnen HA, Lapkienne L, Bunivicius R, Vader HL, Essed GG. The relation between gestational thyroid parameters and depression: a reflection of the downregulation of the immune system during pregnancy? Thyroid 2006;16:485-92.
37. Kent GN, Stuckey BG, Allen JR, Lambert T, Gee V. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction: clinical assessment and relationship to psychiatric affective morbidity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:429-38. (Pubitemid 29513309)
38. Le Donne M, Settineri S, Benvenga S. Early pospartum alexithymia and risk for depression: relationship with serum thyrotropin, free thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:519-33.
39. Feldman AZ, Shrestha RT, Hennessey JV. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013;42:453-76.
40. Tata JR. How specific are nuclear «receptors» for thyroid hormones? Nature 1975;257:18-23.
41. Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Sterling K. Conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in athyreotic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1970;49:855-64.
42. Feldman AZ, Shrestha RT, Hennessey JV. Neuropsychiatrie manifestations of thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013;42:453-76.
43. Duval F, Mokrani MC, Crocq MA. What future for neuroendocrinology in psychiatry? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38:1213-9.
44. Swaab DF, Bao AM, Lucassen PJ. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2005;4:141-94. (Pubitemid 41114861)
45. Kirkegaard C, Korner AC, Faber J. Increased production of thyroxine and inappropriately elevated serum thyrotropin in levels in endogenous depression. Biol Psych 1990;27:472-76. (Pubitemid 20091990)
46. Bartalena L, Placidi GF, Martino E, Falcone M, Pellegrini L, Dell'Osso L et al. Nocturnal serum thyrotropin (TSH) surge and the TSH response to TSH-releasing hormone: dissociated behavior in untreated depressives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71.650-5.
47. Otsuki M, Dakoda M, Baba S. Influence of glucocorticoids on TRF-induced TSH response in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973;36:95-102.
48. Loosen PT, Prange AJ. Serum thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in psychiatric patients: a review. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:405-16. (Pubitemid 12141031)
49. Kirkegaard C, Nojrlem N, Lauridsen UB, Bjorum N. Prognostic value of thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975;52:170-7.
50. Tsuru J, Ishitobi Y, Ninomiya T, Kanehisa M, Imanaga J, Inoue A et al. The thyrotropin-releasing hormone test may predict recurrence of clinical depression within ten years after discharge. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013;34:409-17.
51. Jackson Ivor MD. The Thyroid Axis and Depression. Thyroid 1998;8:951-6.
52. Sun Y, Zupan B, Raaka BM, Toth M, Gershengorn MC, Sun Y et al. TRH-receptor-type-2-deficient mice are euthyroid and exhibit increased depression and reduced anxiety phenotypes. Neuropsyhopharmacology 2009;34:1601-8.
53. Fliers E, Unmehopa UA, Alkemade A. Functional neuroanatomy of thyroid hormone feedback in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006;251:1-8. (Pubitemid 43728839)
54. Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Fliers E. Thyroid hormone receptors in health and disease. Minerva Endocrinol 2012;37:291-304.
55. Visser WE, van Mullem AA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Different causes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: diagnosis and clinical management. Clin Endocrinol 2013;79:595-605.
56. Mayerl S, Visser TJ, Darras VM, Horn S, Heuer H. Impact of Oatplcl deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism and action in the mouse brain. Endocrinology 2012;153:1528-37.
57. van der Deure WM, Appelhof BC, Peeters RP, Wiersinga WM, Wekking EM, Huyser J et al. Polymorphisms in the brain-specific thyroid hormone transporter OATP1C1 are associated with fatigue and depression in hypothyroid patients. Clin Endocrinol 2008;69:804-11.
58. Dayan CM, Panicker V. Novel insights into thyroid hormones from the study of common genetic variation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009;5:211-8.
59. Sullivan GM, Hatterer JA, Herbert J, Chen X, Roose SP, Attia E et al. Low levels of transthyretin in the CSF of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156: 710-5. (Pubitemid 29220068)
60. Kulikov AV, Jeanningro R. The effects of hypothyroidism on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors and the serotonin transporter protein in the rat brain. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2001;31:445-9. (Pubitemid 32754986)
61. Asberg M. Neurotransmitters and suicidal behavior. The evidence from cerebrospinal fluid studies. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;836:158-81. (Pubitemid 28044024)
62. Olivares EL, Silva-Almeida C, Pestana FM, Sonoda-Côrtes R, Araujo IG, Rodrigues NC et al. Social stress-induced hypothyroidism is attenuated by antidepressant treatment in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:446-56.
63. Hassan WA, Aly MS, Rahman TA, Shahat AS. Impact of experimental hypothyroidism on monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues of young and adult male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013;31:225-33.
64. Davis JD, Tremont G. Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility. Minerva Endocrinol 2007;32:49-65.
65. Osterweil D, Syndulko K, Cohen SN, Pettier-Jennings PD, Hershman JM, Cummings JL et al. Cognitive function in non-demented older adults with hypothyroidism. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:325-35.
66. Linnoila M, Lamberg BA, Potter WZ. High reverse T3 levels in manic and unipolar depressed women. Psychiatry Research, 1982;6:271-6. (Pubitemid 12011987)
67. Premachandra, BN, Kabir MA, Williams IK. Low T3 syndrome in psychiatric depression. J Endocrinol Investigation 2009;29:568-72.
68. Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Pruneti CA, Pucci E, Luisi M et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clin Investig 1993;71:367-71. (Pubitemid 23142835)
69. Bono G, Fancellu R, Blandini F, Santoro G, Mauri M. Cognitive and affective status in mild hypothyroidism and interactions with L-thyroxine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;110:59-66. (Pubitemid 38850557)
70. Volpato S, Guralnik JM, Fried LP, Remaley AT, Cappola AR, Launer LJ. Serum thyroxine level and cognitive decline in euthyroid older women. Neurology 2002;58:1055-61. (Pubitemid 34298545)
71. Jorde R, Waterloo K, Storhaug H, Nyrnes A, Sundsfjord J, Jenssen TG. Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:145-53. (Pubitemid 43069130)
72. Kramer CK, von Mühlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Treated hypothyroidism, cognitive function, and depressed mood in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:917-21.
73. Parle J, Roberts L, Wilson S, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Haque MS et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Birmingham Elderly Thyroid study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:3623-32.
74. Gan EH, Pearce SH. Clinical review: The thyroid in mind: cognitive function and low thyrotropin in older people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:3438-49.
75. Panicker V, Evans J, Bjoro T, Asvold BO, Dayan CM, Bjerkeset O. A paradoxical difference in relationship between anxiety, depression and thyroid function in subjects on and not on T4: findings from the HUNT study. Clin Endocrinol 2009;71:574-80.
76. Wiersinga WM, Duntas LH, Fadeyev V, Nygaard B, Vanderpump MPJ. 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4+L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2012;1:55-71.
77. Sawka AM, Gerstein HC, Marriott MJ, MacQueen GM, Joffe RT. Does a combination regimen of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine improve depressive symptoms better than T4 alone in patients with hypothyroidism? Results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88: 4551-5. (Pubitemid 37357491)
78. Siegmund W, Spieker K, Weike AI, Giessmann T, Modess C, Dabers T et al. Replacement therapy with levothyroxine plus triiodothyronine (bioavailable molar ratio 14:1) is not superior to thyroxine alone to improve well-being and cognitive performance in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;60: 750-7. (Pubitemid 38788084)
79. Chaput JP, Arguin H, Gagnon C, Tremblay A. Increase in depression symptoms with weight loss: association with glucose homeostasis and thyroid function. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:86-92.
80. Carvalho AF, Machado JR, Cavalcante JL Augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2009;22:7-12.
81. Abraham G, Milev R, Stuart Lawson J. T3 augmentation of SSRI resistant depression. Abraham G, Milev R, Stuart Lawson J. J Affect Disord 2006,91:211-5.
82. Prange AJ JR, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, Lipton MA. Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone. Am J Psychiatry 1969;126:457-69.
83. Fang Y, Yuan C, Xu Y, Chen J, Wu Z, Cao L et al. OPERATION Study Team. A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine augmented with risperidone, valproate, buspirone, trazodone, or thyroid hormone in adult Chinese patients with treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;31:638-42.
84. de Carvalho GA, Bahls SC, Boeving A, Graf H. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on thyroid function in depressed patients with primary hypothyroidism or normal thyroid function. Thyroid 2009;19:691-7.
85. Papakostas GI, Cooper-Kazaz R, Appelhof BC, Posternak MA, Johnson DP, Klibanski A et al. Simultaneous initiation (coinitiation) of pharmacotherapy with triiodothyronine and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for major depressive disorder: a quantitative synthesis of double-blind studies. Intern Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;24:19-25.
86. Cooper-Kazaz R, van der Deure WM, Medici M, Visser TJ, Alkelai A, Glaser B et al. Preliminary evidence that a functional polymorphism in type 1 deiodinase is associated with enhanced potentiation of the antidepressant effect of sertraline by triiodothyronine, J Affect Disord 2009;116:113-6.
87. Panicker V, Saravanan P, Vaida B, Evans J, Hattersley AT, Frayling TM et al. Common variation in the DI02 gene predicts baseline psychological well-being and response to combination thyroxine plus triiodothyronine therapy in hypothyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;9:1623-9.
88. Philibert RA, Beach SR, Gunter TD, Todorov AA, Brody GH, Vijayendran M et al. The relationship of deiodinase 1 genotype and thyroid function to lifetime history of major depression in three independent populations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156B:593-9.