Recent developments in antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 infection

Journal of Biomedical Science

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Tan, Chee Wah ^a   Lai, Jeffrey Kam Fatt ^a   Sam, I Ching ^a   Chan, Yoke Fun ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Antiviral; Enterovirus; Enterovirus 71; Hand, foot and mouth disease; Neurological complications; Virus replication cycle

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; RNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE;

CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; ENTEROVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION; GENETICS; HUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; ENTEROVIRUS A, HUMAN; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; RNA REPLICASE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84893675307     PISSN: 10217770     EISSN: 14230127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-14     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus. Brown BA, Pallansch MA, Virus Res 1995 39 195 205 10.1016/0168-1702(95)00087-9 8837884 (Pubitemid 26054785)
2. Crystal structure of human enterovirus 71. Plevka P, Perera R, Cardosa J, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG, Science 2012 336 1274 10.1126/science.1218713 22383808
3. Enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease in Bulgaria. Chumakov M, Voroshilova M, Shindarov L, Lavrova I, Gracheva L, Koroleva G, Vasilenko S, Brodvarova I, Nikolova M, Gyurova S, et al. Arch Virol 1979 60 329 340 10.1007/BF01317504 228639 (Pubitemid 9221445)
4. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathomorphological characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. Shindarov LM, Chumakov MP, Voroshilova MK, Bojinov S, Vasilenko SM, Iordanov I, Kirov ID, Kamenov E, Leshchinskaya EV, Mitov G, et al. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1979 23 284 295 231067 (Pubitemid 10151251)
5. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: experiences gained during an epidemic of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in 1978. Nagy G, Takatsy S, Kukan E, Mihaly I, Domok I, Arch Virol 1982 71 217 227 10.1007/BF01314873 6285858 (Pubitemid 12072656)
6. Enterovirus 71 in Taiwan, 2004-2006: epidemiological and virological features. Huang KY, Zhang X, Chung PH, Tsao KC, Lin TY, Su LH, Chiu CH, Scand J Infect Dis 2008 40 571 574 10.1080/00365540701799359 18584550 (Pubitemid 351997680)
7. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998. Brown BA, Oberste MS, Alexander JP Jr, Kennett ML, Pallansch MA, J Virol 1999 73 9969 9975 10559310
8. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE, Emerg Infect Dis 2003 9 78 85 10.3201/eid1301.020112 12533285 (Pubitemid 36110205)
9. Identification of enterovirus 71 isolates from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with fatal cases of encephalomyelitis in Malaysia. AbuBakar S, Chee HY, Al-Kobaisi MF, Xiaoshan J, Chua KB, Lam SK, Virus Res 1999 61 1 9 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00019-2 10426204 (Pubitemid 29276867)
10. The persistent circulation of enterovirus 71 in People's Republic of China: causing emerging nationwide epidemics since 2008. Tan X, Huang X, Zhu S, Chen H, Yu Q, Wang H, Huo X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Yan D, et al. PLoS One 2011 6 25662 10.1371/journal.pone.0025662 21980521
11. An outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with subgenotype C4 of human enterovirus 71 in Shandong, China. Zhang Y, Tan XJ, Wang HY, Yan DM, Zhu SL, Wang DY, Ji F, Wang XJ, Gao YJ, Chen L, et al. J Clin Virol 2009 44 262 267 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.02.002 19269888
12. Emergence and transmission pathways of rapidly evolving evolutionary branch C4a strains of human enterovirus 71 in the Central Plain of China. Zhang Y, Wang J, Guo W, Wang H, Zhu S, Wang D, Bai R, Li X, Yan D, Zhu Z, et al. PLoS One 2011 6 27895 10.1371/journal.pone.0027895 22125635
13. An emerging recombinant human enterovirus 71 responsible for the 2008 outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease in Fuyang city of China. Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Yang W, Ren J, Tan X, Wang Y, Mao N, Xu S, Zhu S, Cui A, et al. Virol J 2010 7 94 10.1186/1743-422X-7-94 20459851
14. Study on the association of hand, foot and mouth disease and enterovirus 71/CA16 among children in Beijing, 2007. Zhu RN, Qian Y, Deng J, Xing JF, Zhao LQ, Wang F, Liao B, Ren XX, Li Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2007 28 1004 1008 18399150
15. Genetic and antigenic characterization of enterovirus 71 in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, 2011. le Thoa PK, Chiang PS, Khanh TH, Luo ST, Dan TN, Wang YF, Thuong TC, Chung WY, Hung NT, Wang JR, et al. PLoS One 2013 8 69895 10.1371/journal.pone.0069895 23922846
16. Enterovirus 71 causes hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in Cambodia. Biswas T, Natl Med J India 2012 25 316 23448647
17. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T, Lancet Neurol 2010 9 1097 1105 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X 20965438
18. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, McMinn P, Ooi MH, Lancet Infect Dis 2010 10 778 790 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70194-8 20961813
19. Clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary oedema after enterovirus-71-related hand, foot, and mouth disease. Chang LY, Lin TY, Hsu KH, Huang YC, Lin KL, Hsueh C, Shih SR, Ning HC, Hwang MS, Wang HS, Lee CY, Lancet 1999 354 1682 1686 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04434-7 10568570 (Pubitemid 29533058)
20. Neurodevelopment and cognition in children after enterovirus 71 infection. Chang LY, Huang LM, Gau SS, Wu YY, Hsia SH, Fan TY, Lin KL, Huang YC, Lu CY, Lin TY, N Engl J Med 2007 356 1226 1234 10.1056/NEJMoa065954 17377160 (Pubitemid 46465598)
21. Antiviral drug discovery for the treatment of enterovirus 71 infections. Shang LQ, Xu MY, Yin Z, Antiviral Res 2013 97 183 194 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012. 12.005 23261847
22. Strategies to develop antivirals against enterovirus 71. Kuo RL, Shih SR, Virol J 2013 10 28 10.1186/1743-422X-10-28 23339605
23. Production of EV71 vaccine candidates. Chong P, Hsieh SY, Liu CC, Chou AH, Chang JY, Wu SC, Liu SJ, Chow YH, Su IJ, Klein M, Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012 8 1775 1783 10.4161/hv.21739 22992566
24. Virus receptors: binding, adhesion strengthening, and changes in viral structure. Haywood AM, J Virol 1994 68 1 5 8254718
25. Enterovirus 71 uses cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan as an attachment receptor. Tan CW, Poh CL, Sam IC, Chan YF, J Virol 2013 87 611 620 10.1128/JVI.02226-12 23097443
26. Sialylated glycans as receptor and inhibitor of enterovirus 71 infection to DLD-1 intestinal cells. Yang B, Chuang H, Yang KD, Virol J 2009 6 141 10.1186/1743-422X-6-141 19751532
27. Cell surface sialylation affects binding of enterovirus 71 to rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. Su PY, Liu YT, Chang HY, Huang SW, Wang YF, Yu CK, Wang JR, Chang CF, BMC Microbiol 2012 12 162 10.1186/1471-2180-12-162 22853823
28. Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71. Yamayoshi S, Yamashita Y, Li J, Hanagata N, Minowa T, Takemura T, Koike S, Nat Med 2009 15 798 801 10.1038/nm.1992 19543282
29. Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71. Nishimura Y, Shimojima M, Tano Y, Miyamura T, Wakita T, Shimizu H, Nat Med 2009 15 794 797 10.1038/nm.1961 19543284
30. Functional comparison of SCARB2 and PSGL1 as receptors for enterovirus 71. Yamayoshi S, Ohka S, Fujii K, Koike S, J Virol 2013 87 3335 3347 10.1128/JVI.02070-12 23302872
31. Molecular determinants of enterovirus 71 viral entry: cleft around GLN-172 on VP1 protein interacts with variable region on scavenge receptor B 2. Chen P, Song Z, Qi Y, Feng X, Xu N, Sun Y, Wu X, Yao X, Mao Q, Li X, et al. J Biol Chem 2012 287 6406 6420 10.1074/jbc.M111.301622 22219187
32. Human SCARB2 transgenic mice as an infectious animal model for enterovirus 71. Lin YW, Yu SL, Shao HY, Lin HY, Liu CC, Hsiao KN, Chitra E, Tsou YL, Chang HW, Sia C, et al. PLoS One 2013 8 57591 10.1371/journal.pone.0057591 23451246
33. Transgenic mouse model for the study of enterovirus 71 neuropathogenesis. Fujii K, Nagata N, Sato Y, Ong KC, Wong KT, Yamayoshi S, Shimanuki M, Shitara H, Taya C, Koike S, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 110 14753 14758 10.1073/pnas.1217563110 23959904
34. Caveolar endocytosis is required for human PSGL-1-mediated enterovirus 71 infection. Lin HY, Yang YT, Yu SL, Hsiao KN, Liu CC, Sia C, Chow YH, J Virol 2013 87 9064 9076 10.1128/JVI.00573-13 23760234
35. Transgenic expression of human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is not sufficient for enterovirus 71 infection in mice. Liu J, Dong W, Quan X, Ma C, Qin C, Zhang L, Arch Virol 2012 157 539 543 10.1007/s00705-011-1198-2 22187102
36. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of heparan sulphate mimetic compounds against enterovirus 71. Pourianfar HR, Poh CL, Fecondo J, Grollo L, Virus Res 2012 169 22 29 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.025 22771616
37. Characterization of pharmacologically active compounds that inhibit poliovirus and enterovirus 71 infectivity. Arita M, Wakita T, Shimizu H, J Gen Virol 2008 89 2518 2530 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002915-0 18796721
38. Prevention of human enterovirus 71 infection by kappa carrageenan. Chiu YH, Chan YL, Tsai LW, Li TL, Wu CJ, Antiviral Res 2012 95 128 134 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.009 22643729
39. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections by a novel antiviral peptide derived from EV-71 capsid protein VP1. Tan CW, Chan YF, Sim KM, Tan EL, Poh CL, PLoS One 2012 7 34589 10.1371/journal.pone.0034589 22563456
40. Anti-heparan sulfate peptides that block herpes simplex virus infection in vivo. Tiwari V, Liu J, Valyi-Nagy T, Shukla D, J Biol Chem 2011 286 25406 25415 10.1074/jbc.M110.201103 21596749
41. Recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects neonatal mice from a lethal challenge with enterovirus type 71. Chen HL, Wang LC, Chang CH, Yen CC, Cheng WT, Wu SC, Hung CM, Kuo MF, Chen CM, Vaccine 2008 26 891 898 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.013 18207613
42. Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. Lin TY, Chu C, Chiu CH, J Infect Dis 2002 186 1161 1164 10.1086/343809 12355368 (Pubitemid 35177120)
43. Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection by binding to VP1 protein and host cells. Weng TY, Chen LC, Shyu HW, Chen SH, Wang JR, Yu CK, Lei HY, Yeh TM, Antiviral Res 2005 67 31 37 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.03.005 15916817 (Pubitemid 40798916)
44. The enterovirus 71 A-particle forms a gateway to allow genome release: a cryoEM study of picornavirus uncoating. Shingler KL, Yoder JL, Carnegie MS, Ashley RE, Makhov AM, Conway JF, Hafenstein S, PLoS Pathog 2013 9 1003240 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003240 23555253
45. Prevention of rhinovirus and poliovirus uncoating by WIN 51711, a new antiviral drug. Fox MP, Otto MJ, McKinlay MA, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986 30 110 116 10.1128/AAC.30.1.110 3019232 (Pubitemid 16097385)
46. Use of WIN 51711 to prevent echovirus type 9-induced paralysis in suckling mice. McKinlay MA, Frank JA Jr, Benziger DP, Steinberg BA, J Infect Dis 1986 154 676 681 10.1093/infdis/154.4.676 3745975 (Pubitemid 16032417)
47. Treatment of coxsackievirus A9 myocarditis in mice with WIN 54954. See DM, Tilles JG, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992 36 425 428 10.1128/AAC.36.2.425 1318683
48. Structure of human enterovirus 71 in complex with a capsid-binding inhibitor. Plevka P, Perera R, Yap ML, Cardosa J, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 110 5463 5467 10.1073/pnas.1222379110 23509286
49. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of pyridyl imidazolidinones: a novel class of potent and selective human enterovirus 71 inhibitors. Shia KS, Li WT, Chang CM, Hsu MC, Chern JH, Leong MK, Tseng SN, Lee CC, Lee YC, Chen SJ, et al. J Med Chem 2002 45 1644 1655 10.1021/jm010536a 11931618 (Pubitemid 34293529)
50. Selective human enterovirus and rhinovirus inhibitors: an overview of capsid-binding and protease-inhibiting molecules. Shih SR, Chen SJ, Hakimelahi GH, Liu HJ, Tseng CT, Shia KS, Med Res Rev 2004 24 449 474 10.1002/med.10067 15170592 (Pubitemid 38802698)
51. Mutation in enterovirus 71 capsid protein VP1 confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of pyridyl imidazolidinone. Shih SR, Tsai MC, Tseng SN, Won KF, Shia KS, Li WT, Chern JH, Chen GW, Lee CC, Lee YC, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 48 3523 3529 10.1128/AAC.48.9.3523-3529.2004 15328120 (Pubitemid 39129354)
52. Antiviral activity of pyridyl imidazolidinones against enterovirus 71 variants. Chen TC, Liu SC, Huang PN, Chang HY, Chern JH, Shih SR, J Biomed Sci 2008 15 291 300 10.1007/s11373-007-9228-5 18196474
53. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidines: a novel class of potent enterovirus inhibitors. Chern JH, Shia KS, Hsu TA, Tai CL, Lee CC, Lee YC, Chang CS, Tseng SN, Shih SR, Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004 14 2519 2525 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.092 15109643 (Pubitemid 38515695)
54. Design, synthesis, and antipicornavirus activity of 1-[5-(4-arylphenoxy) alkyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylimidazolidin-2-one derivatives. Chang CS, Lin YT, Shih SR, Lee CC, Lee YC, Tai CL, Tseng SN, Chern JH, J Med Chem 2005 48 3522 3535 10.1021/jm050033v 15887961 (Pubitemid 40664104)
55. Activity of pleconaril against enteroviruses. Pevear DC, Tull TM, Seipel ME, Groarke JM, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 43 2109 2115 10471549 (Pubitemid 29421185)
56. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ribavirin and pleconaril antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 infection. Zhang G, Zhou F, Gu B, Ding C, Feng D, Xie F, Wang J, Zhang C, Cao Q, Deng Y, et al. Arch Virol 2012 157 669 679 10.1007/s00705-011-1222-6 22245989
57. In vitro activity of expanded-spectrum pyridazinyl oxime ethers related to pirodavir: novel capsid-binding inhibitors with potent antipicornavirus activity. Barnard DL, Hubbard VD, Smee DF, Sidwell RW, Watson KG, Tucker SP, Reece PA, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 48 1766 1772 10.1128/AAC.48.5.1766- 1772.2004 15105133 (Pubitemid 38544387)
58. Human rhinovirus 14 complexed with antiviral compound R 61837. Chapman MS, Minor I, Rossmann MG, Diana GD, Andries K, J Mol Biol 1991 217 455 463 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90749-V 1847215 (Pubitemid 121003293)
59. Effect of chloro-, cyano-, and amidino-substituted flavanoids on enterovirus infection in vitro. Genovese D, Conti C, Tomao P, Desideri N, Stein ML, Catone S, Fiore L, Antiviral Res 1995 27 123 136 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00088- 4 7486950
60. Anti-picornavirus activity of synthetic flavon-3-yl esters. Conti C, Mastromarino P, Sgro R, Desideri N, Antivir Chem Chemother 1998 9 511 515 9865389 (Pubitemid 28556666)
61. 4′,6-Dichloroflavan (BW683C), a new anti-rhinovirus compound. Bauer DJ, Selway JW, Batchelor JF, Tisdale M, Caldwell IC, Young DA, Nature 1981 292 369 370 10.1038/292369a0 6265792 (Pubitemid 11050347)
62. Inhibition of an early stage of rhinovirus replication by dichloroflavan (BW683C). Tisdale M, Selway JW, J Gen Virol 1983 64 795 803 10.1099/0022-1317- 64-4-795 6300302 (Pubitemid 13163217)
63. Effect of dichloroflavan (BW683C) on the stability and uncoating of rhinovirus type 1B. Tisdale M, Selway JW, J Antimicrob Chemother 1984 14 Suppl A 97 105 10.1093/jac/14.suppl-A.97 (Pubitemid 15075683)
64. Enterovirus 71 contains a type I IRES element that functions when eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G is cleaved. Thompson SR, Sarnow P, Virology 2003 315 259 266 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00544-0 14592777 (Pubitemid 37340067)
65. Viral and host proteins involved in picornavirus life cycle. Lin JY, Chen TC, Weng KF, Chang SC, Chen LL, Shih SR, J Biomed Sci 2009 16 103 10.1186/1423-0127-16-103 19925687
66. RNA therapeutics: beyond RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides. Kole R, Krainer AR, Altman S, Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012 11 125 140 22262036
67. The highly conserved 5′ untranslated region as an effective target towards the inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by unmodified and appropriate 2′- modified siRNAs. Deng JX, Nie XJ, Lei YF, Ma CF, Xu DL, Li B, Xu ZK, Zhang GC, J Biomed Sci 2012 19 73 10.1186/1423-0127-19-73 22889374
68. Identification of small interfering RNAs which inhibit the replication of several enterovirus 71 strains in China. Wu Z, Yang F, Zhao R, Zhao L, Guo D, Jin Q, J Virol Methods 2009 159 233 238 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.002 19490979
69. RNA interference against enterovirus 71 infection. Sim AC, Luhur A, Tan TM, Chow VT, Poh CL, Virology 2005 341 72 79 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.047 16083932 (Pubitemid 41356576)
70. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 in virus-infected mice by RNA interference. Tan EL, Tan TM, Tak Kwong Chow V, Poh CL, Mol Ther 2007 15 1931 1938 10.1038/sj.mt.6300287 17712333 (Pubitemid 350011732)
71. Enhanced potency and efficacy of 29-mer shRNAs in inhibition of enterovirus 71. Tan EL, Tan TM, Chow VT, Poh CL, Antiviral Res 2007 74 9 15 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.01.004 17316836 (Pubitemid 46371414)
72. Selective inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by short hairpin RNAs. Lu WW, Hsu YY, Yang JY, Kung SH, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 325 494 499 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.062 15530419 (Pubitemid 39458021)
73. A morpholino oligomer targeting highly conserved internal ribosome entry site sequence is able to inhibit multiple species of picornavirus. Stone JK, Rijnbrand R, Stein DA, Ma Y, Yang Y, Iversen PL, Andino R, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 52 1970 1981 10.1128/AAC.00011-08 18347107 (Pubitemid 351758532)
74. Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 in cell cultures and in mice by peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers targeting the internal ribosome entry site. Yuan J, Stein DA, Lim T, Qiu D, Coughlin S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Blouch R, Moulton HM, Iversen PL, Yang D, J Virol 2006 80 11510 11519 10.1128/JVI.00900-06 16987987 (Pubitemid 44788866)
75. Quinacrine impairs enterovirus 71 RNA replication by preventing binding of polypyrimidine-tract binding protein with internal ribosome entry sites. Wang J, Du J, Wu Z, Jin Q, PLoS One 2013 8 52954 10.1371/journal.pone.0052954 23301007
76. Kaempferol inhibits enterovirus 71 replication and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity through FUBP and HNRP proteins. Tsai FJ, Lin CW, Lai CC, Lan YC, Lai CH, Hung CH, Hsueh KC, Lin TH, Chang HC, Wan L, et al. Food Chem 2011 128 312 322 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.022
77. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 infections and viral IRES activity by Fructus gardeniae and geniposide. Lin YJ, Lai CC, Lai CH, Sue SC, Lin CW, Hung CH, Lin TH, Hsu WY, Huang SM, Hung YL, et al. Eur J Med Chem 2013 62 206 213 23353754
78. Amantadine as a regulator of internal ribosome entry site. Chen YJ, Zeng SJ, Hsu JT, Horng JT, Yang HM, Shih SR, Chu YT, Wu TY, Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008 29 1327 1333 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00876.x 18954527
79. Influenza virus growth and antibody response in amantadine-treated mice. Davies WL, Grunert RR, Hoffmann CE, J Immunol 1965 95 1090 1094 5850540
80. Mode of action of the antiviral activity of amantadine in tissue culture. Hoffmann CE, Neumayer EM, Haff RF, Goldsby RA, J Bacteriol 1965 90 623 628 16562058
81. Enterovirus 71 protease 2Apro targets MAVS to inhibit anti-viral type I interferon responses. Wang B, Xi X, Lei X, Zhang X, Cui S, Wang J, Jin Q, Zhao Z, PLoS Pathog 2013 9 1003231 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003231 23555247
82. Cleavage of interferon regulatory factor 7 by enterovirus 71 3C suppresses cellular responses. Lei X, Xiao X, Xue Q, Jin Q, He B, Wang J, J Virol 2013 87 1690 1698 10.1128/JVI.01855-12 23175366
83. Blocking human enterovirus 71 replication by targeting viral 2A protease. Falah N, Montserret R, Lelogeais V, Schuffenecker I, Lina B, Cortay JC, Violot S, J Antimicrob Chemother 2012 67 2865 2869 10.1093/jac/dks304 22865380
84. AG-7088 Pfizer. Witherell G, Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2000 1 297 302 11249711
85. Conservation of amino acids in human rhinovirus 3C protease correlates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity of rupintrivir, a novel human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor. Binford SL, Maldonado F, Brothers MA, Weady PT, Zalman LS, Meador JW 3rd, Matthews DA, Patick AK, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005 49 619 626 10.1128/AAC.49.2.619-626.2005 15673742 (Pubitemid 40175671)
86. In vitro resistance study of rupintrivir, a novel inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Binford SL, Weady PT, Maldonado F, Brothers MA, Matthews DA, Patick AK, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 51 4366 4373 10.1128/AAC.00905-07 17908951 (Pubitemid 350209891)
87. Rhinovirus chemotherapy. Patick AK, Antiviral Res 2006 71 391 396 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.011 16675037 (Pubitemid 44223757)
88. In vitro antiviral activity of AG7088, a potent inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Patick AK, Binford SL, Brothers MA, Jackson RL, Ford CE, Diem MD, Maldonado F, Dragovich PS, Zhou R, Prins TJ, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 43 2444 2450 10508022 (Pubitemid 29471225)
89. In vitro antiviral activity and single-dose pharmacokinetics in humans of a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Patick AK, Brothers MA, Maldonado F, Binford S, Maldonado O, Fuhrman S, Petersen A, Smith GJ 3rd, Zalman LS, Burns-Naas LA, Tran JQ, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005 49 2267 2275 10.1128/AAC.49.6.2267-2275.2005 15917520 (Pubitemid 40734453)
90. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of Enterovirus-71 infection. Zhang XN, Song ZG, Jiang T, Shi BS, Hu YW, Yuan ZH, World J Gastroenterol 2010 16 201 209 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.201 20066739
91. Synergistic inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by interferon and rupintrivir. Hung HC, Wang HC, Shih SR, Teng IF, Tseng CP, Hsu JT, J Infect Dis 2011 203 1784 1790 10.1093/infdis/jir174 21536800
92. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 3C proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrates and anti-hand, foot, and mouth disease virus drug design. Lu G, Qi J, Chen Z, Xu X, Gao F, Lin D, Qian W, Liu H, Jiang H, Yan J, Gao GF, J Virol 2011 85 10319 10331 10.1128/JVI.00787-11 21795339
93. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of enterovirus-71 infection: evaluation of antiviral efficacy in a murine infection model. Zhang X, Song Z, Qin B, Chen L, Hu Y, Yuan Z, Antiviral Res 2013 97 264 269 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.029 23295352
94. Crystal structures of enterovirus 71 3C protease complexed with rupintrivir reveal the roles of catalytically important residues. Wang J, Fan T, Yao X, Wu Z, Guo L, Lei X, Wang M, Jin Q, Cui S, J Virol 2011 85 10021 10030 10.1128/JVI.05107-11 21813612
95. Structures of enterovirus 71 3C proteinase (strain E2004104-TW-CDC) and its complex with rupintrivir. Wu C, Cai Q, Chen C, Li N, Peng X, Cai Y, Yin K, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang R, et al. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013 69 866 871 10.1107/S0907444913002862 23633597
96. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 3C protease inhibitors as anti-enterovirus 71 agents. Kuo CJ, Shie JJ, Fang JM, Yen GR, Hsu JT, Liu HG, Tseng SN, Chang SC, Lee CY, Shih SR, Liang PH, Bioorg Med Chem 2008 16 7388 7398 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.015 18583140
97. Fisetin and rutin as 3C protease inhibitors of enterovirus A71. Lin YJ, Chang YC, Hsiao NW, Hsieh JL, Wang CY, Kung SH, Tsai FJ, Lan YC, Lin CW, J Virol Methods 2012 182 93 98 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.020 22465253
98. Cellular COPII proteins are involved in production of the vesicles that form the poliovirus replication complex. Rust RC, Landmann L, Gosert R, Tang BL, Hong W, Hauri HP, Egger D, Bienz K, J Virol 2001 75 9808 9818 10.1128/JVI.75.20.9808-9818.2001 11559814 (Pubitemid 32900116)
99. Formation of the poliovirus replication complex requires coupled viral translation, vesicle production, and viral RNA synthesis. Egger D, Teterina N, Ehrenfeld E, Bienz K, J Virol 2000 74 6570 6580 10.1128/JVI.74.14.6570-6580.2000 10864671 (Pubitemid 30429826)
100. Subversion of cellular autophagosomal machinery by RNA viruses. Jackson WT, Giddings TH Jr, Taylor MP, Mulinyawe S, Rabinovitch M, Kopito RR, Kirkegaard K, PLoS Biol 2005 3 156 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030156 15884975 (Pubitemid 40958407)
101. Enterovirus 71-induced autophagy detected in vitro and in vivo promotes viral replication. Huang SC, Chang CL, Wang PS, Tsai Y, Liu HS, J Med Virol 2009 81 1241 1252 10.1002/jmv.21502 19475621
102. Cellular kinase inhibitors that suppress enterovirus replication have a conserved target in viral protein 3A similar to that of enviroxime. Arita M, Wakita T, Shimizu H, J Gen Virol 2009 90 1869 1879 10.1099/vir.0.012096-0 19439558
103. In vitro transformation of mesenchymal stem cells by oncogenic H-rasVal12. Shima Y, Okamoto T, Aoyama T, Yasura K, Ishibe T, Nishijo K, Shibata KR, Kohno Y, Fukiage K, Otsuka S, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007 353 60 66 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.137 17173860 (Pubitemid 44958341)
104. Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains. Bellot G, Garcia-Medina R, Gounon P, Chiche J, Roux D, Pouyssegur J, Mazure NM, Mol Cell Biol 2009 29 2570 2581 10.1128/MCB.00166-09 19273585
105. Heat shock protein 90: role in enterovirus 71 entry and assembly and potential target for therapy. Tsou YL, Lin YW, Chang HW, Lin HY, Shao HY, Yu SL, Liu CC, Chitra E, Sia C, Chow YH, PLoS One 2013 8 77133 10.1371/journal.pone. 0077133 24098578
106. The SARS-coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-coronavirus inhibitors. Pfefferle S, Schopf J, Kogl M, Friedel CC, Muller MA, Carbajo-Lozoya J, Stellberger T, von Dall'Armi E, Herzog P, Kallies S, et al. PLoS Pathog 2011 7 1002331 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002331 22046132
107. Phase 2 study of the combination of merimepodib with peginterferon- alpha2b, and ribavirin in nonresponders to previous therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Marcellin P, Horsmans Y, Nevens F, Grange JD, Bronowicki JP, Vetter D, Purdy S, Garg V, Bengtsson L, McNair L, Alam J, J Hepatol 2007 47 476 483 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.03.028 17629590 (Pubitemid 47331749)
108. Membrane integration of poliovirus 2B viroporin. Martinez-Gil L, Bano-Polo M, Redondo N, Sanchez-Martinez S, Nieva JL, Carrasco L, Mingarro I, J Virol 2011 85 11315 11324 10.1128/JVI.05421-11 21835803
109. DIDS blocks a chloride-dependent current that is mediated by the 2B protein of enterovirus 71. Xie S, Wang K, Yu W, Lu W, Xu K, Wang J, Ye B, Schwarz W, Jin Q, Sun B, Cell Res 2011 21 1271 1275 10.1038/cr.2011.112 21747413
110. Poliovirus 2C protein forms homo-oligomeric structures required for ATPase activity. Adams P, Kandiah E, Effantin G, Steven AC, Ehrenfeld E, J Biol Chem 2009 284 22012 22021 10.1074/jbc.M109.031807 19520852
111. Mutations in the 2C region of poliovirus responsible for altered sensitivity to benzimidazole derivatives. Shimizu H, Agoh M, Agoh Y, Yoshida H, Yoshii K, Yoneyama T, Hagiwara A, Miyamura T, J Virol 2000 74 4146 4154 10.1128/JVI.74.9.4146-4154.2000 10756027 (Pubitemid 30214420)
112. Mutations in the nonstructural protein 3A confer resistance to the novel enterovirus replication inhibitor TTP-8307. De Palma AM, Thibaut HJ, van der Linden L, Lanke K, Heggermont W, Ireland S, Andrews R, Arimilli M, Al-Tel TH, De Clercq E, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 53 1850 1857 10.1128/AAC.00934-08 19237651
113. Distribution and translation of poliovirus RNA in guanidine-treated cells. Caliguiri LA, Tamm I, Virology 1968 36 223 231 10.1016/0042-6822(68) 90139-6 4300879
114. Action of guanidine on the replication of poliovirus RNA. Caliguiri LA, Tamm I, Virology 1968 35 408 417 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90219-5 4298649
115. In vitro inhibition of infectivity of polio viruses by guanidine. Loddo B, Ferrari W, Brotzu G, Spanedda A, Nature 1962 193 97 98 10.1038/193097a0 14466152
116. Antiviral effect of guanidine. Rightsel WA, Dice JR, Mc AR, Timm EA, Mc LI Jr, Dixon GJ, Schabel FM Jr, Science 1961 134 558 559 10.1126/science.134. 3478.558 13741634
117. Prevention of death in mice infected with coxsackievirus A16 using guanidine HCl mixed with substituted benzimidazoles. Herrmann EC Jr, Herrmann JA, Delong DC, Antiviral Res 1982 2 339 346 10.1016/0166-3542(82)90003-1 6299189 (Pubitemid 13151544)
118. Recombination and oligonucleotide analysis of guanidine-resistant foot-and-mouth disease virus mutants. Saunders K, King AM, McCahon D, Newman JW, Slade WR, Forss S, J Virol 1985 56 921 929 2999445 (Pubitemid 16198737)
119. Selection and characterisation of guanidine-resistant mutants of human enterovirus 71. Sadeghipour S, Bek EJ, McMinn PC, Virus Res 2012 169 72 79 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.005 22814431
120. Structural organization of poliovirus RNA replication is mediated by viral proteins of the P2 genomic region. Bienz K, Egger D, Troxler M, Pasamontes L, J Virol 1990 64 1156 1163 2154600 (Pubitemid 20087753)
121. Role of microtubules in extracellular release of poliovirus. Taylor MP, Burgon TB, Kirkegaard K, Jackson WT, J Virol 2009 83 6599 6609 10.1128/JVI.01819-08 19369338
122. A proline-rich region in the coxsackievirus 3A protein is required for the protein to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport. Wessels E, Duijsings D, Notebaart RA, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ, J Virol 2005 79 5163 5173 10.1128/JVI.79.8.5163-5173.2005 15795300 (Pubitemid 40464265)
123. Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication. De Palma AM, Vliegen I, De Clercq E, Neyts J, Med Res Rev 2008 28 823 884 10.1002/med.20125 18381747
124. A bifunctional anti-enterovirus compound that inhibits replication and the early stage of enterovirus 71 infection. Arita M, Takebe Y, Wakita T, Shimizu H, J Gen Virol 2010 91 2734 2744 10.1099/vir.0.023374-0 20660150
125. Picornavirus genome replication: assembly and organization of the VPg uridylylation ribonucleoprotein (initiation) complex. Pathak HB, Arnold JJ, Wiegand PN, Hargittai MR, Cameron CE, J Biol Chem 2007 282 16202 16213 10.1074/jbc.M610608200 17392285 (Pubitemid 47100345)
126. Identification of an RNA hairpin in poliovirus RNA that serves as the primary template in the in vitro uridylylation of VPg. Paul AV, Rieder E, Kim DW, van Boom JH, Wimmer E, J Virol 2000 74 10359 10370 10.1128/JVI.74.22.10359- 10370.2000 11044080
127. Enterovirus-71 VPg uridylylation uses a two-molecular mechanism of 3Dpol. Sun Y, Wang Y, Shan C, Chen C, Xu P, Song M, Zhou H, Yang C, Xu W, Shi PY, et al. J Virol 2012 86 13662 13671 10.1128/JVI.01712-12 23055549
128. Lethal mutagenesis of picornaviruses with N-6-modified purine nucleoside analogues. Graci JD, Too K, Smidansky ED, Edathil JP, Barr EW, Harki DA, Galarraga JE, Bollinger JM Jr, Peterson BR, Loakes D, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 52 971 979 10.1128/AAC.01056-07 18180344 (Pubitemid 351358376)
129. Ribavirin reduces mortality in enterovirus 71-infected mice by decreasing viral replication. Li ZH, Li CM, Ling P, Shen FH, Chen SH, Liu CC, Yu CK, J Infect Dis 2008 197 854 857 10.1086/527326 18279075 (Pubitemid 351417008)
130. Novel antiviral agent DTriP-22 targets RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of enterovirus 71. Chen TC, Chang HY, Lin PF, Chern JH, Hsu JT, Chang CY, Shih SR, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 53 2740 2747 10.1128/AAC.00101-09 19414569
131. Towards the design of combination therapy for the treatment of enterovirus infections. Thibaut HJ, Leyssen P, Puerstinger G, Muigg A, Neyts J, De Palma AM, Antiviral Res 2011 90 213 217 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.187 21466823