Aircraft routing with minimal climate impact: The REACT4C climate cost function modelling approach (V1.0)

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 175-201

  Grewe, V ^a   Fromming C ^a   Matthes, S ^a   Brinkop, S ^a   Ponater, M ^a   Dietmuller S ^a   Jockel P ^a   Garny, H ^a   Tsati, E ^a   Dahlmann, K ^a   Sovde O A ^b   Fuglestvedt, J ^b   Berntsen, T K ^b   Shine, K P ^c   Irvine, E A ^c   Champougny, T ^d   Hullah, P ^e  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OSLO CICERO   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^d EUROCONTROL   (Belgium)

^e EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON EMISSION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLIMATE EFFECT; CLIMATE MODELING; DATA SET; EMISSION INVENTORY; GLOBAL CLIMATE; METHANE; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; OZONE; TRAFFIC EMISSION; WATER VAPOR;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 84893313281     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-175-2014     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Berntsen, T. and Fuglestvedt, J.: Global temperature responses to current emissions from the transport sector, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 19154-19159, 2008.
2. Burkhardt, U. and Kärcher, B.: Process-based simulation of contrail cirrus in a global climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16201, doi:10.1029/2008JD011491, 2009.
3. Burkhardt, U. and Kärcher, B.: Global radiative forcing from contrail cirrus, Nat. Climate Change, 1, 54-58, doi:10.1038/nclimate1068, 2011.
4. Burkhardt, U., Kärcher, B., Ponater, M., Gierens, K., and Gettleman, A.: Contrail cirrus supporting areas in model and observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16808, doi:10.1029/2008GL034056, 2008.
5. Champougny, T., Duchene, A., Joubert, A., Lambert, J., and Minoux, M.: SOP: a decision-aid tool for Global Air Traffic Management System Optimisation, 4th ATM Seminar - Santa Fe, NM, USA, December, 2001, available at: http://atmseminar.eurocontrol.fr/past-seminars/4th-seminar-santa-fe-nm-usa- december-2001/papers/paper-132/view (last access: August 2013), 2001.
6. Dahlmann, K.: Eine Methode zur effizienten Bewertung von Maßnahmen zur Klimaoptimierung des Luftverkehrs, Dissertation, DLR-Forschungsbericht, DLR-FB-2012-05, 134 pp., 2012.
7. Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Ponater, M., and Matthes, S.: Quantifying the contributions of individual NOx sources to the trend in ozone radiative forcing, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2860-2868, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.071, 2011.
8. Deckert, R., Jöckel, P., Grewe, V., Gottschaldt, K.-D., and Hoor, P.: A quasi chemistry-transport model mode for EMAC, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 195-206, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-195-2011, 2011.
9. Eurocontrol: SAAM Reference Manual 4.2.0 Beta, Version 21-12-2012, edited by: Eurocontrol, p. 434, 2012.
10. Eurocontrol: User guide AEM-kernel, Internal Document V2.26, T07/22317TC/C1107/05, Eurocontrol, 2013.
11. Fichter, C.: Climate impact of air traffic emissions in dependency of the emission location and altitude, Dissertation, DLRForschungsbericht, DLR-FB-2009-22, 2009.
12. Forster, P. M. de F. and Shine, K. P.: Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10841-10857, 1997.
13. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J, Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M. M. B., LeRoy Miller Jr., H., and Chen, Z., Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution ofWorking Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
14. Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Burkhardt, U., Stenke, A., Pechtl, S., and Sausen, R.: Sensitivity of contrail coverage and contrail radiative forcing to selected key parameters, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1483-1490, 2011.
15. Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Lee, D. S., and Sausen, R.: Aviation-induced radiative forcing and surface temperature change in dependency of the emission altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19104, doi:10.1029/2012JD018204, 2012.
16. Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T., Myhre, G., Rypdal, K., and Skeie, R.: Climate forcing from the transport sectors, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 454-458, 2008. (Pubitemid 351171729)
17. Fuglestvedt, J. S., Shine, K. P., Berntsen, T., Cook, J., Lee, D. S., Stenke, A., Skeie, R. B., Velders, G. J. M., and Waitz, I. A.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: metrics, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4648-4677, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.044, 2010.
18. Gierens, K. and Spichtinger, P.: On the size distribution of icesupersaturated regions in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, Ann. Geophys., 18, 499-504, doi:10.1007/s00585-000-0499-7, 2000.
19. Gregory, J. M., R. J. Stouffer, S. C. B. Raper, P. A. Stott, N. A. Rayner: An Observationally Based Estimate of the Climate Sensitivity. J. Climate, 15, 3117-3121, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)0153117:AOBEOT 2.0.CO;2, 2002.
20. Grewe, V.: A generalized tagging method, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 247-253, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-247-2013, 2013.
21. Grewe, V. and Dahlmann, K.: Evaluating Climate-Chemistry Response and Mitigation Options with AirClim, 591-608, edited by: Schumann, U., ISBN 978-3-642-30182-7, ISBN 978-3-642-30183-4 (eBook), doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30183- 4, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, 2012.
22. Grewe, V. and Stenke, A.: AirClim: an efficient tool for climate evaluation of aircraft technology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4621-4639, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4621-2008, 2008.
23. Grewe, V., Dameris, M., Fichter, C., and Sausen, R.: Impact of aircraft NOx emissions. Part 1: interactively coupled climatechemistry simulations and sensitivities to climate-chemistry feedback, lightning and model resolution, Meteorol. Z. 3, 177-186, 2002. (Pubitemid 34923566)
24. Grewe, V., Stenke, A., Ponater, M., Sausen, R., Pitari, G., Iachetti, D., Rogers, H., Dessens, O., Pyle, J., Isaksen, I. S. A., Gulstad, L., Søvde, O. A., Marizy, C., and Pascuillo, E.: Climate impact of supersonic air traffic: an approach to optimize a potential future supersonic fleet - results from the EU-project SCENIC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5129-5145, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5129-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47549077)
25. Grewe, V., Tsati, E., and Hoor, P.: On the attribution of contributions of atmospheric trace gases to emissions in atmospheric model applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 487-499, doi:10.5194/gmd- 3-487-2010, 2010.
26. Grewe, V., Dahlmann, K., Matthes, S., and Steinbrecht, W.: Attributing ozone to NOx emissions: implications for climate mitigation measures, Atmos. Environ., 59, 102-107, 2012a.
27. Grewe, V., Moussiopoulos, N., Builtjes, P., Borrego, C., Isaksen, I. S. A., and Volz-Thomas, A.: The ACCENT-protocol: a framework for benchmarking and model evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 611-618, 2012b.
28. Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R.: Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6831-6864, 1997.
29. Heymsfield, A. J. and Donner, L. J.: A scheme for parameterizing ice cloud water content in general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865-1877, 1990.
30. Heymsfield, A., Baumgardner, D., DeMott, P., Forster, P., Gierens, K., and Kärcher, B.: Contrail microphysics, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 465-472, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2839.1, 2010.
31. Holmes, C. D., Tang, Q., and Prather, M. J.: Uncertainties in climate assessment for the case of aviation NO, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 10997-11002, doi:10.1073/pnas.1101458108, 2011.
32. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special report on aviation and the global atmosphere, edited by: Penner, J. E., Lister, D. H., Griggs, D. J., Dokken, D. J., and McFarland, M., Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 1999.
33. IPCC, Climate Change 2007 - The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Contributions of working group I, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
34. Irvine, E. A., Hoskins, B. J., and Shine, K. P.: The dependence of contrail formation on the weather pattern and altitude in the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12802, doi:10.1029/2012GL051909, 2012.
35. Irvine, E. A., Hoskins, B. J., Shine, K. P., Lunnon, R. W., and Frömming C.: Characterizing north Atlantic weather patterns for climate-optimal routing, Meteorol. Appl., 20, 80-93, doi:10.1002/met.1291, 2013.
36. Iwabuchi, H., Yang, P., Liou, K. N., and Minnis, P.: Physical and optical properties of persistent contrails: climatology and interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06215, doi:10.1029/2011JD017020, 2012.
37. Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M. G., Sander, R., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van Aardenne, J., and Lelieveld, J.: The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5067-5104, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5067-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44717487)
38. Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Pozzer, A., Sander, R., Tost, H., Riede, H., Baumgaertner, A., Gromov, S., and Kern, B.: Development cycle 2 of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy2), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 717-752, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-717-2010, 2010.
39. Kärcher, B., Burkhardt, U., Unterstrasser, S., and Minnis, P.: Factors controlling contrail cirrus optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6229-6254, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6229-2009, 2009.
40. Kärcher, B., Burkhardt, U., Ponater, M., and Frömming, C.: Importance of representing optical depth variability for estimates of global line-shaped contrail radiative forcing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 19181-19184, doi:10.1073/pnas.1005555107, 2010.
41. Köhler, M. O., Rädel, G., Dessens, O., Shine, K. P., Rogers, H. L., Wild, O., and Pyle, J. A.: Impact of perturbations to nitrogen oxide emissions from global aviation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009140, 2008.
42. Lee, D. S., Pitari, G., Grewe, V., Gierens, K., Penner, J. E., Petzold, A., Prather, M. J., Schumann, U., Bais, A., Berntsen, T., Iachetti, D., Lim, L. L., and Sausen, R.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: aviation, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4678-4734, 2010.
43. Mannstein, H., Spichtinger, P., and Gierens, K.: A note on how to avoid contrail cirrus, Transport. Res., 10, 421-426, 2005. (Pubitemid 41015506)
44. Marquart, S.: Klimawirkung von Kondensstreifen: Untersuchungen mit einem globalen atmosphärischen Zirkulationsmodell, Dissertation, DLR-Forschungsbericht 2003-16, p. 161, ISSN 1434-8454, Cologne, Germany, 2003.
45. Marquart, S., Ponater, M., Mager, F., and Sausen, R.: Future development of contrail cover, optical depth and radiative forcing: impacts of increasing air traffic and climate change, J. Climate, 16, 2890-2904, 2003. (Pubitemid 37240725)
46. Matthes, S.: Climate-optimised flight planning - REACT4C in Innovation for a Sustainable Avation in a Global Environment, Proceedings of the Sixth European Aeronautics Days 2011, IOS Press & European Union, ISBN 978-92-79-22968-8, 2012.
47. Matthes, S., Schumann, U., Grewe, V., Frömming, C., Dahlmann, K., Koch, A., and Mannstein, H.: Climate Optimized Air Transport, edited by: Schumann, U., ISBN 978-3-642-30182-7, ISBN 978-3-642-30183-4 (eBook), doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, 727-746, 2012.
48. Minnis, P., Young, D. F., Nguyen, L., Garber, D. P., Smith Jr.,W. L., and Palikonda, R.: Transformation of contrails into cirrus durring SUCCESS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1157-1160, 1998. (Pubitemid 28393306)
49. Myhre, G., Kvalevåg, M. M., Rädel, G., Cook, J., Shine, K. P., Karcher, F., Markowicz, K., Kardas, A., Wolkenberg, P., Balkanski, Y., Ponater, M., Forster, P. M., Rap, A., and Rodriguez de Leon, R.: Intercomparison of radiative forcing of stratospheric water vapour and contrails, Met. Z., 18, 585-596, 2009.
50. Ponater, M., Marquart, S., and Sausen, R.: Contrails in a comprehensive global climate model: parameterization and radiative forcing results, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 941-960, 2002.
51. Rädel, G. and Shine, K. P.: Radiative forcing by persistent contrails and its dependence on cruise altitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07105, doi:10.1029/2007JD009117, 2008.
52. Reithmeier, C. and Sausen, R.: ATTILA - atmospheric tracer transport in a Lagrangian model, Tellus B, 54, 278-299, 2002. (Pubitemid 34735923)
53. Roeckner, E., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U.: Sensitivity of simulated climate to horizontal and vertical resolution in the ECHAM5 atmosphere model, J. Climate, 19, 3771-3791, 2006. (Pubitemid 44405143)
54. Sander, R., Baumgaertner, A., Gromov, S., Harder, H., Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Kubistin, D., Regelin, E., Riede, H., Sandu, A., Taraborrelli, D., Tost, H., and Xie, Z.-Q.: The atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA-3.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 373-380, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-373-2011, 2011.
55. Sausen, R., Nodorp, D., and Land, C.: Towards an optimal flight routing with respect to minimal environmental impact, in: Impact of Emissions from Aircraft and Spacecraft upon the Atmosphere, edited by: Schumann, U. and Wurzel, D., Procedings of an International Science Colloquium, Köln (Cologne), Germany, 18-20 April, ISSN 0939-298X, 473-478, 1994.
56. Schröder, F., Kärcher, B., Duroure, C., Ström, J., Petzold, A., Gayet, J.-F., Strauss, B., Wendling, P., and Borrmann, S.: On the transition of contrails into cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 464-480, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057 0464:OTTOCI 2.0.CO;2, 2000. (Pubitemid 30203465)
57. Schumann, U.: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts, Meteorol. Z., 5, 4-23, 1996. (Pubitemid 126677473)
58. Schumann, U.: Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 4, 391-401, 2000.
59. Schumann, U.: A contrail cirrus prediction model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 543-580, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-543-2012, 2012.
60. Schumann, U., Graf, K., and Mannstein, H.: Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by flight level changes, 3rd AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference AIAA paper 2011-3376, 1-22, 2011.
61. Shine, K. P. Derwent, R. G., Wuebbles, D. J., and Morcrette, J.- J.: Radiative forcing of climate, in: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (1990), Report prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change byWorking Group I, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J., and Ephraums, J. J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, New York, NY, USA and Melbourne, Australia, 410 pp., 41-68, 1990.
62. Shine, K. P., Berntsen, T. K., Fuglestvedt, J. S., and Sausen, R., Scientific issues in the design of metrics for inclusion of oxides of nitrogen in global climate agreements, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 15768-15773, doi:10.1073/pnas.0506865102, 2005. (Pubitemid 41552817)
63. Spichtinger, P., Gierens, K., Leiterer, U., and Dier, H.: Ice supersaturation in the tropopause region over Lindenberg, Germany, Meteorol. Z., 12, 143-156, 2003.
64. Sridhar, B., Chen, N., and Ng, H.: Energy Efficient Strategies for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Aviation, paper 212, 10th ATM-seminar, Chicago, USA, 10 pp., available at: www. atmseminar.org (last access: August 2013), 2012.
65. Stevenson, D. S., Doherty, R. M., Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Radiative forcing from aircraft NOx emissions: mechanisms and seasonal dependence, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17307, doi:10.1029/2004JD004759, 2004. (Pubitemid 39547481)
66. Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bell, N., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D. T., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
67. Stuber, N.: Ursachen der Variabilität des Klimasensitivitä tsparameters für räumlich inhomogene Ozonstörungen, Dissertation, DLR-Forschungsbericht 2003-03, 2003.
68. Stuber, N., Sausen, R., and Ponater, M.: Stratosphere adjusted radiative forcing calculations in a comprehensive climate model, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 68, 125-135, 2001. (Pubitemid 32473758)
69. Voigt, C., Schumann, U., Jessberger, P., Jurkat, T., Petzold, A., Gayet, J.-F., Krämer, M., Thornberry, T., and Fahey, D. W.: Extinction and optical depth of contrails, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11806, doi:10.1029/2011GL047189, 2011.
70. Wilcox, L. J., Shine, K. P., and Hoskins, B. J.: Radiative forcing due to aviation water vapour emissions, Atmos. Environ., 63, 1-13, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.072, 2012.