메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 13, 2002, Pages ACL-2-1-ACL-2-15

Contrails in a comprehensive global climate model: Parameterization and radiative forcing results

Author keywords

Cirrus cloud parameterization; Contrails; Radiative forcing

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; RADIATION EFFECTS; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 32044434212     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000429     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (123)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0003070757 scopus 로고
    • The formation of exhaust condensation trails by jet aircraft
    • Appleman, H., The formation of exhaust condensation trails by jet aircraft, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 34, 14-20, 1953.
    • (1953) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.34 , pp. 14-20
    • Appleman, H.1
  • 2
    • 84984407353 scopus 로고
    • Contrail frequency over Europe from NOAA-satellite images
    • Bakan, S., M. Betancor Gothe, V. Gayler, and H. Grassl, Contrail frequency over Europe from NOAA-satellite images, Ann. Geophys., 12, 962-968, 1994.
    • (1994) Ann. Geophys. , vol.12 , pp. 962-968
    • Bakan, S.1    Betancor Gothe, M.2    Gayler, V.3    Grassl, H.4
  • 3
    • 0033608536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why is the global warming proceeding much slower than expected?
    • Bengtsson, L., E. Roeckner, and M. Stendel, Why is the global warming proceeding much slower than expected?, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3865-3876, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 3865-3876
    • Bengtsson, L.1    Roeckner, E.2    Stendel, M.3
  • 4
    • 0032859767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ground based passive remote sensing of ice clouds with scattered solar radiation in the near infrared
    • Betancor Gothe, M., M. Dreyer, S. Bakan, and C. Costanzo, Ground based passive remote sensing of ice clouds with scattered solar radiation in the near infrared, Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B, 24, 219-224, 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B , vol.24 , pp. 219-224
    • Betancor Gothe, M.1    Dreyer, M.2    Bakan, S.3    Costanzo, C.4
  • 5
    • 0029476116 scopus 로고
    • The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect-a sensitivity study with two general circulation models
    • Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect-A sensitivity study with two general circulation models, Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 281-300, 1995.
    • (1995) Tellus, Ser. B , vol.47 , pp. 281-300
    • Boucher, O.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 7
    • 0029773316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the earth radiation budget experiment
    • Chen, C.-T., and E. Roeckner, Validation of the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth radiation budget experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4269-4287, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 4269-4287
    • Chen, C.-T.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 8
    • 0031465653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud simulations with the Max Planck Institute for meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 and comparison with observations
    • Chen, C.-T., and E. Roeckner, Cloud simulations with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 and comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9335-9350, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9335-9350
    • Chen, C.-T.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 9
    • 0002064610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aviation produced aerosols and cloudiness
    • Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, edited by J. E. Penner et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Fahey, D. W., and U. Schumann, Aviation produced aerosols and cloudiness, in Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, edited by J. E. Penner et al., IPCCSpec. Rep., pp. 65-120, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999.
    • (1999) IPCCSpec. Rep. , pp. 65-120
    • Fahey, D.W.1    Schumann, U.2
  • 10
    • 0031415951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric sulfur cycle and its impact on the shortwave radiation
    • Feichter, J., U. Lohmann, and I. Schult, The atmospheric sulfur cycle and its impact on the shortwave radiation, dim. Dyn., 13, 235-246, 1997.
    • (1997) Dim. Dyn. , vol.13 , pp. 235-246
    • Feichter, J.1    Lohmann, U.2    Schult, I.3
  • 11
    • 84984406725 scopus 로고
    • Greenhouse effect of aircraft emissions as calculated by a radiative transfer model
    • Fortuin, J. P. F., R. van Dorland, W. M. F. Wauben, and H. Kelder, Greenhouse effect of aircraft emissions as calculated by a radiative transfer model, Ann. Geophys., 73, 413-418, 1995.
    • (1995) Ann. Geophys. , vol.73 , pp. 413-418
    • Fortuin, J.P.F.1    Van Dorland, R.2    Wauben, W.M.F.3    Kelder, H.4
  • 12
    • 0002510178 scopus 로고
    • Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization
    • Fouquart, Y., and B. Bonnel, Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 53, 35-62, 1980.
    • (1980) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.53 , pp. 35-62
    • Fouquart, Y.1    Bonnel, B.2
  • 13
    • 0028581066 scopus 로고
    • An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE'89
    • Francis, P. N., A. Jones, R. W. Saunders, K. P. Shine, A. Slingo, and Z. Sun, An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE'89, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 809-848, 1994.
    • (1994) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 809-848
    • Francis, P.N.1    Jones, A.2    Saunders, R.W.3    Shine, K.P.4    Slingo, A.5    Sun, Z.6
  • 14
    • 0027085408 scopus 로고
    • AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project
    • Gates, W. L., AMIP: The atmospheric model intercomparison project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 35-62, 1992.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 35-62
    • Gates, W.L.1
  • 15
    • 0002642530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the results of the atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP I)
    • Gates, W. L., et al., An overview of the results of the atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP I), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 29-55, 1999.
    • (1999) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 29-55
    • Gates, W.L.1
  • 16
    • 0029768531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and optical properties of cirrus and contrails: Cloud field study on 13 October 1989
    • Gayet, J.-F., G. Febvre, G. Brogniez, H. Chepfer, W. Renger, and P. Wendling, Microphysical and optical properties of cirrus and contrails: Cloud field study on 13 October 1989, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 126-138, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 126-138
    • Gayet, J.-F.1    Febvre, G.2    Brogniez, G.3    Chepfer, H.4    Renger, W.5    Wendling, P.6
  • 17
    • 0033489830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the contrail to cirrus transition
    • Gierens, K., and E. Jensen, A numerical study of the contrail to cirrus transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4341-4344, 1998.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 4341-4344
    • Gierens, K.1    Jensen, E.2
  • 18
    • 0642281488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of humidity and temperature fluctuations based on MOZAIC data and parameterisation of persistent contrail coverage for general circulation models
    • Gierens, K., U. Schumann, H. G. J. Smit, M. Helten, and G. Zängl, Determination of humidity and temperature fluctuations based on MOZAIC data and parameterisation of persistent contrail coverage for general circulation models, Ann. Geophys., 15, 1057-1066, 1997.
    • (1997) Ann. Geophys. , vol.15 , pp. 1057-1066
    • Gierens, K.1    Schumann, U.2    Smit, H.G.J.3    Helten, M.4    Zängl, G.5
  • 19
    • 0345516757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements
    • Gierens, K., U. Schumann, M. Helten, H. Smit, and A. Marenco, A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements, Ann. Geophys., 17, 1218-1226, 1999a.
    • (1999) Ann. Geophys. , vol.17 , pp. 1218-1226
    • Gierens, K.1    Schumann, U.2    Helten, M.3    Smit, H.4    Marenco, A.5
  • 20
    • 0032828254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails, part II, Future air traffic scenarios
    • Gierens, K., R. Sausen, and U. Schumann, A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails, part II, Future air traffic scenarios, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 63, 1-9, 1999b.
    • (1999) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.63 , pp. 1-9
    • Gierens, K.1    Sausen, R.2    Schumann, U.3
  • 21
    • 0000196112 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphyical and dynamical study
    • Heymsfield, A. J., Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphyical and dynamical study, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 367-381
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1
  • 22
    • 32044471142 scopus 로고
    • edited by J. T. Houghton et al. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., 393 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
    • (1995) Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change , pp. 393
  • 23
    • 84905426195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • edited by J. E. Penner etal., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, edited by J. E. Penner et al., 370 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999.
    • (1999) Aviation and the Global Atmosphere , pp. 370
  • 24
    • 0344653640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of optical depth of aerosols and clouds related to air traffic
    • Jäger, H., V. Freudenthalcr, and F. Homburg, Remote sensing of optical depth of aerosols and clouds related to air traffic, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3123-3127, 1998.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 3123-3127
    • Jäger, H.1    Freudenthalcr, V.2    Homburg, F.3
  • 25
    • 0001499381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ECHAM4. L39(DLR) atmosphere GCM - Technical description and model climatology
    • Cologne, Germany
    • Land, C., M. Ponater, R. Sausen, and E. Roeckner, The ECHAM4. L39(DLR) atmosphere GCM - Technical description and model climatology, DLR-Forschungsber. 1999-31, 45 pp., Cologne, Germany, 1999.
    • (1999) DLR-Forschungsber. 1999-31 , pp. 45
    • Land, C.1    Ponater, M.2    Sausen, R.3    Roeckner, E.4
  • 26
    • 0022846515 scopus 로고
    • Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A global perspective
    • Liou, K. N., Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A global perspective, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1167-1199, 1986.
    • (1986) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.114 , pp. 1167-1199
    • Liou, K.N.1
  • 27
    • 0030377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECIIAM4 general circulation model
    • Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECIIAM4 general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 12, 557-572, 1996.
    • (1996) Clim. Dyn. , vol.12 , pp. 557-572
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 28
    • 0033608921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM
    • Lohmann, U., J. Feichter, C. C. Chuang, and J. E. Penner, Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9169-9198, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 9169-9198
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2    Chuang, C.C.3    Penner, J.E.4
  • 29
    • 0000860969 scopus 로고
    • Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with convective adjustment
    • Manabe, S., and R. Strickler, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with convective adjustment, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385, 1964.
    • (1964) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 361-385
    • Manabe, S.1    Strickler, R.2
  • 30
    • 0033586926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational detection of contrails from NOAA-AVHRR data
    • Mannstein, H., R. Meyer, and P. Wendung, Operational detection of contrails from NOAA-AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 20, 1641-1660, 1999.
    • (1999) Int. J. Remote Sens. , vol.20 , pp. 1641-1660
    • Mannstein, H.1    Meyer, R.2    Wendung, P.3
  • 31
    • 0000182902 scopus 로고
    • The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate
    • McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate, J. Clim., 5, 1013-1044, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Clim. , vol.5 , pp. 1013-1044
    • McFarlane, N.A.1    Boer, G.J.2    Blanchet, J.-P.3    Lazare, M.4
  • 33
    • 0011015654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional radiative forcing by line-shaped contrails derived from satellite data
    • 10.1029/2001JD00426, in press
    • Meyer, R., H. Mannstein, R. Meerkötter, U. Schumann, and P. Wendung, Regional radiative forcing by line-shaped contrails derived from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 10.1029/2001JD00426, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res.
    • Meyer, R.1    Mannstein, H.2    Meerkötter, R.3    Schumann, U.4    Wendung, P.5
  • 34
    • 0007165572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence frequency over the U.S
    • April 1993-April 1994
    • Minnis, P., J. K. Ayers, and S. P. Weaver, Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence frequency over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994, NASA Ref. Publ., 1404, 79 pp., 1997.
    • (1997) NASA Ref. Publ. , vol.1404 , pp. 79
    • Minnis, P.1    Ayers, J.K.2    Weaver, S.P.3
  • 37
    • 0141902219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cirrus, contrails, and radiative forcing over the USA: Their relationship to air traffic and upper troposphere conditions
    • edited by U. Schumann and G. T. Amanatidis, Eur. Comm., Brussels
    • Minnis, P., R. Palikonda, J. K. Ayers, D. P. Duda, and K. P. Costulis, Cirrus, contrails, and radiative forcing over the USA: Their relationship to air traffic and upper troposphere conditions, in Aviation, Aerosols, Contrails, and Cirrus Clouds (A2C3), edited by U. Schumann and G. T. Amanatidis, pp. 193-196, Eur. Comm., Brussels, 2001.
    • (2001) Aviation, Aerosols, Contrails, and Cirrus Clouds (A2C3) , pp. 193-196
    • Minnis, P.1    Palikonda, R.2    Ayers, J.K.3    Duda, D.P.4    Costulis, K.P.5
  • 38
    • 0026292248 scopus 로고
    • Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European centre for medium range weather forecasts forecasting system
    • Morcrette, J.-J., Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121-9132, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 9121-9132
    • Morcrette, J.-J.1
  • 39
    • 0033912547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of the ECMWF model to changes in the cloud overlap assumption
    • Morcrette, J.-J., and C. Jakob, The response of the ECMWF model to changes in the cloud overlap assumption, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1707-1732, 2000.
    • (2000) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 1707-1732
    • Morcrette, J.-J.1    Jakob, C.2
  • 40
    • 0033794420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of water vapor measurements from POLINAT 2 with ECMWF analyses in high humidity conditions
    • Ovarlez, J., P. van Velthoven, G. Sachse, S. Vay, H. Schlager, and H. Ovarlez, Comparison of water vapor measurements from POLINAT 2 with ECMWF analyses in high humidity conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3737-3744, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 3737-3744
    • Ovarlez, J.1    Van Velthoven, P.2    Sachse, G.3    Vay, S.4    Schlager, H.5    Ovarlez, H.6
  • 41
    • 0000815519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the global atmospheric response to aircraft water vapour emissions and contrails: A first approach using a GCM
    • Ponater, M., S. Brinkop, R. Sausen, and U. Schumann, Simulating the global atmospheric response to aircraft water vapour emissions and contrails: A first approach using a GCM, Ann. Geophys., 14, 941-960, 1996a.
    • (1996) Ann. Geophys. , vol.14 , pp. 941-960
    • Ponater, M.1    Brinkop, S.2    Sausen, R.3    Schumann, U.4
  • 42
    • 0344800991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of contrails in a comprehensive climate model
    • paper presented Off. Natl. d'Etudes et de Rech. Aerospat./Paris
    • Ponater, M., S. Brinkop, R. Sausen, and U. Schumann, Parameterization of contrails in a comprehensive climate model, paper presented at Impact of Aircraft Emissions Upon the Atmosphere, Off. Natl. d'Etudes et de Rech. Aerospat./Paris, 1996b.
    • (1996) Impact of Aircraft Emissions Upon the Atmosphere
    • Ponater, M.1    Brinkop, S.2    Sausen, R.3    Schumann, U.4
  • 43
    • 0032999648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective longwave cloud fraction and maximum-random overlap of clouds: A problem and a solution
    • Räisänen, P., Effective longwave cloud fraction and maximum-random overlap of clouds: A problem and a solution, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 3336-3340, 1998.
    • (1998) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 3336-3340
    • Räisänen, P.1
  • 44
    • 0030367865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic effect of water vapor release in the upper troposphere
    • Rind, D., P. Lonergan, and K. Shah, Climatic effect of water vapor release in the upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29, 395-29, 405, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Rind, D.1    Lonergan, P.2    Shah, K.3
  • 45
    • 0033794515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeled impact of cirrus cloud increases along aircraft flight paths
    • Rind, D., P. Lonergan, and K. Shah, Modeled impact of cirrus cloud increases along aircraft flight paths, J. Geophys. Res., 105,19,927-19,940, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Rind, D.1    Lonergan, P.2    Shah, K.3
  • 46
    • 0002283511 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of broad-band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds
    • Rockel, B., E. Raschke, and B. Weyres, A parameterization of broad-band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 64, 1-12, 1991.
    • (1991) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.64 , pp. 1-12
    • Rockel, B.1    Raschke, E.2    Weyres, B.3
  • 47
    • 0002821326 scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of cloud radiative properties in the ECHAM 4 model
    • World Meteorol. Org., Geneva
    • Roeckner, E., Parameterization of cloud radiative properties in the ECHAM 4 model, in World Climate Research Program Workshop Proceedings, WMO/TD 713, pp. 105-116, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1995.
    • (1995) World Climate Research Program Workshop Proceedings, WMO/TD 713 , pp. 105-116
    • Roeckner, E.1
  • 49
    • 0033208511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle
    • Roeckner, E., L. Bengtsson, J. Feichter, J. Lelieveld, and H. Rodhe, Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Clim., 12, 3004-3032, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 3004-3032
    • Roeckner, E.1    Bengtsson, L.2    Feichter, J.3    Lelieveld, J.4    Rodhe, H.5
  • 50
    • 0031432845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrail-cirrus and their potential for regional climate change
    • Sassen, K., Contrail-cirrus and their potential for regional climate change, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1885-1903, 1997.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 1885-1903
    • Sassen, K.1
  • 51
    • 0142006010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aviation impact as part of global climate change
    • edited by U. Schumann and G. T. Amanatidis, Eur. Comm., Brussels
    • Sausen, R., Aviation impact as part of global climate change, in Aviation, Aerosols, Contrails and Cirrus Clouds (A2C3), edited by U. Schumann and G. T. Amanatidis, pp. 275-280, Eur. Comm., Brussels, 2001.
    • (2001) Aviation, Aerosols, Contrails and Cirrus Clouds (A2C3) , pp. 275-280
    • Sausen, R.1
  • 52
    • 0032429101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails, part I, Present day climate
    • Sausen, R., K. Gierens, M. Ponater, and U. Schumann, A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails, part I, Present day climate, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 61, 127-141, 1998.
    • (1998) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.61 , pp. 127-141
    • Sausen, R.1    Gierens, K.2    Ponater, M.3    Schumann, U.4
  • 53
    • 0002785043 scopus 로고
    • Die Entstehung von Eisnebel aus den Auspuffgasen von Flugmotoren
    • edited by R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Germany
    • Schmidt, E., Die Entstehung von Eisnebel aus den Auspuffgasen von Flugmotoren, in Schriften der Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung, vol. 44, edited by R. Oldenbourg, pp. 1-15, Munich, Germany, 1941.
    • (1941) Schriften der Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung , vol.44 , pp. 1-15
    • Schmidt, E.1
  • 54
    • 28944431503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from aviation and their development over time
    • Pollutants From Air Traffic-Results of Atmospheric Research 1992-1997, edited by U. Schumann et al., Dtsch. Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Co-logne, Germany
    • Schmitt, A., and B. Brunner, Emissions from aviation and their development over time, in Pollutants From Air Traffic-Results of Atmospheric Research 1992-1997, edited by U. Schumann et al., DLR-Forschungsber. 97-04, pp. 27-52, Dtsch. Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Co-logne, Germany, 1997.
    • (1997) DLR-Forschungsber. 97-04 , pp. 27-52
    • Schmitt, A.1    Brunner, B.2
  • 56
    • 0002564409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts
    • Schumann, U., On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts, Meteorol. Z., 5, 4-24, 1996.
    • (1996) Meteorol. Z. , vol.5 , pp. 4-24
    • Schumann, U.1
  • 57
    • 0034413673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation
    • Schumann, U., Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 4, 391-401, 2000.
    • (2000) Aerosp. Sci. Technol. , vol.4 , pp. 391-401
    • Schumann, U.1
  • 58
    • 0012176790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrail cirrus
    • edited by D. Lynch, Oxford Univ. Press, New York
    • Schumann, U., Contrail cirrus, in Cirris, edited by D. Lynch, pp. 231-255, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2002.
    • (2002) Cirris , pp. 231-255
    • Schumann, U.1
  • 59
    • 0025621744 scopus 로고
    • The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback
    • Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, P. W. Stackhouse Jr., and P. J. Flateau, The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1742-1753
    • Stephens, G.L.1    Tsay, S.-C.2    Stackhouse Jr., P.W.3    Flateau, P.J.4
  • 60
    • 0035001627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratosphere adjusted radiative forcing calculations in a comprehensive climate model
    • Stuber, N., R. Sausen, and M. Ponater, Stratosphere adjusted radiative forcing calculations in a comprehensive climate model, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 68, 125-135, 2001.
    • (2001) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.68 , pp. 125-135
    • Stuber, N.1    Sausen, R.2    Ponater, M.3
  • 61
    • 84987142855 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content
    • Sundqvist, H., A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content, Q. J. R. Meterol. Soc., 104, 677-690, 1978.
    • (1978) Q. J. R. Meterol. Soc. , vol.104 , pp. 677-690
    • Sundqvist, H.1
  • 62
    • 0024927328 scopus 로고
    • Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model
    • Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjansson, Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1641-1657, 1989.
    • (1989) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1641-1657
    • Sundqvist, H.1    Berge, E.2    Kristjansson, J.E.3
  • 63
    • 0032433727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM calculated versus observational estimates
    • Wild, M., A. Ohmura, H. Gilgen, E. Roeckner, M. Giorgetta, and J.-J. Morcrette, The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM calculated versus observational estimates, Chim. Dyn., 14, 853-869, 1998.
    • (1998) Chim. Dyn. , vol.14 , pp. 853-869
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2    Gilgen, H.3    Roeckner, E.4    Giorgetta, M.5    Morcrette, J.-J.6
  • 64
    • 0026283516 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model
    • Xu, K. M., and S. K. Krueger, Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 342-367, 1991.
    • (1991) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.119 , pp. 342-367
    • Xu, K.M.1    Krueger, S.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.