Multimodality imaging guidelines for patients with repaired Tetralogy of fallot: A report from the American society of echocardiography: Developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance and the society for pediatric radiology

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 111-141

  Valente, Anne Marie ^a   Cook, Stephen ^b   Festa, Pierluigi ^c   Ko, H Helen ^d   Krishnamurthy, Rajesh ^e   Taylor, Andrew M ^f   Warnes, Carole A ^g   Kreutzer, Jacqueline ^b   Geva, Tal ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c Ospedale Del Cuore GPasquinucci Fondazione GMonasterio CNR Regione Toscana   (Italy)

^d MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac magnetic resonance; Computed tomography; Congenital heart disease; Echocardiography; Imaging; Tetralogy of Fallot

Indexed keywords

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AORTA ROOT; AORTA VALVE; ARTICLE; ASCENDING AORTA; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FALLOT TETRALOGY; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART RIGHT ATRIUM; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION; HEART SCINTISCANNING; HEART VENTRICLE SIZE; HUMAN; INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; IONIZING RADIATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PULMONARY ARTERY; PULMONARY VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SCINTIANGIOGRAPHY; TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRICUSPID VALVE; TRICUSPID VALVE REGURGITATION;

2D; 3D; AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANTEROPOSTERIOR; AORTIC REGURGITATION; AP; AR; ASE; BODY SURFACE AREA; BSA; CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CHD; CMR; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EF; EJECTION FRACTION; IMAGING; INFERIOR VENA CAVA; IVC; LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT; LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY; LEFT VENTRICULAR; LGE; LPA; LV; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY; MDCT; MPA; MRA; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PA; PC; PHASE-CONTRAST; PR; PULMONARY ARTERY; PULMONARY REGURGITATION; PULMONARY VALVE; PV; RA; RIGHT ATRIAL; RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY; RIGHT VENTRICULAR; RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT; RPA; RV; RVOT; SSFP; STEADY-STATE FREE PRECESSION; TAPSE; TEE; TETRALOGY OF FALLOT; THREE-DIMENSIONAL; TOF; TR; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRICUSPID ANNULAR PLANE SYSTOLIC EXCURSION; TRICUSPID REGURGITATION; TRICUSPID VALVE; TSE; TURBO (FAST) SPIN-ECHO; TV; TWO-DIMENSIONAL; VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT; VSD;

CHILD; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; TETRALOGY OF FALLOT;

EID: 84893098913     PISSN: 08947317     EISSN: 10976795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. J.I. Hoffman, and S. Kaplan The incidence of congenital heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 1890 1900
2. B.E. Hamilton, D.L. Hoyert, J.A. Martin, D.M. Strobino, and B. Guyer Annual summary of vital statistics: 2010-2011 Pediatrics 131 2013 548 558
3. H.F. Al Habib, J.P. Jacobs, C. Mavroudis, C.I. Tchervenkov, S.M. O'Brien, and S. Mohammadi et al. Contemporary patterns of management of tetralogy of Fallot: data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database Ann Thorac Surg 90 2010 813 819
4. S.N. Chiu, J.K. Wang, H.C. Chen, M.T. Lin, E.T. Wu, and C.A. Chen et al. Long-term survival and unnatural deaths of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot in an Asian cohort Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 5 2012 120 125
5. A.J. Marelli, A.S. Mackie, R. Ionescu-Ittu, E. Rahme, and L. Pilote Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution Circulation 115 2007 163 172
6. L. Le Gloan, P. Guerin, L.A. Mercier, S. Abbey, A. Dore, and F. Marcotte et al. Clinical assessment of arrhythmias in tetralogy of Fallot Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 8 2010 189 197
7. P. Khairy, J. Aboulhosn, M.Z. Gurvitz, A.R. Opotowsky, F.P. Mongeon, and J. Kay et al. Arrhythmia burden in adults with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a multi-institutional study Circulation 122 2010 868 875
8. G. Nollert, T. Fischlein, S. Bouterwek, C. Bohmer, O. Dewald, and E. Kreuzer et al. Long-term results of total repair of tetralogy of Fallot in adulthood: 35 years follow-up in 104 patients corrected at the age of 18 or older Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 45 1997 178 181
9. A. Prakash, A.J. Powell, and T. Geva Multimodality noninvasive imaging for assessment of congenital heart disease Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3 2010 112 125
10. P.J. Kilner, T. Geva, H. Kaemmerer, P.T. Trindade, J. Schwitter, and G.D. Webb Recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease from the respective working groups of the European Society of Cardiology Eur Heart J 31 2010 794 805
11. T. Geva Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 13 2011 9
12. C.A. Warnes, R.G. Williams, T.M. Bashore, J.S. Child, H.M. Connolly, and J.A. Dearani et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease) Circulation 118 2008 e714 e833
13. A. Blalock, and H.B. Taussig Landmark article May 19 1945: the surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia JAMA 251 1984 2123 2138
14. P.P. Karpawich, C.P. Bush, J.R. Antillon, J.J. Amato, M.L. Marbey, and K.C. Agarwal Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in infants and young children. Clinical and catheterization assessment J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89 1985 275 279
15. M.R. Sabri, G. Sholler, R. Hawker, and G. Nunn Branch pulmonary artery growth after Blalock-Taussig shunts in tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: a retrospective, echocardiographic study Pediatr Cardiol 20 1999 358 363
16. O. Alfieri, G. Locatelli, T. Bianchi, V. Vanini, and L. Parenzan Repair of tetralogy of Fallot after Waterston anastomosis J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 77 1979 826 831
17. F.J. Daniel, C.P. Clarke, J.P. Richardson, G.W. Westlake, and P.G. Jones An evaluation of Potts' aortopulmonary shunt for palliation of cyanotic heart disease Thorax 31 1976 394 397
18. S. Yamaki Pulmonary vascular disease in shunted and nonshunted patients with tetralogy of Fallot Tohoku J Exp Med 162 1990 109 119
19. B.D. Gelb Molecular genetics of congenital heart disease Curr Opin Cardiol 12 1997 321 328
20. M. Ito, S. Kikuchi, Y. Hachiro, and T. Abe Anomalous subaortic position of the brachiocephalic vein associated with tetralogy of Fallot Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7 2011 106 108
21. R. Chaturvedi, H. Mikailian, and R.M. Freedom Crossed pulmonary arteries in tetralogy of Fallot Cardiol Young 15 2005 537
22. B. Eyskens, S.C. Brown, P. Claus, S. Dymarkowski, M. Gewillig, and J. Bogaert et al. The influence of pulmonary regurgitation on regional right ventricular function in children after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 341 345
23. L.G. Rudski, W.W. Lai, J. Afilalo, L. Hua, M.D. Handschumacher, and K. Chandrasekaran et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 685 713
24. H. Baumgartner, J. Hung, J. Bermejo, J.B. Chambers, A. Evangelista, and B.P. Griffin et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 2009 1 23
25. A.N. Redington Determinants and assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in tetralogy of Fallot: practice and pitfalls Cardiol Clin 24 2006 631 639
26. M.A. Gatzoulis, S. Balaji, S.A. Webber, S.C. Siu, J.S. Hokanson, and C. Poile et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study Lancet 356 2000 975 981
27. J.C. Lu, T.B. Cotts, P.P. Agarwal, A.K. Attili, and A.L. Dorfman Relation of right ventricular dilation, age of repair, and restrictive right ventricular physiology with patient-reported quality of life in adolescents and adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot Am J Cardiol 106 2010 1798 1802
28. J. Therrien, S.C. Siu, P.R. McLaughlin, P.P. Liu, W.G. Williams, and G.D. Webb Pulmonary valve replacement in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: are we operating too late? J Am Coll Cardiol 36 2000 1670 1675
29. C.A. Warnes Adult congenital heart disease importance of the right ventricle J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 1903 1910
30. P.J. Kilner, R. Balossino, G. Dubini, S.V. Babu-Narayan, A.M. Taylor, and G. Pennati et al. Pulmonary regurgitation: the effects of varying pulmonary artery compliance, and of increased resistance proximal or distal to the compliance Int J Cardiol 133 2009 157 166
31. W.A. Zoghbi, M. Enriquez-Sarano, E. Foster, P.A. Grayburn, C.D. Kraft, and R.A. Levine et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 2003 777 802
32. W. Li, P.A. Davlouros, P.J. Kilner, D.J. Pennell, D. Gibson, and M.Y. Henein et al. Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: comparison with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging Am Heart J 147 2004 165 172
33. M.D. Puchalski, B. Askovich, C.T. Sower, R.V. Williams, L.L. Minich, and L.Y. Tani Pulmonary regurgitation: determining severity by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging Congenit Heart Dis 3 2008 168 175
34. P. Renella, J. Aboulhosn, D.G. Lohan, P. Jonnala, J.P. Finn, and G.M. Satou et al. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography reliably predict severe pulmonary regurgitation as quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 880 886
35. C.K. Silversides, G.R. Veldtman, J. Crossin, N. Merchant, G.D. Webb, and B.W. McCrindle et al. Pressure half-time predicts hemodynamically significant pulmonary regurgitation in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 2003 1057 1062
36. S. Fukuda, J.M. Song, A.M. Gillinov, P.M. McCarthy, M. Daimon, and V. Kongsaerepong et al. Tricuspid valve tethering predicts residual tricuspid regurgitation after tricuspid annuloplasty Circulation 111 2005 975 979
37. S. Fukuda, A.M. Gillinov, J.M. Song, M. Daimon, V. Kongsaerepong, and J.D. Thomas et al. Echocardiographic insights into atrial and ventricular mechanisms of functional tricuspid regurgitation Am Heart J 152 2006 1208 1214
38. G. Grossmann, M. Stein, M. Kochs, M. Hoher, W. Koenig, and V. Hombach et al. Comparison of the proximal flow convergence method and the jet area method for the assessment of the severity of tricuspid regurgitation Eur Heart J 19 1998 652 659
39. M.H. Alghamdi, L. Grosse-Wortmann, N. Ahmad, L. Mertens, and M.K. Friedberg Can simple echocardiographic measures reduce the number of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies to diagnose right ventricular enlargement in congenital heart disease? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25 2012 518 523
40. M.D. Puchalski, R.V. Williams, B. Askovich, L.L. Minich, C. Mart, and L.Y. Tani Assessment of right ventricular size and function: echo versus magnetic resonance imaging Congenit Heart Dis 2 2007 27 31
41. W.W. Lai, K. Gauvreau, E.S. Rivera, S. Saleeb, A.J. Powell, and T. Geva Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by echocardiography Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 24 2008 691 698
42. C. Jenkins, J. Chan, K. Bricknell, M. Strudwick, and T.H. Marwick Reproducibility of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with cardiac MRI Chest 131 2007 1844 1851
43. X. Lu, V. Nadvoretskiy, L. Bu, A. Stolpen, N. Ayres, R.H. Pignatelli, J.P. Kovalchin, M. Grenier, B. Klas, and S. Ge Accuracy and reproducibility of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in children J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 2008 84 89
44. J. Grewal, D. Majdalany, I. Syed, P. Pellikka, and C.A. Warnes Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume and function in adult patients with congenital heart disease: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 127 133
45. A. Dragulescu, L. Grosse-Wortmann, C. Fackoury, S. Riffle, M. Waiss, and E. Jaeggi et al. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volumes after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot: clinical validation of a new echocardiographic method J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 1191 1198
46. W.A. Helbing, H.G. Bosch, C. Maliepaard, S.A. Rebergen, R.J. van der Geest, and B. Hansen et al. Comparison of echocardiographic methods with magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of right ventricular function in children Am J Cardiol 76 1995 589 594
47. Y.J. Shimada, M. Shiota, R.J. Siegel, and T. Shiota Accuracy of right ventricular volumes and function determined by three-dimensional echocardiography in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis study J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 943 953
48. P. Renella, G.R. Marx, K. Gauvreau, J. Zhou, and T. Geva 3D echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in children: feasibility and reproducibility J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011
49. S. Muzzarelli, K.G. Ordovas, G. Cannavale, A.K. Meadows, and C.B. Higgins Tetralogy of Fallot: impact of the excursion of the interventricular septum on left ventricular systolic function and fibrosis after surgical repair Radiology 259 2011 375 383
50. T. Geva, B.M. Sandweiss, K. Gauvreau, J.E. Lock, and A.J. Powell Factors associated with impaired clinical status in long-term survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 1068 1074
51. P.A. Davlouros, P.J. Kilner, T.S. Hornung, W. Li, J.M. Francis, and J.C. Moon et al. Right ventricular function in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: detrimental role of right ventricular outflow aneurysms or akinesia and adverse right-to-left ventricular interaction J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 2044 2052
52. J.B. Thambo, M. De Guillebon, P. Dos Santos, O. Xhaet, S. Ploux, and X. Iriart et al. Electrical dyssynchrony and resynchronization in tetralogy of Fallot Heart Rhythm 8 2011 909 914
53. M. Mueller, A. Rentzsch, K. Hoetzer, T. Raedle-Hurst, P. Boettler, and B. Stiller et al. Assessment of interventricular and right-intraventricular dyssynchrony in patients with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot by two-dimensional speckle tracking Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 786 792
54. N.S. Anavekar, D. Gerson, H. Skali, R.Y. Kwong, E.K. Yucel, and S.D. Solomon Two-dimensional assessment of right ventricular function: an echocardiographic-MRI correlative study Echocardiography 24 2007 452 456
55. J. Wang, K. Prakasa, C. Bomma, H. Tandri, D. Dalal, and C. James et al. Comparison of novel echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular function with ejection fraction by cardiac magnetic resonance J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20 2007 1058 1064
56. C. Srinivasan, R. Sachdeva, W.R. Morrow, S.B. Greenberg, and H.V. Vyas Limitations of standard echocardiographic methods for quantification of right ventricular size and function in children and young adults J Ultrasound Med 30 2011 487 493
57. W.L. Gleason, and E. Braunwald Studies on the first derivative of the ventricular pressure pulse in man J Clin Invest 41 1962 80 91
58. Y.Y. Duan, K. Harada, M. Toyono, H. Ishii, M. Tamura, and G. Takada Effects of acute preload reduction on myocardial velocity during isovolumic contraction and myocardial acceleration in pediatric patients Pediatr Cardiol 27 2006 32 36
59. J. Kjaergaard, E.M. Snyder, C. Hassager, J.K. Oh, and B.D. Johnson Impact of preload and afterload on global and regional right ventricular function and pressure: a quantitative echocardiography study J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 2006 515 521
60. M. Vogel, M.R. Schmidt, S.B. Kristiansen, M. Cheung, P.A. White, and K. Sorensen et al. Validation of myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a novel noninvasive index of right ventricular contractility: comparison with ventricular pressure-volume relations in an animal model Circulation 105 2002 1693 1699
61. C. Tei, K.S. Dujardin, D.O. Hodge, K.R. Bailey, M.D. McGoon, and A.J. Tajik et al. Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function J Am Soc Echocardiogr 9 1996 838 847
62. I. Cetin, K. Tokel, B. Varan, U. Orun, and S. Aslamaci Evaluation of right ventricular function by using tissue Doppler imaging in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Echocardiography 26 2009 950 957
63. K. Yasuoka, K. Harada, M. Toyono, M. Tamura, and F. Yamamoto Tei index determined by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Pediatr Cardiol 25 2004 131 136
64. M.Y. Abd El Rahman, H. Abdul-Khaliq, M. Vogel, V. Alexi-Meskischvili, M. Gutberlet, and R. Hetzer et al. Value of the new Doppler-derived myocardial performance index for the evaluation of right and left ventricular function following repair of tetralogy of Fallot Pediatr Cardiol 23 2002 502 507
65. M. Schwerzmann, A.M. Samman, O. Salehian, J. Holm, Y. Provost, and G.D. Webb et al. Comparison of echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for assessing right ventricular function in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot Am J Cardiol 99 2007 1593 1597
66. J. Kjaergaard, C.L. Petersen, A. Kjaer, B.K. Schaadt, J.K. Oh, and C. Hassager Evaluation of right ventricular volume and function by 2D and 3D echocardiography compared to MRI Eur J Echocardiogr 7 2006 430 438
67. S. Kaul, C. Tei, J.M. Hopkins, and P.M. Shah Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography Am Heart J 107 1984 526 531
68. S. Urheim, S. Cauduro, R. Frantz, M. McGoon, M. Belohlavek, and T. Green et al. Relation of tissue displacement and strain to invasively determined right ventricular stroke volume Am J Cardiol 96 2005 1173 1178
69. L. Bonnemains, B. Stos, T. Vaugrenard, P.Y. Marie, F. Odille, and Y. Boudjemline Echocardiographic right ventricle longitudinal contraction indices cannot predict ejection fraction in post-operative Fallot children Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13 2012 235 242
70. M. Koestenberger, B. Nagel, W. Ravekes, A.D. Everett, H.P. Stueger, and B. Heinzl et al. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right ventricular ejection fraction in pediatric and adolescent patients with tetralogy of Fallot, patients with atrial septal defect, and age-matched normal subjects Clin Res Cardiol 100 2011 67 75
71. P. Morcos, G.W. Vick III, D.J. Sahn, M. Jerosch-Herold, A. Shurman, and F.H. Sheehan Correlation of right ventricular ejection fraction and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in tetralogy of Fallot by magnetic resonance imaging Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 25 2009 263 270
72. M. Koestenberger, W. Ravekes, A.D. Everett, H.P. Stueger, B. Heinzl, and A. Gamillscheg et al. Right ventricular function in infants, children and adolescents: reference values of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in 640 healthy patients and calculation of Z score values J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 2009 715 719
73. M. Koestenberger, B. Nagel, W. Ravekes, A.D. Everett, H.P. Stueger, and B. Heinzl et al. Systolic right ventricular function in pediatric and adolescent patients with tetralogy of Fallot: echocardiography versus magnetic resonance imaging J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 45 52
74. M. Pavlicek, A. Wahl, T. Rutz, S.F. de Marchi, R. Hille, and K. Wustmann et al. Right ventricular systolic function assessment: rank of echocardiographic methods vs. cardiac magnetic resonance imaging Eur J Echocardiogr 12 2011 871 880
75. S. Kutty, J. Zhou, K. Gauvreau, C. Trincado, A.J. Powell, and T. Geva Regional dysfunction of the right ventricular outflow tract reduces the accuracy of Doppler tissue imaging assessment of global right ventricular systolic function in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 637 643
76. M.A. Gatzoulis, A.L. Clark, S. Cullen, C.G. Newman, and A.N. Redington Right ventricular diastolic function 15 to 35 years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts superior exercise performance Circulation 91 1995 1775 1781
77. S. Cullen, D. Shore, and A. Redington Characterization of right ventricular diastolic performance after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts slow postoperative recovery Circulation 91 1995 1782 1789
78. J. van den Berg, P.A. Wielopolski, F.J. Meijboom, M. Witsenburg, A.J. Bogers, and P.M. Pattynama et al. Diastolic function in repaired tetralogy of Fallot at rest and during stress: assessment with MR imaging Radiology 243 2007 212 219
79. W. Hui, M.Y. Abd El Rahman, F. Dsebissowa, A. Rentzsch, M. Gutberlet, and V. Alexi-Meskishvili et al. Quantitative analysis of right atrial performance after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot Cardiol Young 14 2004 520 526
80. A. Ghai, C. Silversides, L. Harris, G.D. Webb, S.C. Siu, and J. Therrien Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 1675 1680
81. A.L. Knauth, K. Gauvreau, A.J. Powell, M.J. Landzberg, E.P. Walsh, and J.E. Lock et al. Ventricular size and function assessed by cardiac MRI predict major adverse clinical outcomes late after tetralogy of Fallot repair Heart 94 2008 211 216
82. S.D. Colan, G. Shirali, R. Margossian, D. Gallagher, K. Altmann, and C. Canter et al. The Ventricular Volume Variability Study of the Pediatric Heart Network: study design and impact of beat averaging and variable type on the reproducibility of echocardiographic measurements in children with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25 2012 842 854
83. G.P. Diller, A. Kempny, E. Liodakis, R. Alonso-Gonzalez, R. Inuzuka, and A. Uebing et al. Left ventricular longitudinal function predicts life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia and death in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot Circulation 125 2012 2440 2446
84. S. Brili, I. Stamatopoulos, J. Barbetseas, C. Chrysohoou, N. Alexopoulos, and M. Misailidou et al. Usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging for the evaluation and follow-up of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 2008 1093 1098
85. O. Baspinar, and D. Alehan Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac haemodynamics after repair of tetralogy of Fallot in children: negative effects of pulmonary regurgitation Acta Cardiol 61 2006 279 283
86. G.A. Dodds, C.A. Warnes, and G.K. Danielson Aortic valve replacement after repair of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect or tetralogy of Fallot J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113 1997 736 741
87. K. Niwa Aortic root dilatation in tetralogy of Fallot long-term after repair - histology of the aorta in tetralogy of Fallot: evidence of intrinsic aortopathy Int J Cardiol 103 2005 117 119
88. L. Lopez, S.D. Colan, P.C. Frommelt, G.J. Ensing, K. Kendall, and A.K. Younoszai et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 465 495
89. L.F. Hiratzka, G.L. Bakris, J.A. Beckman, R.M. Bersin, V.F. Carr, and D.E. Casey et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 e27 e129
90. G.B. Haycock, G.J. Schwartz, and D.H. Wisotsky Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults J Pediatr 93 1978 62 66
91. D. DuBois, and E. DuBois A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known Arch Intern Med 17 1916 863 871
92. W.W. Lai, T. Geva, G.S. Shirali, P.C. Frommelt, R.A. Humes, and M.M. Brook et al. Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 2006 1413 1430
93. P. Festa, L. Ait-Ali, F. Minichilli, I. Kristo, M. Deiana, and E. Picano A new simple method to estimate pulmonary regurgitation by echocardiography in operated Fallot: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and performance test evaluation J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 496 503
94. M. Chessa, G. Butera, and M. Carminati Intracardiac echocardiography during percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement Eur Heart J 29 2008 2908
95. S. Plein, T.N. Bloomer, J.P. Ridgway, T.R. Jones, G.J. Bainbridge, and M.U. Sivananthan Steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: comparison with segmented k-space gradient-echo imaging J Magn Reson Imaging 14 2011 230 236
96. S.V. Babu-Narayan, P.J. Kilner, W. Li, J.C. Moon, O. Goktekin, and P.A. Davlouros et al. Ventricular fibrosis suggested by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and its relationship to adverse markers of clinical outcome Circulation 113 2006 405 413
97. R.M. Wald, I. Haber, R. Wald, A.M. Valente, A.J. Powell, and T. Geva Effects of regional dysfunction and late gadolinium enhancement on global right ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot Circulation 119 2009 1370 1377
98. W.A. Helbing, and A. de Roos Clinical applications of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Pediatr Cardiol 21 2000 70 79
99. A. van Straten, H.W. Vliegen, M.G. Hazekamp, J.J. Bax, P.H. Schoof, and J. Ottenkamp et al. Right ventricular function after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with tetralogy of Fallot Radiology 233 2004 824 829
100. H.W. Vliegen, A. Van Straten, A. De Roos, A.A. Roest, P.H. Schoof, and A.H. Zwinderman et al. Magnetic resonance imaging to assess the hemodynamic effects of pulmonary valve replacement in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Circulation 106 2002 1703 1707
101. S.V. Babu-Narayan, and M.A. Gatzoulis Management of adults with operated tetralogy of Fallot Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 5 2003 389 398
102. R. Garg, A.J. Powell, L. Sena, A.C. Marshall, and T. Geva Effects of metallic implants on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of Fontan palliation Am J Cardiol 95 2005 688 691
103. R.A. Sorrentino A novel MRI-safe dual-chamber pacemaker system: its time has come Heart Rhythm 8 2011 74 75
104. T. Reiter, O. Ritter, M.R. Prince, P. Nordbeck, C. Wanner, and E. Nagel et al. Minimizing risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14 2012 31
105. S. Sridharan, G. Derrick, J. Deanfield, and A.M. Taylor Assessment of differential branch pulmonary blood flow: a comparative study of phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide lung perfusion imaging Heart 92 2006 963 968
106. S. Schievano, L. Coats, F. Migliavacca, W. Norman, A. Frigiola, and J. Deanfield et al. Variations in right ventricular outflow tract morphology following repair of congenital heart disease: implications for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 9 2007 687 695
107. O.M. Weber, and C.B. Higgins MR evaluation of cardiovascular physiology in congenital heart disease: flow and function J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 8 2006 607 617
108. G.F. Greil, M. Stuber, R.M. Botnar, K.V. Kissinger, T. Geva, and J.W. Newburger et al. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography in adolescents and young adults with Kawasaki disease Circulation 105 2002 908 911
109. I. Valverde, V. Parish, T. Hussain, E. Rosenthal, P. Beerbaum, and T. Krasemann Planning of catheter interventions for pulmonary artery stenosis: improved measurement agreement with magnetic resonance angiography using identical angulations Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 77 2011 400 408
110. J. Nordmeyer, R. Gaudin, O.R. Tann, P.C. Lurz, P. Bonhoeffer, and A.M. Taylor et al. MRI may be sufficient for noninvasive assessment of great vessel stents: an in vitro comparison of MRI, CT, and conventional angiography AJR Am J Roentgenol 195 2010 865 871
111. R.M. Wald, A.N. Redington, A. Pereira, Y.L. Provost, N.S. Paul, and E.N. Oechslin et al. Refining the assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in adults after tetralogy of Fallot repair: should we be measuring regurgitant fraction or regurgitant volume? Eur Heart J 30 2009 356 361
112. T. Geva, K. Gauvreau, A.J. Powell, F. Cecchin, J. Rhodes, and J. Geva et al. Randomized trial of pulmonary valve replacement with and without right ventricular remodeling surgery Circulation 122 2010 S201 S208
113. A.E. van der Hulst, J.J. Westenberg, L.J. Kroft, J.J. Bax, N.A. Blom, and A. de Roos et al. Tetralogy of Fallot: 3D velocity-encoded MR imaging for evaluation of right ventricular valve flow and diastolic function in patients after correction Radiology 256 2010 724 734
114. K.I. Norton, C. Tong, R.B. Glass, and J.C. Nielsen Cardiac MR imaging assessment following tetralogy of Fallot repair Radiographics 26 2006 197 211
115. M.M. Samyn, A.J. Powell, R. Garg, L. Sena, and T. Geva Range of ventricular dimensions and function by steady-state free precession cine MRI in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: right ventricular outflow tract patch vs. conduit repair J Magn Reson Imaging 26 2007 934 940
116. C.F. Mooij, C.J. de Wit, D.A. Graham, A.J. Powell, and T. Geva Reproducibility of MRI measurements of right ventricular size and function in patients with normal and dilated ventricles J Magn Reson Imaging 28 2008 67 73
117. S.E. Blalock, P. Banka, T. Geva, A.J. Powell, J. Zhou, and A. Prakash Interstudy variability in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measurements of ventricular volume, mass, and ejection fraction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a prospective observational study J Magn Reson Imaging 38 2013 829 835
118. S. Sarikouch, B. Peters, M. Gutberlet, B. Leismann, A. Kelter-Kloepping, and H. Koerperich et al. Sex-specific pediatric percentiles for ventricular size and mass as reference values for cardiac MRI: assessment by steady-state free-precession and phase-contrast MRI flow Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3 2010 65 76
119. Valente AM, Gauvreau K, Assenza GE, Babu-Narayan SV, Schreier J, Gatzoulis M, et al. Contemporary predictors of death and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot enrolled in the INDICATOR cohort. Heart. In press.
120. R.J. Kim, D.S. Fieno, T.B. Parrish, K. Harris, E.L. Chen, and O. Simonetti et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function Circulation 100 1999 1992 2002
121. A. Gulati, A. Jabbour, T.F. Ismail, K. Guha, J. Khwaja, and S. Raza et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy JAMA 309 2013 896 908
122. I. Valverde, V. Parish, A. Tzifa, C. Head, S. Sarikouch, and G. Greil et al. Cardiovascular MR dobutamine stress in adult tetralogy of Fallot: disparity between CMR volumetry and flow for cardiovascular function J Magn Reson Imaging 33 2011 1341 1350
123. V. Parish, I. Valverde, S. Kutty, C. Head, S.A. Qureshi, and S. Sarikouch et al. Dobutamine stress MRI in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with chronic pulmonary regurgitation a comparison with healthy volunteers Int J Cardiol 166 2013 96 105
124. E. Riesenkampff, L. Mengelkamp, M. Mueller, S. Kropf, H. Abdul-Khaliq, and S. Sarikouch et al. Integrated analysis of atrioventricular interactions in tetralogy of Fallot Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299 2010 H364 H371
125. S.E. Luijnenburg, R.E. Peters, R.J. van der Geest, A. Moelker, J.W. Roos-Hesselink, and Y.B. de Rijke et al. Abnormal right atrial and right ventricular diastolic function relate to impaired clinical condition in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot Int J Cardiol 167 2013 833 839
126. C.S. Broberg, J. Aboulhosn, F.P. Mongeon, J. Kay, A.M. Valente, and P. Khairy et al. Prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot Am J Cardiol 107 2011 1215 1220
127. J.R. Darsee, J.R. Mikolich, P.F. Walter, and R.C. Schlant Paradoxical rise in left ventricular filling pressure in the dog during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation. A reversed Bernheim effect Circ Res 49 1981 1017 1028
128. P. Lurz, R. Puranik, J. Nordmeyer, V. Muthurangu, M.S. Hansen, and S. Schievano et al. Improvement in left ventricular filling properties after relief of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit obstruction: contribution of septal motion and interventricular mechanical delay Eur Heart J 30 2009 2266 2274
129. A.J. Powell, S.E. Maier, T. Chung, and T. Geva Phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging measurement of pulsatile blood flow in children and young adults: in vitro and in vivo validation Pediatr Cardiol 21 2000 104 110
130. S. Potthast, L. Mitsumori, L.A. Stanescu, M.L. Richardson, K. Branch, and T.J. Dubinsky et al. Measuring aortic diameter with different MR techniques: comparison of three-dimensional (3D) navigated steady-state free-precession (SSFP), 3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), 2D T2 black blood, and 2D cine SSFP J Magn Reson Imaging 31 2010 177 184
131. T. Kaiser, C.J. Kellenberger, M. Albisetti, E. Bergstrasser, and E.R. Valsangiacomo Buechel Normal values for aortic diameters in children and adolescents - assessment in vivo by contrast-enhanced CMR-angiography J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 10 2008 56
132. J. Schulz-Menger, D.A. Bluemke, J. Bremerich, S.D. Flamm, M.A. Fogel, and M.G. Friedrich et al. Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees Task Force on Standardized Post Processing J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15 2013 35
133. P. Lurz, L. Coats, S. Khambadkone, J. Nordmeyer, Y. Boudjemline, and S. Schievano et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: impact of evolving technology and learning curve on clinical outcome Circulation 117 2008 1964 1972
134. M.K. Atalay, E.A. Prince, C.A. Pearson, and K.J. Chang The prevalence and clinical significance of noncardiac findings on cardiac MRI AJR Am J Roentgenol 196 2011 W387 W393
135. M. Whitlock, A. Garg, J. Gelow, T. Jacobson, and C. Broberg Comparison of left and right atrial volume by echocardiography versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging using the area-length method Am J Cardiol 106 2010 1345 1350
136. A.A. Ginde, A. Foianini, D.M. Renner, M. Valley, and C.A. Camargo Jr. Availability and quality of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging equipment in U.S. emergency departments Acad Emerg Med 15 2008 780 783
137. T. Fuchs, M. Kachelriess, and W.A. Kalender Technical advances in multi-slice spiral CT Eur J Radiol 36 2000 69 73
138. B. Desjardins, and E.A. Kazerooni ECG-gated cardiac CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2004 993 1010
139. A.J. Einstein, C.D. Elliston, A.E. Arai, M.Y. Chen, R. Mather, and G.D. Pearson et al. Radiation dose from single-heartbeat coronary CT angiography performed with a 320-detector row volume scanner Radiology 254 2010 698 706
140. T.C. Gerber, R.S. Kuzo, G.E. Lane, P.C. O'Brien, N. Karstaedt, and R.L. Morin et al. Image quality in a standardized algorithm for minimally invasive coronary angiography with multislice spiral computed tomography J Comput Assist Tomogr 27 2003 62 69
141. J. Moloo, M.D. Shapiro, and S. Abbara Cardiac computed tomography: technique and optimization of protocols Semin Roentgenol 43 2008 90 99
142. E.D. Nicol, M. Gatzoulis, S.P. Padley, and M. Rubens Assessment of adult congenital heart disease with multi-detector computed tomography: beyond coronary lumenography Clin Radiol 62 2007 518 527
143. M.S. Pearce, J.A. Salotti, M.P. Little, K. McHugh, C. Lee, and K.P. Kim et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study Lancet 380 2012 499 505
144. D.J. Brenner, R. Doll, D.T. Goodhead, E.J. Hall, C.E. Land, and J.B. Little et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 13761 13766
145. R. Fazel, H.M. Krumholz, Y. Wang, J.S. Ross, J. Chen, and H.H. Ting et al. Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from medical imaging procedures N Engl J Med 361 2009 849 857
146. R.A. Kleinerman Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children Pediatr Radiol 36 suppl 2006 121 125
147. D.J. Brenner Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative Pediatr Radiol 32 2002 242 248
148. S.D. Weisbord, M.K. Mor, A.L. Resnick, K.C. Hartwig, P.M. Palevsky, and M.J. Fine Incidence and outcomes of contrast-induced AKI following computed tomography Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 2008 1274 1281
149. H.W. Goo, I.S. Park, J.K. Ko, Y.H. Kim, D.M. Seo, and J.J. Park Computed tomography for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in pediatric and adult patients Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 21 2005 347 365
150. R.D. Gartner, N.J. Sutton, S. Weinstein, H. Spindola-Franco, and L.B. Haramati MRI and computed tomography of cardiac and pulmonary complications of tetralogy of Fallot in adults J Thorac Imaging 25 2010 183 190
151. R.J. Holzer, K. Gauvreau, J. Kreutzer, R. Leahy, J. Murphy, and J.E. Lock et al. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of branch pulmonary arteries: adverse events and procedural characteristics: results of a multi-institutional registry Circ Cardiovasc Interv 4 2011 287 296
152. K.U. Juergens, M. Grude, D. Maintz, E.M. Fallenberg, T. Wichter, and W. Heindel et al. Multi-detector row CT of left ventricular function with dedicated analysis software versus MR imaging: initial experience Radiology 230 2004 403 410
153. A. Lembcke, P.M. Dohmen, M. Dewey, C. Klessen, T. Elgeti, and K.G. Hermann et al. Multislice computed tomography for preoperative evaluation of right ventricular volumes and function: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging Ann Thorac Surg 79 2005 1344 1351
154. S.V. Raman, M. Shah, B. McCarthy, A. Garcia, and A.K. Ferketich Multi-detector row cardiac computed tomography accurately quantifies right and left ventricular size and function compared with cardiac magnetic resonance Am Heart J 151 2006 736 744
155. J.H. Chung, B.B. Ghoshhajra, C.A. Rojas, B.R. Dave, and S. Abbara CT angiography of the thoracic aorta Radiol Clin North Am 48 2010 249 264
156. V.K. Rathi, M. Doyle, R.B. Williams, J. Yamrozik, R.P. Shannon, and R.W. Biederman Massive aortic aneurysm and dissection in repaired tetralogy of Fallot; diagnosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging Int J Cardiol 101 2005 169 170
157. W.H. Kim, J.W. Seo, S.J. Kim, J. Song, J. Lee, and C.Y. Na Aortic dissection late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Int J Cardiol 101 2005 515 516
158. T.L. Lu, C.H. Huber, E. Rizzo, J. Dehmeshki, L.K. von Segesser, and S.D. Qanadli Ascending aorta measurements as assessed by ECG-gated multi-detector computed tomography: a pilot study to establish normative values for transcatheter therapies Eur Radiol 19 2009 664 669
159. S.S. Mao, N. Ahmadi, B. Shah, D. Beckmann, A. Chen, and L. Ngo et al. Normal thoracic aorta diameter on cardiac computed tomography in healthy asymptomatic adults: impact of age and gender Acad Radiol 15 2008 827 834
160. M. Hadamitzky, R. Distler, T. Meyer, F. Hein, A. Kastrati, and S. Martinoff et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography in comparison with calcium scoring and clinical risk scores Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4 2011 16 23
161. F.R. de Graaf, J.D. Schuijf, V. Delgado, J.E. van Velzen, L.J. Kroft, and A. de Roos et al. Clinical application of CT coronary angiography: state of the art Heart Lung Circ 19 2010 107 116
162. Y.S. Hamirani, H. Isma'eel, V. Larijani, P. Drury, W. Lim, and M. Bevinal et al. The diagnostic accuracy of 64-detector cardiac computed tomography compared with stress nuclear imaging in patients undergoing invasive cardiac catheterization J Comput Assist Tomogr 34 2010 645 651
163. A. Hamdan, P. Asbach, E. Wellnhofer, C. Klein, R. Gebker, and S. Kelle et al. A prospective study for comparison of MR and CT imaging for detection of coronary artery stenosis JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 4 2011 50 61
164. S.C. Cook, and S.V. Raman Unique application of multislice computed tomography in adults with congenital heart disease Int J Cardiol 119 2007 101 106
165. T.F. Jakobs, C.R. Becker, B. Ohnesorge, T. Flohr, C. Suess, and U.J. Schoepf et al. Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation Eur Radiol 12 2002 1081 1086
166. M. Pruckmayer, S. Zacherl, U. Salzer-Muhar, M. Schlemmer, and T. Leitha Scintigraphic assessment of pulmonary and whole-body blood flow patterns after surgical intervention in congenital heart disease J Nucl Med 40 1999 1477 1483
167. J.M. Bourque, and G.A. Beller Stress myocardial perfusion imaging for assessing prognosis: an update JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 4 2011 1305 1319
168. M.P. O'Laughlin, M.C. Slack, R.G. Grifka, S.B. Perry, J.E. Lock, and C.E. Mullins Implantation and intermediate-term follow-up of stents in congenital heart disease Circulation 88 1993 605 614
169. H. Jonsson, T. Ivert, R. Jonasson, H. Wahlgren, A. Holmgren, and V.O. Bjork Pulmonary function thirteen to twenty-six years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108 1994 1002 1009
170. M.T. Wu, Y.L. Huang, K.S. Hsieh, J.T. Huang, N.J. Peng, and J.Y. Pan et al. Influence of pulmonary regurgitation inequality on differential perfusion of the lungs in tetralogy of Fallot after repair: a phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and perfusion scintigraphy study J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 1880 1886
171. A. Tamir, M. Melloul, M. Berant, G. Horev, E. Lubin, and L.C. Blieden et al. Lung perfusion scans in patients with congenital heart defects J Am Coll Cardiol 19 1992 383 388
172. A.E. Boothroyd, E.A. McDonald, and H. Carty Lung perfusion scintigraphy in patients with congenital heart disease: sensitivity and important pitfalls Nucl Med Commun 17 1996 33 39
173. 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin Jpn Circ J 56 1992 992 997
174. S.C. Dowdle, D.G. Human, and M.D. Mann Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion abnormalities and ventilation perfusion imbalance in children with pulmonary atresia or extreme tetralogy of Fallot J Nucl Med 31 1990 1276 1279
175. L.A. Reduto, H.J. Berger, D.E. Johnstone, W. Hellenbrand, F.J. Wackers, and R. Whittemore et al. Radionuclide assessment of right and left ventricular exercise reserve after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot Am J Cardiol 45 1980 1013 1018
176. R.A. Hurwitz, S. Treves, and A. Kuruc Right ventricular and left ventricular ejection fraction in pediatric patients with normal hearts: first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography Am Heart J 107 1984 726 732
177. B.V. Manno, A.S. Iskandrian, and A.H. Hakki Right ventricular function: methodologic and clinical considerations in noninvasive scintigraphic assessment J Am Coll Cardiol 3 1984 1072 1081
178. R.J. Cusimano, and C. Guest Coronary artery disease following repair of tetralogy of Fallot: implications and management Can J Cardiol 12 1996 172 174
179. J.A. Parker, R.E. Coleman, E. Grady, H.D. Royal, B.A. Siegel, and M.G. Stabin et al. SNM practice guideline for lung scintigraphy 4.0 J Nucl Med Technol 40 2012 57 65
180. H.W. Strauss, D.D. Miller, M.D. Wittry, M.D. Cerqueira, E.V. Garcia, and A.S. Iskandrian et al. Procedure guideline for myocardial perfusion imaging 3.3 J Nucl Med Technol 36 2008 155 161
181. P. Bonhoeffer, Y. Boudjemline, Z. Saliba, J. Merckx, Y. Aggoun, and D. Bonnet et al. Percutaneous replacement of pulmonary valve in a right-ventricle to pulmonary-artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction Lancet 356 2000 1403 1405
182. D.B. McElhinney, W.E. Hellenbrand, E.M. Zahn, T.K. Jones, J.P. Cheatham, and J.E. Lock et al. Short- and medium-term outcomes after transcatheter pulmonary valve placement in the expanded multicenter us melody valve trial Circulation 122 2010 507 516
183. T. Geva, L. Bergersen, and J. Kreutzer Diagnostic pathways for evaluation of congenital heart disease M.H. Crawford, J.P. DiMarco, W.J. Paulus, Cardiology 2009 Elsevier Philadelphia 1415 1440
184. S. Noble, J. Miro, G. Yong, R. Bonan, J.C. Tardif, and R. Ibrahim Rapid pacing rotational angiography with three-dimensional reconstruction: use and benefits in structural heart disease interventions Eurointervention 5 2009 244 249
185. A.C. Glatz, X. Zhu, M.J. Gillespie, B.D. Hanna, and J.J. Rome Use of angiographic CT imaging in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for congenital heart disease JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 3 2010 1149 1157
186. T. Fagan, J. Kay, J. Carroll, and A. Neubauer 3-D guidance of complex pulmonary artery stent placement using reconstructed rotational angiography with live overlay Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 79 2012 414 421
187. J.E. Lock, J.F. Keane, and K.E. Fellows Diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Boston, MA
188. T. Chung, and P.E. Burrows Diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease 2000 Kluwer Academic Amsterdam, The Netherlands
189. J.E. Lock, J.F. Keane, and S.B. Perry Diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease 2000 Kluwer Academic Amsterdam, The Netherlands
190. E.M. Zahn, W.E. Hellenbrand, J.E. Lock, and D.B. McElhinney Implantation of the melody transcatheter pulmonary valve in patients with a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract conduit early results from the U.S. clinical trial J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 1722 1729
191. K. Alfakih, S. Plein, H. Thiele, T. Jones, J.P. Ridgway, and M.U. Sivananthan Normal human left and right ventricular dimensions for MRI as assessed by turbo gradient echo and steady-state free precession imaging sequences J Magn Reson Imaging 17 2003 323 329
192. L.E. Hudsmith, S.E. Petersen, J.M. Francis, M.D. Robson, and S. Neubauer Normal human left and right ventricular and left atrial dimensions using steady state free precession magnetic resonance imaging J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7 2005 775 782
193. S. Sarikouch, H. Koerperich, D. Boethig, B. Peters, J. Lotz, and M. Gutberlet et al. Reference values for atrial size and function in children and young adults by cardiac MR: a study of the German Competence Network congenital heart defects J Magn Reson Imaging 33 2011 1028 1039
194. D. Robbers-Visser, E. Boersma, and W.A. Helbing Normal biventricular function, volumes, and mass in children aged 8 to 17 years J Magn Reson Imaging 29 2009 552 559
195. E.V. Buechel, T. Kaiser, C. Jackson, A. Schmitz, and C.J. Kellenberger Normal right- and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 11 2009 19