How visual fatigue and discomfort impact 3D-TV quality of experience: A comprehensive review of technological, psychophysical, and psychological factors

Annales des Telecommunications/Annals of Telecommunications

Volumn 68, Issue 11-12, 2013, Pages 641-655

  Urvoy, Matthieu ^a   Barkowsky, Marcus ^a   Le Callet, Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

Author keywords

3D technologies; 3D TV; Quality of experience; Stereopsis; Visual discomfort; Visual fatigue

Indexed keywords

3D TECHNOLOGY; QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE (QOE); STEREOPSIS; VISUAL DISCOMFORT; VISUAL FATIGUE;

DEPTH PERCEPTION; QUALITY OF SERVICE; THREE DIMENSIONAL; VISUALIZATION;

THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER GRAPHICS;

EID: 84892942289     PISSN: 00034347     EISSN: 19589395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12243-013-0394-3     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Holliman N, Dodgson NA, Favalora GE, Pockett L (2011) Threedimensional displays: a review and applications analysis. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):362-371
2. Qualinet (2012) Qualinet white paper on definitions of quality of experience. Tech. Rep., Dagstuhl Seminar
3. Seuntiens PJ, IJsselsteijn WA, Van Den Avoort PMJ, Berentsen J, Dalm IJ, Lambooij MTM, Oosting W, Heynderickx I (2005) Viewing experience and naturalness of 3D images, vol 2. SPIE
4. Seuntiëns PJH, Heynderickx IEJ, IJsselsteijn WA (2008) Capturing the added value of three-dimensional television: viewing experience and naturalness of stereoscopic images. J Imaging Sci Tech 52(2)
5. Benoit A, Le Callet P, Campisi P, Cousseau R (2008) Quality assessment of stereoscopic images. EURASIP J Image Video Proc 2008:1-13
6. Lambooij MTM, IJsselsteijn WA, Bouwhuis DG, Heynderickx I (2011) Evaluation of stereoscopic images: beyond 2D quality. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):432-444
7. IJsselsteijnWA (2004) Presence in depth. PhD. thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology
8. Barkowsky M, Wang K, Cousseau R, Brunnström K, Olsson R, Le Callet P (2010) Subjective quality assessment of error concealment strategies for 3DTV in the presence of asymmetric transmission errors. IEEE, Hong Kong
9. Patterson R (2007) Human factors of 3-D displays. J Soc Inf Disp 15(11):861-871
10. Patterson R (2009) Review paper: human factors of stereo displays: an update. J Soc Inf Disp 17(12):987
11. Ukai K, Howarth PA (2008) Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: background, theories, and observations. Displays 29(2):106-116
12. Tam WJ, Speranza F, Yano S, Shimono K, Ono H, Vision AHS (2011) Stereoscopic 3D-TV: visual comfort. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):335-346
13. Lambooij MTM, Ijsselsteijn WA, Heynderickx I (2007) Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays: a review. Proceeding SPIE 6490. doi:10.1117/12.705527. http://link.aip.org/link/PSISDG/ v6490/i1/p64900I/s1&Agg=doi
14. Howarth PA (2011) Potential hazards of viewing 3-D stereoscopic television, cinema and computer games: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opt 31(2): 111-122
15. Lambooij MTM, Fortuin MF, IJsselsteijn WA, Heynderickx I (2009) Measuring visual discomfort associated with 3D displays. Proc SPIE 7237:12
16. Barkowsky M, Cousseau R, Le Callet P (2011) Is visual fatigue changing the perceived depth accuracy on an autostereoscopic display? SPIE Electron Imaging Stereos Displays Appl 7863(6597):1-8
17. Kennedy R, Lane N, Berbaum K, Lilienthal M (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203-220
18. Howarth P, Costello P (1997) The occurrence of virtual simulation sickness symptoms when an HMD was used as a personal viewing system. Displays 18(2):107-116
19. Ohno S, Ukai K (2000) Subjective evaluation of motion sickness following game play with head mounted display. J Inst Image Inf Telev Eng 54(6):887-891
20. Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL (2000) Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol 118(5):615-621
21. Ogata M, Ukai K, Kawai T (2005) Visual fatigue in congenital nystagmus caused by viewing images of color sequential projectors. J Disp Tech 1(2):314-320
22. Suzumura A (1986) Ocular fatigue. Ganka 23:799-804
23. Yang S-n, Schlieski T, Selmins B, Cooper S, Doherty R, Corriveau PJ, Sheedy JE (2011) Individual differences and seating position affect immersion and symptoms in stereoscopic 3D viewing. In: Proceedings of stereoscopic displays and applications, vol 7863, pp 1-44
24. Yano S, Ide S, Mitsuhashi T, Thwaites H (2002) A study of visual fatigue and visual comfort for 3D HDTV/HDTV images. Displays 23(4):191-201
25. ITU-R-BT.500-11 (2004) Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures. Tech. Rep. International Telecommunication Union
26. Shibata T, Yoshitake J, Koido Y, Kikuchi K, Kawai T (2012) Ergonomic evaluation of visual discomfort with autostereoscopic displays. SID Symp Dig Tech Pap 43(1):129-132
27. Wann JP, Mon-Williams M (2002) Measurement of visual aftereffects following virtual environment exposure. In: Stanney KM (ed) Handbook of virtual environments: design, implementation, and applications, Chap 9. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, pp 731-749
28. Ando T, Tanaka A, Fukasaku S, Takada R, Okada M, Ukai K, Shizuka K, Oyamada H, Toda H, Taniyama T, Usui T, Yoshizawa M, Kiryu T, Takagi M, Saida S, Bando T (2002) Pupillary and cardiovascular responses to a video movie in senior human subjects. Auton Neurosci: Basic & Clinical 97(2):129-135
29. Nagatani H, Hirayama Y (2008) Evaluation of the influence on the human body of the autostereoscopic display based on the integral imaging method. Proc SPIE 6803:1-8
30. Cail F, Salsi S (1992) La fatigue visuelle. Tech. Rep. 1-3, INRS
31. Jaschinski W, Bonacker M, Alshuth E (1996) Accommodation, convergence, pupil diameter and eye blinks at a CRT display flickering near fusion limit. Ergonomics 39(1): 152-164
32. Saito S (1992) Does fatigue exist in a quantitative measurement of eye movements? Ergonomics 35(5-6):607-615
33. Chi C-F, Lin F-T (1998) A comparison of seven visual fatigue assessment techniques in three data-acquisition VDT tasks. Hum Factors 40(4):577-590
34. Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW (2005) Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 50(3):253-262
35. Ehrlich DL (1987) Near vision stress: vergence adaptation and accommodative fatigue. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 7(4):353-357
36. Ebenholtz S (1992) Accommodative hysteresis as a function of target-dark focus separation. Vis Res 32(5):925-929
37. Jaschinski-Kruza W (1998) Visual strain during VDU work; the effect of viewing distance and dark focus. Ergonomics 31:1449-1465
38. Hasebe S, Graf EW, Schor CM (2001) Fatigue reduces tonic accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 21(2):151-160
39. Yano S, Emoto M, Mitsuhashi T (2004) Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Displays 25(4):141-150
40. Uetake A, Murata A, Otsuka M, Takasawa Y (2000) Evaluation of visual fatigue during VDT tasks. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics. IEEE, Nashville, pp 1277-1282
41. Murata A, Uetake A, Otsuka M, Takasawa Y (2001) Proposal of an index to evaluate visual fatigue induced during visual display terminal tasks. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 13(3):305-321
42. Ivanoff A (1955) Night binocular convergence and night myopia. J Opt Soc Am 45(9):769 1
43. Kromeier M, Schmitt C, Bach M, Kommerell G (2003) Stereoacuity versus fixation disparity as indicators for vergence accuracy under prismatic stress. J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opt 23(1):43-49
44. Chetty E, Jackson S, Mitton C, Philips TK (2007) A review of fixation disparity. S Afr Optom 66(4):192-197
45. Jaschinski-KruzaW(1991) Eyestrain in VDU users: viewing distance and the resting position of ocular muscles. Hum Factors 33(1):69-83
46. Jaschinski-Kruza W (2002) The proximity-fixation-disparity curve and the preferred viewing distance at a visual display as an indicator of near vision fatigue. Optometry Vision Sci 79(3):158-169
47. North R, Henson DB (1981) Adaptation to prism-induced heterophoria in subjects with abnormal binocular vision or asthenopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 58(9):746-752
48. Fisher SK, Ciuffreda KJ, Levine S, Wolf-Kelly KS (1987) Tonic adaptation in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 64(5):333-343
49. Hung GK (2001) Models of oculomotor control, vol 2. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore
50. Ukai K, Oyamada H, Ishikawa S (2000) Changes in accommodation and vergence following 2 hours of movie viewing through bi-ocular head-mounted display. In: Franźen O, Richter H, Stark L (eds) Accommodation and vergence mechanisms in the visual system. Birkhaüser Verlag, Cambridge, pp 313-325
51. Schor CM, Tsuetaki TK (1987) Fatigue of accommodation and vergence modifies their mutual interactions. Inv Ophth Vis Sci 28(8):1250-1259
52. Nakamura Y (1996) Measurement of pupillary unrest in eyestrain. Jpn J Ophthalmol 40(4):533-539
53. Ukai K, Tsuchiya K, Ishikawa S (1997) Induced pupillary hippus following near vision: increased occurrence in visual display unit workers. Ergonomics 40(11):1201-1211
54. Bouma H, Baghuis L (1971) Hippus of the pupil: periods of slow oscillations of unknown origin. Vis Res 11(11):1345-1351
55. Li H, Seo J, Kham K, Lee S (2008) Measurement of 3D visual fatigue using event-related potential (ERP). 3D oddball paradigm. In: 3DTV conference: the true vision-capture, transmission and display of 3D video. IEEE, pp 213-216
56. Emoto M, Nojiri Y, Okano F (2004) Changes in fusional vergence limit and its hysteresis after viewing stereoscopic TV. Displays 25(2-3):67-76
57. Emoto M, Niida T, Okano F (2005) Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in watching stereoscopic television. J Disp Technol 1(2):328-340
58. Nojiri Y, Yamanoue H, Hanazato A, Emoto M, Okano F (2004) Visual comfort/discomfort and visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV viewing. In: Proceedings of SPIE, vol 5291. SPIE, pp 303-313
59. Evans BJW (2002) Pickwell's binocular vision anomalies: investigation and treatment, 4th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, London
60. Lambooij MTM, Fortuin MF, IJsselsteijn WA, Heynderickx I (2010) Visual discomfort associated with 3D displays. In: 5th international workshop on video proceedings and quality metrics (VPQM), p 6
61. Hoffman DM, Girshick AR, Banks MS (2008) Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. J Vis 8(3):1-30
62. Kuze J, Ukai K (2008) Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images. Displays 29(2):159-166
63. Kim D, Jung Y, Kim E, Ro Y, Park H (2011) Human brain response to visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic depth perception. In: 2011 17th international conference on digital signal processing (DSP), no. Ba IEEE, pp 1-5
64. Yang S, Sheedy JE (2011) Effects of vergence and accommodative responses on viewer's comfort in viewing 3D stimuli. In: Proceedings SPIE stereoscopic displays and applications XXII, vol 7863, p 13
65. Li J, Barkowsky M, Le Callet P (2013) Visual discomfort is not always proportional to eye blinking rate: exploring some effects of planar and in-depth motion on 3DTV QoE. In: 7th international workshop on video proceedings and quality metrics, pp 1-6
66. Inoue T, Ohzu H (1997) Accommodative responses to stereoscopic three-dimensional display. Appl Opt 36(19):4509
67. Ukai K, Kato Y (2002) The use of video refraction to measure the dynamic properties of the near triad in observers of a 3-D display. J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 22(5):385-388
68. Okada Y, Ukai K,Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B, Iijima A, Bando T (2006) Target spatial frequency determines the response to conflicting defocus-and convergence-driven accommodative stimuli. Vis Res 46(4):475-484
69. Torii M, Okada Y, Ukai K, Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B (2008) Dynamic measurement of accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images. J Mod Opt 55(4):557-567
70. Fukushima T, Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B (2009) The relationship between CA/C ratio and individual differences in dynamic accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images. J Vis 9(13):1-13
71. Wann JP, Mon-Williams M (1997) Health issues with virtual reality displays. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput Graph 31(2):53-57
72. Shibata T, Kawai T, Ohta K, Otsuki M, Miyake N, Yoshihara Y, Iwasaki T (2005) Stereoscopic 3-D display with optical correction for the reduction of the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. J Soc Inf Disp 13(8):665
73. Cumming BG, Judge SJ (1986) Disparity-induced and blurinduced convergence eye movement and accommodation in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 55(5):896-914
74. Watt SJ, Akeley K, Girshick AR, Banks MS (2004) Achieving near-correct focus cues in a 3-D display using multiple image planes. ACM Trans Graph-Proc ACM SIGGRAPH 23(3)
75. Nojiri Y, Yamanoue H, Hanazato A, Emoto M, Okano F (2004) Parallax distribution and visual comfort on stereoscopic HDTV. In: Proceedings of SPIE, vol 2. SPIE, pp 303-313
76. Speranza F, TamWJ, Renaud R, Hur N (2006) Effect of disparity and motion on visual comfort of stereoscopic images. Proc SPIE 6055:94-103
77. Li J, Barkowsky M, Wang J, Le Callet P (2011) Study on visual discomfort induced by stimulus movement at fixed depth on stereoscopic displays using shutter glasses. In: Proceedings of 17th international conference on digital signal processing, p 8
78. Chen W, Fournier J, Barkowsky M, Le Callet P (2010) New requirements of subjective video quality assessment methodologies for 3DTV. In: Proceedings of 5th international workshop on video proceedings and quality metrics, vol 2010. Scottsdale
79. CharmanWN, Whitefoot H (1977) Pupil diameter and the depthof-field of the human eye as measured by laser speckle. J Mod Opt 24(12):1211-1216
80. Green D, Powers M, Banks MS (1980) Depth of focus, eye size and visual acuity. Vis Res 20(10):827-835
81. Cho A, Iwasaki T, Noro K (1996) A study on visual characteristics of binocular 3-D images. Ergonomics 39(11):1285-1293
82. Marcos S, Moreno E, Navarro R (1999) The depth-of-field of the human eye from objective and subjective measurements. Vis Res 39(12):2039-2049
83. Loewenfeld IE (1999) The pupil: anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, London
84. Li Z, Sun F (2005) Pupillary response induced by stereoscopic stimuli. Exp Brain Res 160(3):394-397
85. Collins MJ, Goode A, Davis BA, Back A (2000) Spherical aberration and the depth of focus of the human eye. Inv Opth Vis Sci 41(427)
86. Nio YK, Jansonius NM, Fidler V, Geraghty E, Norrby S, Kooijman AC (2002) Spherical and irregular aberrations are important for the optimal performance of the human eye. J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opticians 22(2):103-112
87. Yi F (2010) Wavefront aberrations and the depth of focus of the human eye, PhD. thesis. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
88. Richards W (1970) Stereopsis and stereoblindness. Exp Brain Res 10(4):380-388
89. Poggio GF, Motter BC, Squatrito S, Trotter Y (1985) Responses of neurons in visual cortex (V1 and V2) of the alert macaque to dynamic random-dot stereograms. Vis Res 25(3):397-406
90. Poggio GF (1995) Mechanisms of stereopsis in monkey visual cortex. Cereb Cortex 5(3):193-204
91. Cumming BG, De Angelis GC (2001) The physiology of stereopsis. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:203-238
92. Richards W (1971) Anomalous stereoscopic depth perception. J Opt Soc Am 61(3):410
93. Schreiber KM, Tweed DB, Schor CM (2006) The extended horopter: quantifying retinal correspondence across changes of 3D eye position. J Vis 6(1):64-74
94. Blake R (2001) A primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies. Brain Mind 2(1):5-38
95. Alais D, Blake R (2004) Binocular rivalry. MIT Press, Cambridge
96. Schor CM, Tyler CW (1981) Spatio-temporal properties of Panum's fusional area. Vis Res 21(5):683-692
97. Mitchell DE (1966) A review of the concept of Panum's fusional area. Am J Optom 43:387-401
98. Fender D, Julesz B (1967) Extension of Panum's fusional area in binocularly stabilized vision. J Opt Soc Am 57(6):819
99. Hampton DR, Kertesz AE (1983) The extent of Panum's area and the human cortical magnification factor. Perception 12(2):161-165
100. Nagata S (1996) The binocular fusion of human vision on stereoscopic displays-field of view and environment effects. Ergonomics 39(11):1273-1284
101. Woo G (1974) The effect of exposure time on the foveal size of Panum's area. Vis Res 14(7):473-480
102. Jones R, Stephens GL (1989) Horizontal fusional amplitudes. Evidence for disparity tuning. Inv Ophthalmol Visual Sci 30(7):1638-1642
103. Schor CM, Wood I, Ogawa J (1984) Binocular sensory fusion is limited by spatial resolution. Vis Res 24(7):661-665
104. Van Damme W, Brenner E (1997) The distance used for scaling disparities is the same as the one used for scaling retinal size. Vis Res 37(6):757-764
105. Schreiber KM, Hillis JM, Filippini HR, Schor CM, Banks MS (2008) The surface of the empirical horopter. J Vis 8(3):1-20
106. Cooper EA, Burge J (2011) The vertical horopter is not adaptable, but it may be adaptive. J Vis 11(3):1-19
107. Schiller PH, Logothetis NK, Charles ER (1990) Role of the color-opponent and broad-band channels in vision. Vis Neurosci 5(4):321-346
108. Livingstone M, Hubel D (1988) Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 240(4853):740-749
109. Schor CM, Wood I (1983) Disparity range for local stereopsis as a function of luminance spatial frequency. Vis Res 23(12):1649-1654
110. Patterson R (1990) Spatiotemporal properties of stereoacuity. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom 67(2):123-128
111. Wilcox LM, Allison RS (2009) Coarse-fine dichotomies in human stereopsis. Vis Res 49(22):2653-2665
112. Stransky D, Wilcox L (2010) Depth magnitude and binocular disparity: a closer look at patent vs. qualitative stereopsis. J Vis 10(7):330-330
113. Bingham GP, Bradley A, Bailey M, Vinner R (2001) Accommodation, occlusion and disparity matching are used to guide reaching: a comparison of actual versus virtual environments. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 27(6):1314-1334
114. Cutting JE, Vishton PM (1995) Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. Handb Percept Cogn 5:69-117
115. Li Y, Sawada T, Shi Y, Kwon T, Pizlo Z (2011) A Bayesian model of binocular perception of 3D mirror symmetrical polyhedra. J Vis 11(4):1-20
116. Held RT, Cooper EA, O'Brien JF, Banks MS (2010) Using blur to affect perceived distance and size. ACMTrans Graph 29(2):1-16
117. Landy MS, Maloney LT, Johnston EB, Young M (1995) Measurement and modeling of depth cue combination in defense of weak fusion. Vis Res 35(3):389-412
118. Domini F, Caudek C, Tassinari H (2006) Stereo and motion information are not independently processed by the visual system. Vis Res 46(11):1707-1723
119. Ono H, Comerford T (1977) Stereoscopic depth constancy. In: Epstein W (ed) Stability and constancy in visual perception: mechanisms and processes. Wiley, New York, pp 91-128
120. Nakamizo S (2000) The pulfrich effect and depth constancy. Jpn Psychol Res 42(4):251-256
121. Richards W (2009) Configuration stereopsis: a new look at the depth-disparity relation. Spat Vis 22(1):91-103
122. Shimojo S, Nakayama K (1990) Real world occlusion constraints and binocular rivalry. Vis Res 30(1):69-80
123. Wolfe JM (1986) Stereopsis and binocular rivalry. Psychol Rev 93(3):269-282
124. Kim WJ (2012) Feature-based detection of inverted-stereo for stereoscopic 3D viewing comfort. IEEE Trans Broadcast 58(2):296-300
125. Mendiburu B (2009) 3D movie making: stereoscopic digital cinema from script to screen. Focal Press, London
126. Onural L, Sikora T, Ostermann J (2006) An assessment of 3D-TV technologies. In: Proceedings of national association of broadcasters, pp 456-467
127. Patterson R, Silzars A (2009) Immersive stereo displays, intuitive reasoning, and cognitive engineering. J Soc Inf Disp 17(5):443-448
128. Percival AS (1892) The relation of convergence to accommodation and its practical bearing. Ophthalmol Rev 11:313-328
129. Sheard C (1934) The prescription of prisms. Am J Optom 11:364-378
130. Cermak G, Thorpe L, Pinson M (2009). Plan for evaluation of video quality models for use with high definition tv content. video quality experts group (VQEG), Tech. Rep
131. ITU-R BT.2022 (2012). General viewing conditions for subjective assessment of quality of SDTV and HDTV television pictures on flat panel displays BT Series Broadcasting service, Tech. Rep
132. Allison RS (2007) Analysis of the influence of vertical disparities arising in toed-in stereoscopic cameras. J Imaging Sci Technol 51(4):317
133. Speranza F, Wilcox LM (2002) Viewing stereoscopic images comfortably: the effects of whole-field vertical disparity. Proc SPIE Stereoscopic Displays Virtual Reality Syst 4660:18-25
134. Kooi F, Toet A (2004) Visual comfort of binocular and 3D displays. Displays 25(2-3):99-108
135. Stelmach LB, Tam WJ, Speranza F, Renaud R, Martin T (2003). Improving the visual comfort of stereoscopic images. SPIE
136. Carreira J, Pinto L, Rodrigues N, Faria S, Assuncao P (2010) Subjective assessment of frame loss concealment methods in 3D video. In: 28th picture coding symposium. IEEE, pp 182-185
137. Slanina M, Kratochvíl T, íčńy V (2012) Testing QoE in different 3D HDTV technologies. Radioengineering 21(1):445-454
138. Yang S-N, Sheedy J, Hayes JR (2011). Comparison of visual experiences and display preference in viewing stereoscopic 3D tv with optically-corrected active shutter and film pattern retarding glasses, Tech. Rep, Faculty Scholarship (COO)
139. Woods A (2010) Understanding crosstalk in stereoscopic displays. Three-Dimens Syst Appl 11
140. Tsirlin I, Wilcox LM, Allison RS (2011) The effect of crosstalk on the perceived depth from disparity and monocular occlusions. IEEE Trans Broadcas 57(2):445-453
141. Yeh YY, Silverstein LD (1990) Limits of fusion and depth judgment in stereoscopic color displays. Hum Factors 32(1):45-60
142. Siegel M (2001). Perceptions of crosstalk and the possibility of a zoneless autostereoscopic display. In: Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE, pp 34-41
143. Tam WJ, Zhang L (2006). 3D-TV content generation: 2D-to-3D conversion. In: IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, pp 1869-1872
144. Zhang L, V́azquez C, Knorr S (2011) Content creation, 3D-TV, automatic 2D-to-3D video conversion. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):372-383
145. Choi J-H, Yun M-J, Kim A-R, Kim J-O (2012) Visual comfort measurement for 2D/3D converted stereo video sequence. In: 3DTV-conference IEEE, pp 1-4
146. Mather G, Smith DR (2000) Depth cue integration: stereopsis and image blur. Vis Res 40(25):3501-3506
147. Wang J, Barkowsky M, Ricordel V (2011) Quantifying how the combination of blur and disparity affects the perceived depth. SPIE Electron Imaging 7865:1-10
148. Huynh-Thu Q, Barkowsky M, Callet PL (2011) The importance of visual attention in improving the 3D-TV viewing experience: overview and new perspectives. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):432-444
149. Ogle KN, Schwartz TJ (1959) Depth of focus of the human eye. J Opt Soc Am 49(3):273
150. Zhang Y, Jiang G, Yu M, Chen K (2010) Stereoscopic visual attention model for 3d video. In: 16th international conference on advances in multimedia modeling, pp 314-324
151. Sohn H, Jung YJ, Lee S-I, Park HW, Ro YM (2011) Attention model-based visual comfort assessment for stereoscopic depth perception. In: 2011 17th international conference on digital signal processing (DSP). IEEE, pp 1-6
152. Lee S-I, Jung YJ, Sohn H, Ro YM, Park HW Visual discomfort induced by fast salient object motion in stereoscopic video. Proc SPIE 7863
153. Daly SJ, Held RT, Hoffman DM (2011) Perceptual issues in stereoscopic signal processing. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):347-361
154. Murata K, Araki S, Yokoyama K, Yamashita K, Okumatsu T, Sakou S (1996) Accumulation of VDT work-related visual fatigue assessed by visual evoked potential, near point distance and critical flicker fusion. Ind Health 34(2):61-69
155. Suzuki Y, Onda Y, Katada S, Ino S, Ifukube T (2004) Effects of an eyeglass-free 3-D display on the human visual system. Jpn J Ophthalmol 48(1):1-6
156. Choi J, Kim D, Ham B, Choi S, Sohn K (2010) Visual fatigue evaluation and enhancement for 2D-plus-depth video. In: 17th IEEE international conference on image processing. IEEE, pp 2981-2984