Video games for health: Principles and strategies for design and evaluation

Video Games for Health: Principles and Strategies for Design and Evaluation

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-158

  Beale, Ivan Leslie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892050298     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (145)

1. Arnold, L. E. (1999). Treatment alternatives for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders, 3(1), 30-48.
2. Baer, D., Wolf, M. M., & Risely, T. (1968). Current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 91-97.
3. Baggott, T., Beale, I. L., Dodd, M. J., & Kato, P. M. (2004). A survey of self-care and dependent-care advice given by pediatric oncology nurses. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 21(3), 1-9.
4. Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(18), 2271-2281.
5. Bandura, A (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control New York: WH Freeman.
6. Baranowski, T., Buday, R., Thompson, D. I., & Baranowski, J. (2008). Playing for real: video games and stories for health-related behavior change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(1), 74-82.
7. Barkley, R. A. (1992, April). Is EEG biofeedback treatment effective for ADHD children? CHADDerBox, 5-11.
8. Barlow, D. H., & Hersen, M. (Eds.) (1984). Single-case experimental design: Strategies for studying behavior change (2nd ed.) New York: Pergamon.
9. Beale, I. L. (2000a). Integrated neural learning. Arrowtown, NZ: Brainwaves Limited.
10. Beale, I. L. (2000b). Reading Basics (Disc 2): Integrated neural learning [CD ROM]. Arrowtown N.Z.: Brainwaves Limited.
11. Beale, I. L. (2002). An evaluation model for psychoeducational interventions using interactive multimedia. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(6), 565-580.
12. Beale, I. L. (2005). Scaffolding and integrated assessment in computer assisted learning (CAL) for children with learning disabilities. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 21, 173-191.
13. Beale, I. L., Bradlyn, A. S., & Kato, P. M. (2003). Psychoeducational interventions with pediatric cancer patients: Part II. Effects of information and skills training on health-related outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12(4), 385-397.
14. Beale, I. L., Kato, P. M., Marin-Bowling, V. M., Guthrie, N., & Cole, S. W. (2007). Improvement in cancer-related knowledge following use of a psychoeducational video game for adolescents and young adults with cancer. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 263-270.
15. Beale, I. L., Marín-Bowling, V. M., Guthrie, N., & Kato, P. M. (2006). Young cancer patients' perceptions of a video game used to promote self care. International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 9, 102-112.
16. Bradlyn, A. S., Beale, I. L., & Kato, P. M. (2003). Psychoeducational interventions with pediatric cancer patients: Part I. Patient information and knowledge. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12(1), 257-278
17. Bradlyn, A. S., Kato, P. M., Beale, I. L., & Cole, S. (2004). Pediatric oncology professionals' perceptions of information needs of adolescent patients with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 22(3), 1-8.
18. Brown, S. J., Lieberman, D. A., Gemeny, B. A., Fan, Y. C., Wilson, D. M., & Pasta, D. J. (1997). Educational video game for juvenile diabetes: results of a controlled trial. Medical Informatics, 22(1), 77-89.
19. Bush, J. P., Huchital, J. R., & Simonian, S. J. (2002). An introduction to program and research initiatives of the Starbright Foundation. Children's Health Care, 31(1), 1-10.
20. Butler, D. L. (1998). In search of the architect of learning: A commentary on scaffolding as a metaphor for instructional interactions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(4), 374-385.
21. Butow, P., Brindle, E., McConnell, D., Boakes, R., & Tattersall, M. (1998). Information booklets about cancer: Factors influencing patient satisfaction and utilisation. Patient Education and Counseling, 33, 129-141.
22. Cameron, L. D., & Leventhal, H. (1995). Vulnerability beliefs, symptom experiences, and the processing of health threat information: a self-regulatory perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(21), 1859-1883.
23. Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research Chicago: Rand McNally.
24. Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7-18.
25. Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Bennet-Johnson, S., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Baker, M., Johnson, B., Woody, S. R., Sue, S., Beutler, L., Williams, D. A., & McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5-18.
26. Chan, T. S., & Ahern, T. C. (1999). Targeting motivation: adapting flow theory to instructional design. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 21(2), 153-161.
27. Chow, S.-C., & Liu, J.-P (1998). Design and analysis of clinical trials : concept and methodologies New York: Wiley.
28. Cleophas, T. J. M., Zwinderman, A. H., & Cleophas, T. F (2000). Statistics applied to clinical trials Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
29. Cohen, J (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (Eds.) (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings Chicago: Rand McNally.
31. Cramer, J. A., & Spilker, B (1991). Patient compliance in medical practice and clinical trials New York: Raven Press.
32. Critelli, J. W., & Neumann, K. F. (1984). The placebo: Conceptual analysis of a construct in transition. American Psychologist, 39, 32-39.
33. Cronbach, L. J. (1980). Toward reform of program evaluation (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
34. de Jong, T., van Joolingen, W., Swaak, J., Veermans, K., Limbach, R., & King, S., et al. (1998). Self-directed learning in simulation-based discovery environments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14(3), 235-246.
35. Denning, R., & Smith, P. J. (1998). A case study in the development of an interactive learning environment to teach problem-solving skills. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 9(1), 3-36.
36. Dowrick, P. (1999). A review of self-modeling and related interventions. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 8, 23-39.
37. Dragone, M. A., Bush, P. J., Jones, J. K., Bearison, D. J., & Kamani, S. (2002). Development and evaluation of an interactive CD-ROM for children with leukemia and their families. Patient Education and Counseling, 46(4), 297-307.
38. Dube, W. V., Iennaco, F. M., Rocco, F. J., Klederas, J. B., & McIlvane, W. J. (1992). Microcomputer-based programmed instruction in identity matching to sample for persons with severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2(1), 29-51.
39. Duff, A., Ball, R., Wolfe, S., Blyth, H., & Brownlee, K. (2006). Betterland: an interactive cd-rom guide for children with cystic fibrosis. Paediatric Nursing, 18(7), 30-33.
40. Edgington, E. S (1987). Randomization tests (2nd ed.) New York: Marcel Dekker.
41. Emmelkamp, P. M., Bruynzeel, M., & Drost, L. (2001). Virtual reality treatment in acrophobia: a comparison with exposure in vivo. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 4, 335-339.
42. Federation of American Scientists. (2006). Harnessing the power of video games for learning. http://www.fas.org/gamesummit/Resources/SummitonEducational Games.pdf. Retrieved June 13, 2009, from the World Wide Web:
43. Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: the misestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects in eastern and western nations: comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 174-178; discussion 182-177.
44. Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Lim Kam, M., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushman, B. J., Rowell Huesmann, L., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: international evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(6), 752-763.
45. Gilliver, R., Randall, B., & Pok, Y. (1998). Learning in cyberspace: Shaping the future. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14(3), 212-222.
46. Gresham, F. M. (1996). Treatment integrity in single-subject research. In R. D. Franklin & D. B. Allison (Eds.), Design and analysis of single-case research (pp. 93-117). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Guimaraes, N., Chambel, T., & Bidarr, J. (2000). From cognitive maps to hypervideo: supporting flexible and rich learner-centred environments. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal, 2(3).
48. Gyselinck, V., Ehrlich, M., F.,, Cornold, C., de Ben, R., & Dubois, V. (2000). Visuospatial working memory in learning from multimedia systems. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16(2), 166-176.
49. Haase, R. F., & Ellis, M. V. (1987). Multivariate analysis of variance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 404-413.
50. Hayes, R. T., Jacobs, J. W., Carolyn, P., & Salas, E. (1992). Flight simulator effectiveness: a meta-analysis. Military Psychology, 4, 43-64.
51. Herrington, J., & Standen, P. (2000). Moving from an instructivist to a constructivist multimedia learning environment. Journal of Educational Multimedia & Hypermedia 9(3), 195-205.
52. Heywood, C. E. (2002). An assessment of EEG biofeedback for the remediation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Dissertation Abstracts International (pp. AAT 3029986).
53. Hoffman, H. (1998). Virtual reality: A new tool for interdisciplinary psychology research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 195-200.
54. HopeLab (2006). Re-Mission (video game) Redwood, CA: HopeLab Foundation Inc.
55. Horne, R. (1999). Patients' beliefs about treatment: The hidden determinant of treatment outcome? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 491-495.
56. Horvath, P. (1988). Placebos and common factors in two decades of psychotherapy research. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 214-225.
57. Howell, D. C (1992). Statistical methods for psychology Belmont, CA: Duxbury.
58. Institute of Medicine (2001). Small clinical trials: issues and challenges Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
59. IsHak, W. W., & Burt, T. (1998). Computer applications in psychiatry: Role in patient care, education, research and communication. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 147-150.
60. Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12-19.
61. Jadad, A. R (1998). Randomised controlled trials : a user's guide London: BMJ Books.
62. Jaeggi, S., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(19), 6829-6833.
63. Joiner, R. W. (1998). The effect of gender on children's software preferences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 14(3), 195-198.
64. Judge, S. L. (2001). Computer applications in programs for young children with disabilities: current status and future directions. Journal of Special Education Technology, 16(1).
65. Kafai, Y. B. (2001). The educational potential of electronic games: from games-to-teach to games-to-learn. http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/conf2001/papers/kafai.html. Retrieved June 13, 2001, from the World Wide Web:
66. Kalyuga, S. (2000). When using sound with a text or picture is not beneficial for learning. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 16(2), 161-172.
67. Kameenui, E. (1999). The National Research Council report on the prevention of reading difficulties in young children and the process of dubitation. Journal of Behavioral Education 9(1), 5-22.
68. Kaplan, B. J. (1975). Biofeedback in epileptics: Equivocal relationship of reinforced EEG frequency to seizure reduction. Epilepsia, 16, 477-485.
69. Kashihara, A., Kinshuk, I., Oppermann, R., Rashev, R., & Simm, H. (2000). A cognitive load reduction approach to exploratory learning and its application to an interactive simulation-based learning system. Journal of Educational Multimedia & Hypermedia 9(3), 253-276.
70. Kato, P. M., Cole, S., Bradlyn, A. S., & Pollock, B. H. (2008). A video game improves behavioral outcomes in adolescents and young adults with cancer: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 122(2), e305-317.
71. Kavale, K. (1990). Variances and verities in learning disability interventions. In T. E. Scruggs & B. Y. L. Wong (Ed.), Intervention research in learning disabilities (pp. 3-33). New York: Springer-Verlag.
72. Kazdin, A. E. (1977). Assessing the clinical or applied importance of behaviour change through social validation. Behavior Modification, 1, 427-452.
73. Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research. In A. E. Bergin & S. C. Garfiel (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 19-71). New York: Wiley.
74. Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 19-36.
75. Klein, J. P., & Moeschbereger, M. L (1997). Survival analysis: techniques for censored and truncated data New York: Springer.
76. Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlstrom, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005). Computerised training of working memory in children with ADHD: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 177-186.
77. Kratochwill, T. R (1978). Single-subject research: strategies for evaluating change New York: Academic Press.
78. Lansky, S. B., Smith, S. D., Cairns, N. U., & Cairns, G. F. (1983). Psychological correlates of compliance. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 5(1), 87-92.
79. Larson, P., Rizzo, A., Buckwalter, J., van Rooyen, A., Kratz, K., Neumann, U., & etal. (1999). Gender issues in the use of virtual environments. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 2(2), 113-123.
80. Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2010). The Effects of Pathological Gaming on Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, June 13.
81. Lepper, M. R., Drake, M. F., & O'Donnell-Johnson, T. (1997). Scaffolding techniques of expert human tutors. In K. Hogan & M. Pressley (Eds.), Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches and issues (pp. 108-144). Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
82. Lieberman, D. A. (2001). Management of chronic pediatric diseases with interactive health games: Theory and research findings. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 24(1), 26-38.
83. Lubar, J. F. (1995). Neurofeedback for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. In M. S. Schwartz (Ed.), Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
84. Lubar, J. F., & Shouse, M. N. (1976). EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR): A preliminary report. Biofeedback Self Regulation, 1(3), 293-306.
85. Machin, D (1997). Sample size tables for clinical studies (2nd ed.) Oxford: Blackwell Science.
86. Macpherson, C., & Keppell, M. (1998). Virtual reality: What is the state of play in education? Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 60-74.
87. Marascuilo, L. A., & Serlin, R. C (1990). Statistical methods for the social and behavioral sciences New York: Freeman.
88. Matthews, J. N. S (2000). An introduction to randomized controlled clinical trials London: Arnold.
89. McComas, J., Pivik, J., & Laflamme, M. (1998). Children's transfer of spatial learning from virtual reality to real environments. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1, 121-128.
90. McFadden, E (1998). Management of data in clinical trials New York: Wiley.
91. McLoughlin, C. (1999). The implications of the research literature on learning styles for the design of instructional material. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 222-241.
92. Meinert, C. L., Tonascia, S., & Pressley, M (1986). Clinical trials: design, conduct, and analysis New York: Oxford University Press.
93. Moreno, R., & Mayer, R., E (2000). A learner-centered approach to multimedia explanations: deriving instructional design principles from cognitive theory. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal, 2(3), 1-11.
94. Muehrer, P. (2000). Research on adherence, behavior change, and mental health: A workshop overview. Health Psychology, 19(3), 304-307.
95. Niederhauser, D., S,, Reynolds, R., E,, Salmen, D., J,, & Skolmoski, P. (2000). The influence of cognitive load on learning from hypertext. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23(3), 237-255.
96. Olson, R., Kaufman, K., Ware, L., & Chaney, J. (1986). Compliance with treatment regimens. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 2(2), 104-111.
97. Onghena, P. (1992). Randomization tests for extensions and variations of ABAB single-case experimental designs: A rejoinder. Behavioral Assessment, 14(2), 153-171.
98. Othmer S., Othmer, S. F., & Kaiser, D. A. (2002). EEG biofeedback: A generalized approach to neuroregulation.
99. Partridge, A. H., Avorn, J., Wang, P. S., & Winer, E. P. (2002). Adherence to therapy with oral antineoplastic agents. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(9), 652-661.
100. Passig, D., & Levin, H. (2000). Gender preferences for multimedia interfaces. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16(1), 64-71.
101. Peek, C. J. (1977). A critical look at the theory of placebo. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 2(4), 327-335.
102. Pham, B. (1998). Quality evaluation of educational multimedia systems. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 14(2), 107-121.
103. Piantadosi, S (1997). Clinical trials : a methodologic perspective New York: Wiley.
104. Pocock, S. J (1984). Clinical trials : a practical approach Chichester [West Sussex] ; New York: Wiley.
105. Redmond, C. K., & Colton, T (2001). Biostatistics in clinical trials Chichester ; New York: Wiley.
106. Reese, D. D. (2007). First steps and beyond: serious games as preparation for future learning.. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 16(3), 283-300.
107. Reid, D. K. (1998). Scaffolding: A broader view. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(4), 386-396.
108. Reid, R. (1996). The three faces of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 249-265.
109. Riva, G. (2000). Design of clinically oriented virtual environments: A communicational approach. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(3), 351-357.
110. Robbins, J. (1998). Wired for miracles? Psychology Today(May 1), 8.
111. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L (1991). Essentials of behavioral research: methods and data analysis New York: McGraw-Hill.
112. Roter, D. L., Hall, J. A., Merisca, R., Nordstrom, B., Cretin, D., & Svarstad, B. (1998). Effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance. Medical Care, 36(8), 1138-1161.
113. Sampson, D., Karagiannidis, C., & Kinshuk. (2002a). Personalised learning: educational, technological and standardization perspective. Interactive Educational Multimedia, 4, 24-39.
114. Scanlon, M., Drescher, D., & Sarkar, K (2007). Improvement of visual attention through a web-based training program, Bay Area Neuroscience Gathering San Francisco, CA.
115. Scheinbaum, S., Zecker, S., Newton, C. J., & Rosenfeld, P. (1995). A controlled study of EEG biofeedback as a treatment for attention-deficit disorders. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, USA, 131-134.
116. Schwartz, B., & Reisberg, D (1991). Learning and memory New York: W. W. Norton.
117. Schwartz, M. S., & Olson, P. R. (1995). A historic perspective on the field of biofeedback and applied psychophysiology. In M. S. Schwartz (Ed.), Biofeedback: a practitioner's guide (pp. 3-18). New York: Guilford Press.
118. Scriven, M (1993). Hard-won lessons in program evaluation San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
119. Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1998). What happens during instruction: is any metaphor necessary? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(4), 404-408.
120. Shabo, A. (1997). Integrating constructionism and instructionism in educational hypermedia programs. Journal of Educational Computing Research 17(3), 231-247.
121. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Leviton, L. C (1991). Foundations of program evaluation: theories of practice Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
122. Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E (1997). The powerful placebo : from ancient priest to modern physician Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
123. Shepherd, M., & Sartorius, N (1989). Non-specific aspects of treatment Toronto; Lewiston, N.Y.: Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by H. Huber.
124. Shouse, M. N., & Lubar, J. F. (1979). Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis. Biofeedback and Self Regulation, 4(4), 299-312.
125. Siegel, S., & Castellan, J., N. J (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences New York: McGraw-Hill.
126. Sims, R. (2000). An interactive conundrum: Constructs of interactivity and learning theory. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 45-57.
127. Singh, N. N., & Beale, I. L. (Eds.) (1992). Learning Disabilities: nature, theory and treatment New York: Springer-Verlag.
128. Smith, G., G. (2000). Interaction evokes reflection: learning efficiency in spatial visualization. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal 2(3).
129. Smith, G. E., Housen, P., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennision, R. F., Mahncke, H. W., & Zelinski, E. M. (2009). A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: resluts from the improvement in memory with plascticity-based adaptive cognitive training (IMPACT) study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(4), 594-603.
130. Smith, T (1999). Ethics in medical research : a handbook of good practice Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
131. Spece, R. G., Shimm, D. S., & Buchanan, A. E (1996). Conflicts of interest in clinical practice and research New York: Oxford University Press.
132. Spirito, A. (1999). Introduction to special series on empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 24(2), 87-90.
133. Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M. (1977). An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 349-367.
134. Tansey, M. A., & Bruner, R. L. (1983). EMG and EEG biofeedback training in the treatment of a 10-year-old hyperactive boy with a developmental reading disorder. Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 8(1), 25-37.
135. Tate, R., Haritatos, J., & Cole, S. W. Hopelab approach to Re-Mission.. International Journal of Learning and Media, 1(1), 29-35.
136. Thomas, R., Cahill, J., & Santilli, L. (1997). Using an interactive computer game to increase skill and self-efficacy regarding safer sex negotionation: Field test results. Health Education & Behavior, 24(1), 71-86.
137. Wholey, J. S., Hatry, H. P., & Newcomer, K. E (1994). Handbook of practical program evaluation San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
138. Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2000). Lessons learned from 600 virtual reality sessions. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3, 393-400.
139. Wilkins, W. (1985). Placebo controls and concepts in chemotherapy and psychotherapy research. In L. White & B. Tursky & G. E. Schwartz (Eds.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (pp. 83-109). New York: Guilford.
140. Wilkins, W. (1986). Placebo problems in psychotherapy research: Social-psychological alternatives to chemotherapy concepts. American Psychologist, 41(5), 551-556.
141. Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R., & Michels, K. M (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
142. Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., & Doyle, P. M (1992). Teaching students with moderate to severe disabilities White Plains, New York: Longman.
143. Wong, B. Y. (1998). Analyses of intrinsic and extrinsic problems in the use of the scaffolding metaphor in learning disabilities intervention research: An introduction. Journal of Learning Disabilities,, 31(4), 340-343.
144. Wood, D. J., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89-100.
145. Yoon, S. L., & Godwin, A. (2007). Enhancing self-management in children with sickle cell disease through playing a CD-ROM educational game: a pilot study. Pediatric Nursing, 33(1), 60-63, 72.