Copyright's Paradox

Copyright's Paradox

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-320

  Netanel, Neil Weinstock ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Copyright; Digital; Expressive diversity; First amendment; Free expression; Free speech; Journalism; Media; Movies; Remix

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891362689     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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171. CASS R. SUNSTEIN, FREE MARKETS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 186-87 (Oxford University Press 1997)
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179. Sam McManis, These Days You Can't Trust Some Blogs, SACRAMENTO BEE, Dec. 21, 2006.
180. Paul Farhi, PBS Scrutiny Raises Political Antennas, WASH. POST, Apr. 22, 2005 at C01.
181. Furor over IRA Film Could Put Peace Talks in Jeopardy, THE INDEPENDENT (LONDON), July 27, 1997, at 1 (noting that under a UK government ban, Sinn Fein representatives were not allowed to speak on British television until 1993).
182. Robert Post, Subsidized Speech, 106 YALE L.J. 151 (1996).
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184. My account of the Wigand story draws heavily upon Paul Starr, What You Need to Beat Goliath, AM. PROSPECT, Dec. 20, 1999, at 7
185. Owen M. Fiss, The Censorship of Television, 93 NW. U.L. REV. 1215, 1217 (1999)
186. Bill Carter, CBS Broadcasts Interview with Tobacco Executive, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 5, 1996, at B8
187. Lawrence K. Grossman, The Insider: It's Only a Movie, COLUM. JOURNALISM REV., Nov./Dec. 1999, http://archives.cjr.org/year/99/6/insider-review.asp.
188. C. Edwin Baker, Media Concentration: Giving Up on Democracy, 54 FLA. L. REV. 839, 918 (2002)
189. James Curran, Rethinking Media and Democracy, in MASS MEDIA AND SOCIETY 120, 140-48 (James Curran & Michael Gurevitch eds., 3d ed., Oxford University Press 2000).
190. Commentary highlighting the law's expressive function includes Hanoch Dagan, Takings and Distributive Justice, 85 VA. L. REV. 741, 771-72 (1999)
191. Dan M. Kahan, What Do Alternative Sanctions Mean?, 63 U. CHI. L. REV. 591 (1996)
192. Cass R. Sunstein, On the Expressive Function of Law, 144 U. PA. L. REV. 2021 (1996)
193. Richard H. Pildes, Why Rights Are Not Trumps: Social Meanings, Expressive Harms, and Constitutionalism, 27 J. LEGAL STUD. 725 (1998).
194. D. Adler, Expressive Theories of Law: A Skeptical Overview, 148 U. PA. L. REV. 1363 (2000)
195. Lewis A. Kornhauser, No Best Answer?, 146 U. PA. L. REV. 1599, 1623-34 (1998).
196. CHARLES TAYLOR, SOURCES OF THE SELF: THE MAKING OF MODERN IDENTITY 167-75 (Cambridge University Press 1989).
197. ROBERT A. FERGUSON, LAW AND LETTERS IN AMERICAN CULTURE 6 (Harvard University Press 1984).
198. I borrow heavily in this paragraph from Michael D. Birnhack's excellent article, The Idea of Progress in Copyright Law, 1 BUFFALO INT. PROP. L.J. 3 (2001).
199. JESSICA LITMAN, DIGITAL COPYRIGHT 111-21 (Prometheus Books 2001).
200. Jessica Litman, Sharing and Stealing, 27 HASTINGS COMM. & ENT. L.J. 1 (2004).
201. David Pierson, Merit Badge That Can't Be Duplicated: MPAA, Scouts Team Up to Offer an Anti-Piracy Award, L.A. TIMES, Oct. 21, 2006, at B1
202. JOHN MILTON, AREOPAGITICA (John W. Hales ed., Oxford University Press 1961) (1644).
203. JOSEPH LOWENSTEIN, THE AUTHOR'S DUE: PRINTING AND THE PREHISTORY OF COPYRIGHT 185-209 (University of Chicago Press 2002)
204. On the Means of Preserving Public Liberty, NEW-YORK MAG., Jan. 1790.
205. COPYRIGHT AND FREE SPEECH: COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ANALYSES (Jonathan Griffiths & Uma Sutherland eds., Oxford University Press 2005)
206. Bernt Hugenholtz, Copyright and Freedom of Expression in Europe, in THE COMMODIFICATION OF INFORMATION 239 (Neil Netanel & Niva Elkin-Koren eds., Kluwer Law Int'l 2002).
207. Jed Rubenfeld, The Freedom of the Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality, 112 YALE L.J. 1 (2002).
208. Alex Kozinski & Christopher Newman, What's So Fair about Fair Use?, 46 J. COPYRIGHT SOC'Y USA 513, 523 (1999).
209. Louis Kaplow & Steven Shavell, Property Rules versus Liability Rules: An Economic Analysis, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 713, 765-66 (1996)
210. Bernard Weinraub, Two Films, One Subject. Uh-Oh. In Hollywood, the Race Is On, N.Y. TIMES, June 23, 1994, at C11
211. Mark A. Lemley & Philip J. Weiser, Should Property or Liability Rules Govern Information?, 85 TEX. L. REV. 783 (2007)
212. Quoted in JESSICA LITMAN, DIGITAL COPYRIGHT 77 (Prometheus Books 2001).
213. WILLIAM M. LANDES & RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 228 (2003).
214. Mark A. Lemley, Ex Ante versus Ex Post Justifications for Intellectual Property, 71 U. CHI. L. REV. 129, 136-37 (2004).
215. LAWRENCE LESSIG, THE FUTURE OF IDEAS 251-52 (Random House 2001)
216. Christopher Sprigman, Reform(aliz)ing Copyrigh 57 STAN. L. REV. 485, 554 (2004).
217. William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, Indefinitely Renewable Copyright, 71 U. CHI. L. REV. 111 (2004).
218. UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT OFFICE, REPORT ON ORPHAN WORKS 127 (Library of Congress 2006).
219. Neil Weinstock Netanel, Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free Peer-to- Peer File Sharing, 17 Harv. J. L. & Tech. 1 (2003).
220. Neil Weinstock Netanel, Alienability Restrictions and the Enhancement of Author Autonomy in United States and Continental Copyright Law, 12 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L. J. 1 (1994).
221. Marie-Pierre Strowel & Alain Strowel, La Parodie selon le Droit D'auteur et la Théorie Littéraire, 1991.26 RIEJ. 23, 25.
222. Rebecca Tushnet, Payment in Credit: Copyright Law and Subcultural Creativity, 70 L. & CONTEMP. PROBS. 135 (2007).
223. PAUL GOLDSTEIN, COPYRIGHT'S HIGHWAY: FROM GUTENBERG TO THE CELESTIAL JUKEBOX 216 (Stanford University Press revised ed. 2003).
224. STAN LIEBOWITZ, RE-THINKING THE NETWORK ECONOMY 89-91 (Amacon Books 2002)
225. Trotter Hardy, Property (and Copyright) in Cyberspace, 1996 U. CHI. L J. 217, 254-58.
226. Harold Demsetz, The Private Production of Public Goods, 13 J.L. & ECON. 293, 295-306 (1970)
227. Tom Bell, Fair Use vs. Fared Use: The Impact of Automated Rights Management on Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine, 76 N.C.L. REV. 557, 587-90 (1998)
228. Trotter Hardy, Not So Different: Tangible, Intangible, Digital, and Analog Works and Their Comparison for Copyright Purposes, 26 U. DAYTON L. REV. 211, 237-44 (2001)
229. Christopher D. Kruger, Passing the Global Test: DMCA §1201 as an International Model for Transitioning Copyright Law into the Digital Age, 28 HOUS. J. INT'L L. 281, 296-307 (2006).
230. WILLIAM M. LANDES & RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 40 (Harvard University Press 2003)
231. Michael J. Meurer, Copyright Law and Price Discrimination, 23 CARDOZO L. REV. 55, 98-102 (2001)
232. Christopher Yoo, Copyright and Product Differentiation, 79 N.Y.U. L. REV. 212, 230 (2004) (noting that imperfect price discrimination might exacerbate deadweight loss, not just reduce it).
233. David McGowan, Why the First Amendment Cannot Dictate Copyright Policy, 65 U. PITT. L. REV. 281, 318 (2004).
234. Christopher S. Yoo, Copyright and Democracy: A Cautionary Note, 53 VAND. L. REV. 1933 (2000).
235. C. EDWIN BAKER, MEDIA, MARKETS, AND DEMOCRACY 71-94 (Cambridge University Press 2002).
236. Cass R. Sunstein, Television and the Public Interest, 88 CALIF. L. REV. 499 (2000).
237. Michael Abramowicz, An Industrial Organization Approach to Copyright Law, 46 WM. & MARY L. REV. 33, 45-68 (2004)
238. Michael Boldrin & David Levine, The Case against Intellectual Property, 92 AM. ECON. REV. 209, 212 (2002).
239. Michael Abramowicz, A Theory of Copyright's Derivative Right and Related Doctrines, 90 MINN. L. REV. 317 (2005)
240. Mark A. Lemley, Ex Ante versus Ex Post Justifications for Intellectual Property, 71 U. CHI. L. REV. 129, 145-46 (2004)
241. Mark A. Lemley, Property, Intellectual Property, and Free Riding, 83 TEX. L. REV. 1031, 1056-57 (2005).
242. DOMINICK SALVATORE, MICROECONOMICS 361 (Oxford University Press, 4th ed. 2003)
243. Frederick Schauer, The Boundaries of the First Amendment: A Preliminary Exploration of Constitutional Salience, 117 HARV. L. REV. 1765, 1786 (2004).
244. ERIC BARENDT, FREEDOM OF SPEECH 1-36 (Oxford University Press, 2d ed. 2005)
245. Kent Greenawalt, Free Speech Justifications, 89 COLUM. L. REV. 119, 121-24 (1989).
246. ALEXANDER MEIKLEJOHN, FREE SPEECH AND ITS RELATION TO SELFGOVERNMENT 75 (Harper 1948).
247. CASS R. SUNSTEIN, DEMOCRACY AND THE PROBLEM OF FREE SPEECH 121-65 (Free Press 1993)
248. ALEXANDER MEIKLEJOHN, POLITICAL FREEDOM: THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWERS OF THE PEOPLE 255-57 (Harper 1960).
249. ALAN BULLOCK, HITLER AND STALIN: PARALLEL LIVES 426-27 (HarperCollins 1991)
250. Marci A. Hamilton, Art Speech, 49 VAND. L. REV. 73, 96-101 (1996).
251. Lawrence G. Sager, Fair Measure: The Legal Status of Underenforced Constitutional Norms, 91 HARV. L. REV. 1212 (1978).
252. THOMAS I. EMERSON, THE SYSTEM OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 3-5 (Random House 1970).
253. PAUL STARR, THE CREATION OF THE MEDIA: POLITICAL ORIGINS OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS 83-94 v.
254. STUART BENJAMIN ET AL., TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY (Carolina Academic Press 2001).
255. Tim Wu, Copyright's Communications Policy, 103 MICH. L. REV. 278 (2004)
256. Jessica Litman, Revising Copyright Law for the Information Age, 75 OR. L. REV. 19, 29 (1996)
257. Yochai Benkler, Intellectual Property and the Organization of Information Production, 22 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 81 (2002)
258. Diane Leenheer Zimmerman, Information as Speech, Information as Goods: Some Thoughts on Marketplaces and the Bill of Rights, 33 WM. & MARY L. REV. 665 (1992).
259. JOHN MILTON, AREOPAGITICA 126 (J. C. Suffolk ed., University Tutorial Press 1968)
260. JOHN STUART MILL, ON LIBERTY AND OTHER ESSAYS 59 (John Gray ed., Oxford University Press 1998)
261. JAMES SUROWIECK, THE WISDOM OF CROWDS (Anchor 2005)
262. Cass R. Sunstein, Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes, 110 YALE L.J. 71 (2000).
263. JOSEPH A. SCHUMPETER, CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM, AND DEMOCRACY 81-106 (Harper, 3d ed. 1950)
264. Kenneth Joseph Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Innovation, in ESSAYS IN THE THEORY OF RISK-BEARING 144 (American Elsevier Pub. Co., 3d ed. 1976)
265. F. M. Scherer, Antitrust, Efficiency, and Progress, 62 N.Y.U. L. REV. 998, 1011 (1987)
266. BRUCE M. OWEN & STEVEN S. WILDMAN, VIDEO ECONOMICS 101-50 (Harvard University Press 1992)
267. Joel Waldfogel, Preference Externalities: An Empirical Study of Who Benefits Whom in Differentiated Product Markets 30 (National Bureau of Econ. Research Working Paper No. 7391, 1999)
268. Peter O. Steiner, Program Patterns and Preferences, and the Workability of Competition in Radio Broadcasting, 66 Q.J. ECON. 194 (1952);
269. Jack H. Beebe, Institutional Structure and Program Choices in Television Markets, 91 Q.J. ECON. 15, 15-17 (1977).
270. Jim Chen, The Last Picture Show (On the Twilight of Federal Mass Communications Regulation), 80 MINN. L. REV. 1415, 1448-49 (1996)
271. Christopher S. Yoo, Architectural Censorship and the FCC, 78 S. CAL. L. REV. 669, 693-99 (2005)
272. C. Edwin Baker, Media Structure, Ownership Policy, and the First Amendment, 78 S. CAL. L. REV. 733, 735 (2005).
273. C. EDWIN BAKER, MEDIA CONCENTRATION AND DEMOCRACY: WHY OWNERSHIP MATTERS (Cambridge University Press 2006).
274. STEVEN H. SHIFFRIN, DISSENT, INJUSTICE, AND THE MEANINGS OF AMERICA xi (Princeton University Press 1999)
275. STEVEN H. SHIFFRIN, THE FIRST AMENDMENT, DEMOCRACY, AND ROMANCE 96 (Harvard University Press 1990).
276. YOCHAI BENKLER, THE WEALTH OF NETWORKS: HOW SOCIAL PRODUCTION TRANSFORMS MARKETS AND FREEDOM 137-38, 166-70 (Yale University Press 2006).
277. Ellen Goodman, A Right to Mock Tara, WASH. POST, May 5, 2001, at A19
278. Jane C. Ginsburg, Recorded Remarks in Panel Discussion: The Constitutionality of Copyright Term Extension: How Long Is Too Long?, 18 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 651, 701 (2000)
279. Jack M. Balkin, Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society, 79 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1, 4 (2004).
280. WILLIAM W. FISHER III, PROMISES TO KEEP: TECHNOLOGY, LAW, AND THE FUTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT 28-31 (Stanford University Press 2004).
281. FREDERICK SCHAUER, FREE SPEECH: A PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY 94 (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
282. Jed Rubenfeld, The First Amendment's Purpose, 53 STAN. L. REV. 767 (2001)
283. Elena Kagan, Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine, 63 U. CHI. L. REV. 413 (1996).
284. Rebecca Tushnet, My Library: Copyright and the Role of Institutions in a Peer-to-Peer World, 53 UCLA L. REV. 977 (2006).
285. Geoff Boucher, Ex-Door Lighting Their Ire, L.A. TIMES, Oct. 5, 2005, at A1.
286. David McGowan, Some Realism about the Free-Speech Critique of Copyright, 74 FORDHAM L. REV. 435 (2005).
287. Justin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, 77 GEO. L.J. 287, 359 (1988).
288. Randall P. Bezanson, Speaking through Others' Voices: Authorship, Originality, and Free Speech, 38 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 983 (2003)
289. Jed Rubenfeld, The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality, 112 YALE L.J. 1, 29 (2002).
290. C. EDWIN BAKER, HUMAN LIBERTY AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH 199-234 (Oxford University Press 1989).
291. Neil Netanel, Copyright Alienability Restrictions and Enhancement of Author Autonomy: A Normative Evaluation, 24 RUTGERS L.J. 347, 374-77 (1993).