Formation of stacking faults and the screw dislocation-driven growth: A case study of aluminum nitride nanowires

ACS Nano

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 11369-11378

  Meng, Fei ^a   Estruga, Marc ^a   Forticaux, Audrey ^a   Morin, Stephen A ^c   Wu, Qiang ^b   Hu, Zheng ^b   Jin, Song ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NANJING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

AlN nanowire; dislocation driven growth; partial dislocation; stacking fault; wurtzite; zinc blende

Indexed keywords

ALN NANOWIRE; ALUMINUM NITRIDE (ALN); ALUMINUM NITRIDE NANOWIRES; FORMATION MECHANISM; HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM; PARTIAL DISLOCATIONS; WURTZITES; ZINC BLENDE;

ALUMINUM NITRIDE; CADMIUM SULFIDE; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOWIRES; SCREW DISLOCATIONS; SCREWS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ZINC; ZINC OXIDE; ZINC SULFIDE;

STACKING FAULTS;

EID: 84891358906     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn4052293     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Murayama, M.; Nakayama, T. Electronic-Structures of Hetero-Crystalline Semiconductor Superlattices J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 61, 2419-2433
2. Murayama, M.; Nakayama, T. Chemical Trend of Band Offsets at Wurtzite Zincblende Heterocrystalline Semiconductor Interfaces Phys. Rev. B 1994, 49, 4710-4724
3. Lopez, F. J.; Givan, U.; Connell, J. G.; Lauhon, L. J. Silicon Nanowire Polytypes: Identification by Raman Spectroscopy, Generation Mechanism, and Misfit Strain in Homostructures ACS Nano 2011, 5, 8958-8966
4. Jeon, N.; Dayeh, S. A.; Lauhon, L. J. Origin of Polytype Formation in VLS-Grown Ge Nanowires through Defect Generation and Nanowire Kinking Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3947-3952
5. Utama, M. I. B.; Peng, Z. P.; Chen, R.; Peng, B.; Xu, X. L.; Dong, Y. J.; Wong, L. M.; Wang, S. J.; Sun, H. D.; Xiong, Q. H. Vertically Aligned Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanowire Arrays on Muscovite Mica: A Demonstration of Epitaxial Growth Strategy Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3051-3057
6. Utama, M. I. B.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, S. F.; Li, D. H.; Wang, J. B.; Xiong, Q. H. Epitaxial II-VI Tripod Nanocrystals: A Generalization of van der Waals Epitaxy for Nonplanar Polytypic Nanoarchitectures ACS Nano 2012, 6, 2281-2288
7. Utama, M. I. B.; de la Mata, M.; Magen, C.; Arbiol, J.; Xiong, Q. H. Twinning-, Polytypism-, and Polarity-Induced Morphological Modulation in Nonplanar Nanostructures with van der Waals Epitaxy Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 1636-1646
8. Johansson, J.; Karlsson, L. S.; Svensson, C. P. T.; Martensson, T.; Wacaser, B. A.; Deppert, K.; Samuelson, L.; Seifert, W. Structural Properties of (111)B-oriented III-V Nanowires Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 574-580
9. Caroff, P.; Dick, K. A.; Johansson, J.; Messing, M. E.; Deppert, K.; Samuelson, L. Controlled Polytypic and Twin-Plane Superlattices in III-V Nanowires Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 50-55
10. Algra, R. E.; Verheijen, M. A.; Borgstrom, M. T.; Feiner, L. F.; Immink, G.; van Enckevort, W. J. P.; Vlieg, E.; Bakkers, E. P. A. M. Twinning Superlattices in Indium Phosphide Nanowires Nature 2008, 456, 369-372
11. Dick, K. A.; Thelander, C.; Samuelson, L.; Caroff, P. Crystal Phase Engineering in Single InAs Nanowires Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3494-3499
12. Kitauchi, Y.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tomioka, K.; Hara, S.; Hiruma, K.; Fukui, T.; Motohisa, J. Structural Transition in Indium Phosphide Nanowires Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1699-1703
13. Ikejiri, K.; Kitauchi, Y.; Tomioka, K.; Motohisa, J.; Fukui, T. Zinc Blende and Wurtzite Crystal Phase Mixing and Transition in Indium Phosphide Nanowires Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4314-4318
14. Spirkoska, D.; Arbiol, J.; Gustafsson, A.; Conesa-Boj, S.; Glas, F.; Zardo, I.; Heigoldt, M.; Gass, M. H.; Bleloch, A. L.; Estrade, S. et al. Structural and Optical Properties of High Quality Zinc-Blende/Wurtzite GaAs Nanowire Heterostructures Phys. Rev. B 2009, 80, 245325
15. Meng, F.; Jin, S. The Solution Growth of Copper Nanowires and Nanotubes Is Driven by Screw Dislocations Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 234-239
16. Burgess, T.; Breuer, S.; Caroff, P.; Wong, J.; Gao, Q.; Tan, H. H.; Jagadish, C. Twinning Superlattice Formation in GaAs Nanowires ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8105-8114
17. Xiong, Q. H.; Wang, J.; Eklund, P. C. Coherent Twinning Phenomena: Towards Twinning Superlattices in III-V Semiconducting Nanowires Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2736-2742
18. Bierman, M. J.; Lau, Y. K. A.; Kvit, A. V.; Schmitt, A. L.; Jin, S. Dislocation-Driven Nanowire Growth and Eshelby Twist Science 2008, 320, 1060-1063
19. Meng, F.; Morin, S. A.; Forticaux, A.; Jin, S. Screw Dislocation Driven Growth of Nanomaterials Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1616-1626
20. Jin, S.; Bierman, M. J.; Morin, S. A. A New Twist on Nanowire Formation: Screw-Dislocation-Driven Growth of Nanowires and Nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 1472-1480
21. Wu, H.; Meng, F.; Li, L.; Jin, S.; Zheng, G. Dislocation-Driven CdS and CdSe Nanowire Growth ACS Nano 2012, 6, 4461-4468
22. Hirth, J. R.; Lothe, J. Theory of Dislocations; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1968.
23. Hull, D.; Bacon, D. J. Introduction to Dislocations; 5th ed.; Elsevier: Oxford, 2011.
24. Berghezan, A.; Fourdeux, A.; Amelinckx, S. Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Dislocations and Stacking Faults in a Hexagonal Metal: Zinc Acta Metal. 1961, 9, 464-490
25. Drum, C. M. Axial Imperfections in Filamentary Crystals of Aluminum Nitride.I J. Appl. Phys. 1965, 36, 816-823
26. Drum, C. M. Twist and Axial Imperfections in Filamentary Crystals of Aluminum Nitride. II J. Appl. Phys. 1965, 36, 824-829
27. Wu, Q.; Hu, Z.; Wang, X.; Lu, Y.; Chen, X.; Xu, H.; Chen, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Faceted Hexagonal Aluminum Nitride Nanotubes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 10176-10177
28. Taniyasu, Y.; Kasu, M.; Makimoto, T. An Aluminium Nitride Light-Emitting Diode with a Wavelength of 210 Nanometres Nature 2006, 441, 325-328
29. Ponce, F. A.; Bour, D. P. Nitride-Based Semiconductors for Blue and Green Light-Emitting Devices Nature 1997, 386, 351-359
30. Bondokov, R. T.; Mueller, S. G.; Morgan, K. E.; Slack, G. A.; Schujman, S.; Wood, M. C.; Smart, J. A.; Schowalter, L. J. Large-Area AlN Substrates for Electronic Applications: An Industrial Perspective J. Cryst. Growth 2008, 310, 4020-4026
31. Cao, G.; Choi, H.; Oportus, J.; Konishi, H.; Li, X. Study on Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Cast AZ91D/AlN Nanocomposites Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2008, 494, 127-131
32. Liu, Y. Q.; Cong, H. T.; Wang, W.; Sun, C. H.; Cheng, H. M. AlN Nanoparticle-Reinforced Nanocrystalline Al Matrix Composites: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2009, 505, 151-156
33. Zhu, J.; Peng, H.; Marshall, A. F.; Barnett, D. M.; Nix, W. D.; Cui, Y. Formation of Chiral Branched Nanowires by the Eshelby Twist Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 477-481
34. Lau, Y. K. A.; Chernak, D. J.; Bierman, M. J.; Jin, S. Formation of PbS Nanowire Pine Trees Driven by Screw Dislocations J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16461-16471
35. Williams, D. B.; Carter, C. B. Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science; 1 st ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1996.
36. Eshelby, J. D. The Twist in a Crystal Whisker Containing a Dislocation Philos. Mag. 1958, 3, 440-447
37. Morin, S. A.; Jin, S. Screw Dislocation-Driven Epitaxial Solution Growth of ZnO Nanowires Seeded by Dislocations in GaN Substrates Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3459-3463
38. 3 Nanowires J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 8408-8411
39. Drum, C. M. Intersecting Faults on Basal and Prismatic Planes in Aluminium Nitride Philos. Mag. 1965, 11, 313.
40. Mardix, S.; Kalman, Z. H.; Steinberger, I. T. Periodic Slip Processes and the Formation of Polytypes in Zinc Sulphide Crystals Acta Crystallogr. 1968, 24, 464-469
41. Alexander, E.; Kalman, Z. H.; Mardix, S.; Steinberger, I. T. The Mechanism of Polytype Formation in Vapour-Phase Grown ZnS Crystals Philos. Mag. 1970, 21, 1237-1246
42. Suzuki, K.; Ichihara, M.; Takeuchi, S. High-Resolution Electron-Microscopy of Extended Defects in Wurtzite Crystals Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1 1994, 33, 1114-1120
43. Stampfl, C.; Van de Walle, C. G. Energetics and Electronic Structure of Stacking Faults in AlN, GaN, and InN Phys. Rev. B 1998, 57, 15052-15055
44. Blank, H.; Delavignette, P.; Gevers, R.; Amelinckx, S. Fault Structures in Wurtzite Phys. Status Solidi 1964, 7, 747-764
45. Komninou, P.; Kioseoglou, J.; Dimitrakopulos, G. P.; Kehagias, T.; Karakostas, T. Partial Dislocations in Wurtzite GaN Phys. Status Solidi A 2005, 202, 2888-2899
46. Ding, Y.; Kong, X. Y.; Wang, Z. L. Doping and Planar Defects in the Formation of Single-Crystal ZnO Nanorings Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 235408
47. Jin, L.; Wang, J. B.; Choy, W. C. H. Growth of ZnSe Nanospirals with Bending Mediated by Lomer-Cottrell Sessile Dislocations through Varying Pressure Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8, 3829-3833
48. Jin, L.; Wang, J. B.; Jia, S. F.; Jiang, Q. K.; Yan, X.; Lu, P.; Cai, Y.; Deng, L. Z.; Choy, W. C. H. ZnSe Heterocrystalline Junctions Based on Zinc Blende-Wurtzite Polytypism J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 1411-1415
49. Frank, F. C. Capillary Equilibria of Dislocated Crystals Acta Crystallogr. 1951, 4, 497-501
50. Heindl, J.; Strunk, H. P.; Heydemann, V. D.; Pensl, G. Micropipes: Hollow tubes in silicon carbide Phys. Stat. Sol. A 1997, 162, 251-262
51. Morin, S. A.; Bierman, M. J.; Tong, J.; Jin, S. Mechanism and Kinetics of Spontaneous Nanotube Growth Driven By Screw Dislocations Science 2010, 328, 476-480
52. 2O Nanowires and Nanotubes Driven by Screw Dislocations Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1174-1176
53. 3 Nanorods Grown by a Thermal Treatment Cryst. Growth Des. 2011, 11, 1117-1121
54. 3 Nanorods and Its Relationship with a Dislocation-Driven Growth Mechanism J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 18083-18087
55. Duan, J. H.; Yang, S. G.; Liu, H. W.; Gong, J. F.; Huang, H. B.; Zhao, X. N.; Zhang, R.; Du, Y. W. Preparation and Characterization of Straight and Zigzag AIN Nanowires J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3701-3703
56. Wang, H.; Liu, G.; Yang, W.; Lin, L.; Xie, Z.; Fang, J. Y.; An, L. Bicrystal AlN Zigzag Nanowires J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 17169-17172
57. Ross, F. M. Controlling Nanowire Structures through Real Time Growth Studies Rep. Prog. Phys. 2010, 73, 114501
58. Jacobs, B. W.; Crimp, M. A.; McElroy, K.; Ayres, V. M. Nanopipes in Gallium Nitride Nanowires and Rods Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4353-4358
59. Luo, S. D.; Zhou, W. Y.; Wang, W. X.; Zhang, Z. X.; Liu, L. F.; Dou, X. Y.; Wang, J. X.; Zhao, X. W.; Liu, D. F.; Gao, Y. et al. Template-free Synthesis of Helical Hexagonal Microtubes of Indium Nitride App. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 063109
60. Tizei, L. H. G.; Craven, A. J.; Zagonel, L. F.; Tence, M.; Stephan, O.; Chiaramonte, T.; Cotta, M. A.; Ugarte, D. Enhanced Eshelby Twist on Thin Wurtzite InP Nanowires and Measurement of Local Crystal Rotation Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 107, 195503
61. 2 Nanoplates as Individual Diodes ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8224-8232
62. Cheze, C.; Geelhaar, L.; Brandt, O.; Weber, W. M.; Riechert, H.; Munch, S.; Rothemund, R.; Reitzenstein, S.; Forchel, A.; Kehagias, T. et al. Direct Comparison of Catalyst-free and Catalyst-Induced GaN Nanowires Nano Res. 2010, 3, 528-536
63. Arbiol, J.; Estrade, S.; Prades, J. D.; Cirera, A.; Furtmayr, F.; Stark, C.; Laufer, A.; Stutzmann, M.; Eickhoff, M.; Gass, M. H. et al. Triple-Twin Domains in Mg Doped GaN Wurtzite Nanowires: Structural and Electronic Properties of This Zinc-Blende-like Stacking Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 145704