Toward a molecular classification of colorectal cancer: The role of MGMT

Frontiers in Oncology

Volumn 3 OCT, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Minoo, Parham ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

CIMP; DNA repair; Methylation; MGMT; MSI H; MSI low; MSS

Indexed keywords

FLUOROURACIL; METHYLATED DNA PROTEIN CYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; TEMOZOLOMIDE;

CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; COLON MUCOSA; COLORECTAL CANCER; CPG ISLAND; DNA REPAIR; HUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PROMOTER REGION; RECTUM ADENOMA; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 84891108281     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2234943X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00266     Document Type: Short Survey

References (48)

1. Gerson SL. MGMT: its role in cancer aetiology and cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer (2004) 4:296-307. doi: 10.1038/nrc1319
2. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in the defense against N-nitroso compounds and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis (2013). doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt275. [Epub ahead of print]
3. Kaina B, Margison GP, Christmann M. Targeting O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with specific inhibitors as a strategy in cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci (2010) 67:3663-81. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0491-7
4. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene by in situ hybridization. Mutagenesis (1992) 7:83-5. doi:10.1093/mutage/7.1.83
5. Esteller M, Hamilton SR, Burger PC, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is a common event in primary human neoplasia. Cancer Res (1999) 59:793-7.
6. Tournier B, Chapusot C, Courcet E, Martin L, Lepage C, Faivre J, et al. Why do results conflict regarding the prognostic value of the methylation status in colon cancers? The role of the preservation method. BMC Cancer (2012) 12:12. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-12
7. Weller M, Stupp R, Reifenberger G, Brandes AA, Van Den Bent MJ, Wick W, et al. MGMT promoter methylation in malignant gliomas: ready for personalized medicine? Nat Rev Neurol (2010) 6:39-51. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.197
8. 6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase in a series of 100 glioblastoma patients. Cancer (2012) 118:4201-11. doi:10.1002/cncr.27392
9. 6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protein expression by immunohistochemistry in brain and non-brain systemic tumours: systematic review and meta-analysis of correlation with methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. BMC Cancer (2011) 11:35. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-35
10. Everhard S, Tost J, El Abdalaoui H, Crinière E, Busato F, Marie Y, et al. Identification of regions correlating MGMT promoter methylation and gene expression in glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol (2009) 11:348-56. doi:10.1215/15228517-2009-001
11. Ogino S, Hazra A, Tranah GJ, Kirkner GJ, Kawasaki T, Nosho K, et al. MGMT germline polymorphism is associated with somatic MGMT promoter methylation and gene silencing in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis (2007) 28:1985-90. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm160
12. Hawkins NJ, Lee JH, Wong JJ, Kwok CT, Ward RL, Hitchins MP. MGMT methylation is associated primarily with the germline C >T SNP (rs16906252) in colorectal cancer and normal colonic mucosa. Mod Pathol (2009) 22:1588-99. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2009.130
13. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is associated with G to A mutations in K-ras in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res (2000) 60:2368-71.
14. Park TJ, Han SU, Cho YK, Paik WK, Kim YB, Lim IK. Methylation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene is associated significantly with K-ras mutation, lymph node invasion, tumor staging, and disease free survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer (2001) 92:2760-8. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20011201)92:11<2760::AID-CNCR10123>3.0.CO;2-8
15. Nakamura M, Watanabe T, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Promoter methylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT in astrocytomas is frequently associated with G:C-> A:T mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Carcinogenesis (2001) 22:1715-9. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.10.1715
16. Wolf P, Hu YC, Doffek K, Sidransky D, Ahrendt SA. O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation shifts the p53 mutational spectrum in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res (2001) 61:8113-7.
17. Whitehall VL, Walsh MD, Young J, Leggett BA, Jass JR. Methylation of O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase characterizes a subset of colorectal cancer with low-level DNA microsatellite instability. Cancer Res (2001) 61:827-30.
18. Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, et al. MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst (2005) 97:1330-8. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji275
19. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene in colon during progressive colorectal tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer (2008) 122:2429-36. doi:10.1002/ijc.23398
20. Laiho P, Launonen V, Lahermo P, Esteller M, Guo M, Herman JG, et al. Low-level microsatellite instability in most colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res (2002) 62:1166-70.
21. Suehiro Y, Wong CW, Chirieac LR, Kondo Y, Shen L, Webb CR, et al. Epigenetic-genetic interactions in the APC/WNT, RAS/RAF, and P53 pathways in colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res (2008) 14:2560-9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1802
22. Chan AO, Broaddus RR, Houlihan PS, Issa JP, Hamilton SR, Rashid A. CpG island methylation in aberrant crypt foci of the colorectum. Am J Pathol (2002) 160:1823-30. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61128-5
23. Ye C, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Ness R, Grady WM, Smalley W, et al. Promoter methylation status of the MGMT, hMLH1, and CDKN2A/p16 genes in non-neoplastic mucosa of patients with and without colorectal adenomas. Oncol Rep (2006) 16:429-35.
24. 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers. Gut (2010) 59:1516-26. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.194787
25. Worthley DL, Whitehall VL, Buttenshaw RL, Irahara N, Greco SA, Ramsnes I, et al. DNA methylation within the normal colorectal mucosa is associated with pathway-specific predisposition to cancer. Oncogene (2010) 29:1653-62. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.449
26. Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1999) 96:8681-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8681
27. Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, Young J, Long TI, Faasse MA, et al. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet (2006) 38:787-93. doi:10.1038/ng1834
28. O'Brien MJ, Yang S, Clebanoff JL, Mulcahy E, Farraye FA, Amorosino M, et al. Hyperplastic (serrated) polyps of the colorectum: relationship of CpG island methylator phenotype and K-ras mutation to location and histologic subtype. Am J Surg Pathol (2004) 28:423-34. doi:10.1097/00000478-200404000-00001
29. Jass JR. Serrated adenoma of the colorectum and the DNA-methylator phenotype. Nat Clin Pract Oncol (2005) 2:398-405. doi:10.1038/ncponc0248
30. Kim HC, Roh SA, Ga IH, Kim JS, Yu CS, Kim JC. CpG island methylation as an early event during adenoma progression in carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (2005) 20:1920-6. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03943.x
31. Oh K, Redston M, Odze RD. Support for hMLH1 and MGMT silencing as a mechanism of tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic-adenoma-carcinoma (serrated) carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Hum Pathol (2005) 36:101-11. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.10.008
32. Kim KM, Lee EJ, Ha S, Kang SY, Jang KT, Park CK, et al. Molecular features of colorectal hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenoma/polyps from Korea. Am J Surg Pathol (2011) 35:1274-86. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318224cd2e
33. Kohonen-Corish MR, Daniel JJ, Chan C, Lin BP, Kwun SY, Dent OF, et al. Low microsatellite instability is associated with poor prognosis in stage C colon cancer. J Clin Oncol (2005) 23:2318-24. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.00.109
34. Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Kirkner GJ, Suemoto Y, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS. Molecular correlates with MGMT promoter methylation and silencing support CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) in colorectal cancer. Gut (2007) 56:1564-71. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.119750
35. Leggett B, Whitehall V. Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology (2010) 138:2088-100. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.066
36. Rosty C, Young JP, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Pearson S, et al. Colorectal carcinomas with KRAS mutation are associated with distinctive morphological and molecular features. Mod Pathol (2013) 26:825-34. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.240
37. Jass JR, Baker K, Zlobec I, Higuchi T, Barker M, Buchanan D, et al. Advanced colorectal polyps with the molecular and morphological features of serrated polyps and adenomas: concept of a 'fusion' pathway to colorectal cancer. Histopathology (2006) 49:121-31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02466.x
38. Maltzman T, Knoll K, Martinez ME, Byers T, Stevens BR, Marshall JR, et al. Ki-ras proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic colorectal adenomas: relationship to histologic and clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology (2001) 121:302-9. doi:10.1053/gast.2001.26278
39. Torlakovic EE, Gomez JD, Driman DK, Parfitt JR, Wang C, Benerjee T, et al. Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) vs. traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Am J Surg Pathol (2008) 32:21-9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318157f002
40. Kim JC, Choi JS, Roh SA, Cho DH, Kim TW, Kim YS. Promoter methylation of specific genes is associated with the phenotype and progression of colorectal adenocarcinomas. Ann Surg Oncol (2010) 17: 1767-76. doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0901-y
41. Shima K, Morikawa T, Baba Y, Nosho K, Suzuki M, Yamauchi M, et al. MGMT promoter methylation, loss of expression and prognosis in 855 colorectal cancers. Cancer Causes Control (2011) 22: 301-9. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9698-z
42. Silber JR, Bobola MS, Blank A, Chamberlain MC. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in glioma therapy: promise and problems. Biochim Biophys Acta (2012) 1826:71-82. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.12.004
43. Cankovic M, Nikiforova MN, Snuderl M, Adesina AM, Lindeman N, Wen PY, et al. The role of MGMT testing in clinical practice: a report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn (2013) 15:539-55. doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.05.011
44. Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, De Tribolet N, Weller M, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med (2005) 352:997-1003. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043331
45. Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, Van Den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol (2009) 10: 459-66. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70025-7
46. Nagasaka T, Sharp GB, Notohara K, Kambara T, Sasamoto H, Isozaki H, et al. Hypermethylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter may predict nonrecurrence after chemotherapy in colorectal cancer cases. Clin Cancer Res (2003) 9:5306-12.
47. Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Moutinho C, Belotti A, Bencardino K, Chirico G, et al. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II study for metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res (2013) 19:2265-72. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3518
48. Shacham-Shmueli E, Beny A, Geva R, Blachar A, Figer A, Aderka D. Response to temozolomide in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with loss of MGMT expression: a new approach in the era of personalized medicine? J Clin Oncol (2011) 29:e262-5. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.0242