Cognitive activities and cognitive performance in middle-aged adults at risk for alzheimer's disease

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1004-1014

  Jonaitis, Erin ^a   Rue, Asenath La ^a   Mueller, Kimberly D ^a   Koscik, Rebecca L ^a   Hermann, Bruce ^a   Sager, Mark A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer's disease; Cognitive reserve; Education; Occupation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; COGNITION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FAMILY HISTORY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LEISURE; MIDDLE AGED; OPTIMISM;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; COGNITION; COGNITIVE RESERVE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEISURE ACTIVITIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REGISTRIES; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; THINKING;

EID: 84891050422     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: 19391498     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034838     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Akbaraly, T. N., Portet, F., Fustinoni, S., Dartigues, J. F., Artero, S., Rouaud, O., . . . Berr, C. (2009). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly: Results from the Three-City Study. Neurology, 73, 854-861. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b7849b
2. American Society on Aging & MetLife Foundation. (2006). Attitudes and awareness of brain health poll. Retrieved from http://www.asaging.org/ asav2/mindalert/pdfs/BH.pdf
3. Andel, R., Crowe, M., Pedersen, N. L., Mortimer, J., Crimmins, E., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2005). Complexity of work and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A population-based study of Swedish twins. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P251-P258. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.5.P251
4. Andel, R., Kåreholt, I., Parker, M. G., Thorslund, M., & Gatz, M. (2007). Complexity of primary lifetime occupation and cognition in advanced old age. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 397-415. doi:10.1177/ 0898264307300171
5. Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2011). The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurology, 10, 819-828. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2
6. Basak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychology and Aging, 23, 765-777. doi:10.1037/a0013494
7. Bell, B. A., Schoeneberger, J. A., Morgan, G. B., Kromrey, J. D., & Ferron, J. M. (2010). Fundamental diagnostics for two-level mixed models: The SAS macro MIXED_DX. Proceedings of the annual SAS Global Forum. Retrieved from http://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings10/ 201-2010.pdf
8. Benton, A. L. (1994). Neuropsychological assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 1-23. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000245
9. Cain, P. S., & Treiman, D. J. (1981). The Dictionary of Occupational Titles as a source of occupational data. American Sociological Review, 46, 253-278. doi:10.2307/2095059
10. Carlson, M. C., Helms, M. J., Steffens, D. C., Burke, J. R., Potter, G. G., & Plassman, B. L. (2008). Midlife activity predicts risk of dementia in older male twin pairs. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 4, 324-331. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.002
11. Chang, T. S., Coen, M. H., La Rue, A., Jonaitis, E., Koscik, R. L., Hermann, B., & Sager, M. A. (2012). Machine learning amplifies the effect of parental family history of Alzheimer's disease on list learning strategy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 428-439. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001834
12. Crowe, M., Andel, R., Pedersen, N. I., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2003). Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease? A prospective study of Swedish twins. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, P249-P255. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.5.P249
13. Cupples, L. A., Farrer, L. A., Sadovnick, A. D., Relkin, N., Whitehouse, P., & Green, R. C. (2004). Estimating risk curves for first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease: The REVEAL study. Genetics in Medicine, 6, 192-196. doi:10.1097/01.GIM.0000132679.92238.58
14. Dowling, M. N., Hermann, B., LaRue, A., & Sager, M. A. (2010). Latent structure and factorial invariance of a neuropsychological test battery for the study of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 24, 742- 756. doi:10.1037/a0020176;10.1037/a0020176.supp
15. Finkel, D., Andel, R., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2009). The role of occupational complexity in trajectories of cognitive aging before and after retirement. Psychology and Aging, 24, 563-573. doi:10.1037/ a0015511
16. Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurology, 3, 343-353. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00767-7
17. Fratiglioni, L., & Wang, H. X. (2007). Brain reserve hypothesis in dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 12, 11-22.
18. Gatz, M., Mortimer, J. A., Fratiglioni, L., Johansson, B., Berg, W., Andel, R., . . . Pedersen, N. L. (2007). Accounting for the relationship between low education and dementia: A twin study. Physiology & Behavior, 92, 232-237. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.042
19. Gelman, A., & Stern, H. (2006). The difference between "significant" and "not significant" is not itself statistically significant. The American Statistician, 60, 328-331. doi:10.1198/000313006X152649
20. Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and evaluating factor scores. Psychological Methods, 6, 430-450. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.430
21. Hollingworth, P., Harold, D., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Lambert, J. C., Carrasquillo, M. M., . . . Williams, J. (2011). Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nature Genetics, 43, 429-435. doi:10.1038/ng.803
22. Honea, R. A., Swerdlow, R. H., Vidoni, E. D., Goodwin, J., & Burns, J. M. (2010). Reduced gray matter volume in normal adults with a maternal family history of Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 74, 113-120. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918cb
23. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107-129. doi:10.1016/0001- 6918(67)90011-X
24. Howard-Jones, P. A., Washbrook, E. V., & Meadows, S. (2012). The timing of educational investment: A neuroscientific perspective. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(Suppl 1), S18-S29. doi:10.1016/j .dcn.2011.11.002
25. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999). Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging, 14, 245-263. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
26. Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Shah, P. (2011). Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10081-10086. doi:10.1073/pnas.1103228108
27. Jarvik, L., LaRue, A., Blacker, D., Gatz, M., Kawas, C., McArdle, J. J., . . . Zonderman, A. B. (2008). Children of persons with Alzheimer disease: What does the future hold? Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 22, 6-20. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e31816653ac
28. Johnson, S. C., Schmitz, T. W., Trivedi, M. A., Ries, M. L., Torgerson, B. M., Carlsson, C. M., . . . Sager, M. A. (2006). The influence of Alzheimer disease family history and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 on mesial temporal lobe activation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6069-6076. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0959-06.2006
29. Jorm, A. F., Mather, K. A., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H., & Easteal, S. (2007). APOE genotype and cognitive functioning in a large age-stratified population sample. Neuropsychology, 21, 1-8. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.1
30. Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
31. Karp, A., Andel, R., Parker, M. G., Wang, H.-X., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2009). Mentally stimulating activities at work during midlife and dementia risk after age 75: Follow-up study from the Kungsholmen Project. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 227-236. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e318190b691
32. Kröger, E., Andel, R., Lindsay, J., Benounissa, Z., Verreault, R., & Laurin, D. (2008). Is complexity of work associated with risk of dementia? The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167, 820-830. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm382
33. Landau, S. M., Marks, S. M., Mormino, E. C., Rabinovici, G. D., Oh, H., O'Neil, J. P., . . . Jagust, W. J. (2012). Association of lifetime cognitive engagement and low -amyloid deposition. Archives of Neurology, 69, 623-629. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2748
34. La Rue, A., Hermann, B., Jones, J. E., Johnson, S., Asthana, S., & Sager, M. A. (2008). Effect of parental family history of Alzheimer's disease on serial position profiles. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 4, 285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.03.009
35. Lautenschlager, N. T., Cupples, L. A., Rao, V. S., Auerbach, S. A., Becker, R., Burke, J., . . . Farrer, L. A. (1996). Risk of dementia among relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients in the MIRAGE study: What is in store for the oldest old. Neurology, 46, 641-650. doi:10.1212/WNL.46.3.641
36. Lee, J. H. (2003). Genetic evidence for cognitive reserve: Variations in memory and related cognitive functions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 594 - 613. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.594 .14582
37. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
38. McGrew, K. S. (2005). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (2nd ed., pp. 136-181). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
39. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944. doi:10.1212/WNL.34.7.939
40. Naj, A. C., Jun, G., Beecham, G. W., Wang, L. S., Vardarajan, B. N., Buros, J., . . . Schellenberg, G. D. (2011). Common variants at MS4A4/ MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nature Genetics, 43, 436-441. doi:10.1038/ng.801
41. Pillai, J. A., Hall, C. B., Dickson, D. W., Buschke, H., Lipton, R. B., & Verghese, J. (2011). Association of crossword puzzle participation with memory decline in persons who develop dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1006-1013. doi:10.1017/ S1355617711001111
42. Potter, G. G., Helms, M. J., Burke, J. R., Steffens, D. C., & Plassman, B. L. (2007). Job demands and dementia risk among male twin pairs. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 3, 192-199. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.377
43. Potter, G. G., Plassman, B. L., Helms, M. J., Foster, S. M., & Edwards, N. W. (2006). Occupational characteristics and cognitive performance among elderly male twins. Neurology, 67, 1377-1382. doi:10.1212/01 .wnl.0000240061.51215.Ed.
44. Qiu, C., Karp, A., von Strauss, E., Winblad, B., Fratiglioni, L., & Bellander, T. (2003). Lifetime principal occupation and risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Kungsholmen project. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 204-211. doi:10.1002/ajim.10159
45. Reed, B. R., Dowling, M., Farias, S. T., Sonnen, J., Strauss, M., Schneider, J. A., . . . Mungas, D. (2011). Cognitive activities during adulthood are more important than education in building reserve. Journal of th International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 615-624. doi:10.1017/ S1355617711000014
46. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
47. Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., Berg, S., & Pedersen, N. L. (2007). Genotype- environment interactions: Cognitive aging and social factors. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 241-254. doi:10.1375/twin.10.2.241
48. Roos, P. A., & Treiman, D. J. (1980). DOT scales for the 1970 Census classification. In A. R. Miller, D. J. Treiman, P. S. Cain, & P. A. Roos (Eds.), Work, jobs, and occupations: A critical review of occupational titles (pp. 336-389). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
49. Sager, M. A., Hermann, B., & La Rue, A. L. (2005). Middle-aged children of persons with Alzheimer's disease: APOE genotypes and cognitive function in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 245-249. doi:10.1177/ 0891988705281882
50. Schaalje, G. B., McBride, J. B., & Fellingham, G. W. (2002). Adequacy of approximations to distributions of test statistics in complex mixed linear models. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 7, 512-524. doi:10.1198/108571102726
51. Schinka, J. A., McBride, A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Tennyson, K., Borenstein, A. R., & Mortimer, J. A. (2005). Florida Cognitive Activities Scale: Initial development and validation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 108 -116. doi:10.1017/ S1355617705050125
52. Sharp, E. S., & Gatz, M. (2011). Relationship between education and dementia: An updated systematic review. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 4, 289-304. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e318211c83c
53. Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., . . . Phelps, C. H. (2011). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association workgroup. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 7, 280-292. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003
54. Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015-2028. doi:10.10162Fj.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
55. Timiras, P. S. (1995). Education, homeostasis, and longevity. Experimental Gerontology, 30, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)00054-7
56. Treiber, K. A., Carlson, M. C., Corcoran, C., Norton, M. C., Breitner, J. C., Piercy, K. W., . . . Tschanz, J. T. (2011). Cognitive stimulation and cognitive and functional decline in Alzheimer's disease: The cache county dementia progression study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 416-425. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr023
57. Trenerry, M., Crosson, B., DeBoe, J., & Leber, L. (1989). Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
58. United States Department of Labor, National O*Net Consortium. (2006). Occupational information network: O*Net database (O*Net-SOC 2006). National Center for O*Net Development. Retrieved from http://online .O*Netcenter.org/
59. United States Employment Service. (1991). Dictionary of occupational titles (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60. Valenzuela, M. J., & Sachdev, P. (2006a). Brain reserve and cognitive decline: A non-parametric systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1065-1073. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007744
61. Valenzuela, M. J., & Sachdev, P. (2006b). Brain reserve and dementia: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 36, 441-454. doi:10.1017/ S0033291705006264
62. Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., . . . Buschke, H. (2003). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2508-2516. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022252
63. Walter, S. D., Feinstein, A. R., & Wells, C. K. (1987). Coding ordinal independent variables in multiple regression analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 125, 319-323.
64. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
65. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
66. Wight, R. G., Aneshensel, C. S., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Educational attainment, continued learning experience, and cognitive function among older men. Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 211-236. doi: 10.1177/089826430201400203
67. Wilkinson, G. (1993). WRAT3 Administrative Manual. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
68. Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Morris, M. C., Gilley, D. W., Bienias, J. L., Scherr, P. A., & Evans, D. A. (1999). Cognitive activity in older persons from a geographically defined population. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 155-160.
69. Wilson, R. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2003). Cognitive activity and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 87-91. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01236
70. Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Morris, M. C., & Evans, D. A. (2003). Cognitive activity and cognitive decline in a biracial community population. Neurology, 61, 812-816. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000083989.44027.05
71. Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Mendes De Leon, C. F., Morris, M. C., . . . Evans, D. A. (2002). Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons. Neurology, 59, 1910-1914. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000036905.59156.A1
72. Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002). Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 742-748. doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742
73. Wisdom, N. M., Callahan, J. L., & Hawkins, K. A. (2011). The effects of apolipoprotein E on non-impaired cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 63-74. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging .2009.02.003
74. Xiong, C., Roe, C. M., Buckles, V., Fagan, A., Holtzman, D., Balota, D., . . . Morris, J. C. (2011). Role of family history for Alzheimer biomarker abnormalities in the Adult Children Study. Archives of Neurology, 68, 1313-1319. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.208
75. Yaffe, K., Haan, M., Byers, A., Tangen, C., & Kuller, L. (2000). Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: Evidence of gene-environment interaction. Neurology, 54, 1949-1953. doi:10.1212/WNL.54.10.1949