Relationship between education and dementia: An updated systematic review

Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 289-304

  Sharp, Emily Schoenhofen ^a   Gatz, Margaret ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; dementia; education; risk factors

Indexed keywords

AGE; CLINICAL DEMENTIA RATING; COGNITION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNICITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCINFO; RATING SCALE; READING; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 81855161733     PISSN: 08930341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318211c83c     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Mortimer JA. Do psychosocial risk factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease? In: Henderson AS, Henderson JH, eds. Etiology of Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1988:39-52.
2. Zhang M, Katzman R, Salmon DP, et al. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai China: impact ofage, gender, and education. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:428-437. (Pubitemid 20132059)
3. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:13-20. (Pubitemid 23035350)
4. Mortimer JA, Graves AB. Education and other socioeconomic determinants of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:S39-S44.
5. Gilleard CJ. Education and Alzheimer's disease: a review of recent international epidemiology studies. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:33-46. (Pubitemid 127529788)
6. Caamano-Isorna F, Corral M, Montes-Mart?nez A, et al. Education and dementia: a meta-analytic study. Neuroepide-miology. 2006;26:226-232. (Pubitemid 43876726)
7. Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2006;36:441-454. (Pubitemid 43380997)
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manualof Mental Disorders (DSM-III). 3rded. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1981.
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). 3rd ed rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
11. World Health Organization. Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the 9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. WHO: Geneva; 1977.
12. World Health Organization. Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. WHO: Geneva; 1992.
13. Roth M, Huppert FA, Tym E, et al. CAMDEX: The Cambridge Examination of Mental Disorders of the Elderly. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
14. Mc Kann G, Dracham D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939-944. (Pubitemid 14076461)
15. Chandra V, Ganguli M, Pandav R, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in rural India. The Indo-US study. Neurology. 1998;51:1000-1008. (Pubitemid 28473391)
16. Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Chen P, et al. Ten-year incidence of dementia in a rural elderly US community population. The Mo VIES project. Neurology. 2000;54:1109-1116. (Pubitemid 30151854)
17. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, et al. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br JPsychiatry. 1982; 140:566-572. (Pubitemid 12124384)
18. Amaducci LA, Fratiglioni L, Rocca WA, et al. Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study of an Italianpopulation. Neurology. 1986;36:922-931. (Pubitemid 16098235)
19. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Treasure FP. The influence of education and social class on the diagnosis of dementia in a communitypopulation. Psychol Med. 1991;21:219-224.
20. Bonaiuto S, Rocca WA, Lippi A, et al. Education and occupation as risk factors for dementia: a population-based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology. 1995;14:101-109.
21. Ott A, Breteler MMB, van Harskamp F, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam Study. BMJ. 1995;310:970-973.
22. Prencipe M, Casini AR, Ferretti C, et al. Prevalence of dementia in an elderly rural population: effects ofage, sex, and education. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60:628-633. (Pubitemid 26237113)
23. Azzimondi G, D'Alessandro R, Pandolfo G, et al. Compara-tive study of the prevalence of dementia in two Sicilian communities with different psychosoical backgrounds. Neuroe-pidemiology. 1998;17:199-209. (Pubitemid 28341659)
24. De Ronchi D, Fratiglioni L, Rucci P, et al. The effect of education on dementia occurrence in an Italian population with middle to high socioeconomic status. Neurology. 1998;50:1231-1238. (Pubitemid 28240333)
25. Gatz M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL, et al. Education and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: findings from the study of dementia in Swedish twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56:292-300.
26. Harmanci H, Emre M, Gurvit H, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer disease: a population-based case-control study in Istanbul, Turkey. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2003;17:139-145. (Pubitemid 37205704)
27. Tognoni G, Ceravolo R, Nucciarone B, et al. From mild cognitive impairment to dementia: a prevalence study in a district of Tuscany, Italy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112:65-71. (Pubitemid 41003363)
28. Gatz M, Mortimer JA, Fratiglioni L, et al. Accounting for the relationship between low education and dementia: a twin study. Physiol Behav. 2007;92:232-237. (Pubitemid 47374243)
29. Ngandu T, von Strauss E, Helkala EL, et al. Education and dementia: what lies behind the association? Neurology. 2007;69:1442-1450. (Pubitemid 47511466)
30. Canadian Health and Aging Study. The Canadian study of health and aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology. 1994;44:2073-2080.
31. Mortel KF, Meyer JS, Herod B, et al. Education and occupation as risk factors for dementias of the Alzheimer and ischemic vascular types. Dementia. 1995;6:55-62.
32. Callahan CM, Hall KS, Hui SL, et al. Relationship of age, education, and occupation with dementia among a commu-nity-based sample of African Americans. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:134-140. (Pubitemid 26055260)
33. Hall K, Gureje O, Gao S, et al. Risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: A comparative study of two communities. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1998;32:698-706. (Pubitemid 28497672)
34. Harwood DG, Barker WW, Loewenstein DA, et al. A cross-ethnic analysis of risk factors for AD in white Hispanics and white non-Hispanics. Neurology. 1999;52:551-556. (Pubitemid 29075602)
35. Munoz DG, Ganapathy GR, Eliasziw M, et al. Educational attainment and socioeconomic status of patients with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:85-89. (Pubitemid 30027635)
36. Mortimer JA, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR. Head circum-ference, education and risk of dementia: findings from the nun study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25:671-679. (Pubitemid 36808152)
37. Roe CM, Xiong C, Miller JP, et al. Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology. 2007;68:223-228. (Pubitemid 46105742)
38. Kondo K, Niino M, Shido K. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Japan-Significance of life-styles. De-mentia. 1994;5:314-326. (Pubitemid 24336521)
39. Lin R, Lai C, Tai C, et al. Prevalence and subtypes of dementia in southern Taiwan: impact of age, sex, education, and urbanization. J Neurol Sci. 1998;160:67-75. (Pubitemid 28473888)
40. Liu CH, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, et al. Prevalence and subtypes of dementia in a rural Chinese population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12:127-134.
41. Yamada M, Sasaki H, Mimori Y, et al. Prevalence and risks of dementia in the Japanese Population: RERF's adult health study Hiroshima subjects. JAm Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:189-195. (Pubitemid 29082719)
42. Zhang ZX, Zahner GEP, Roman G, et al. Socio-demographic variation of dementia subtypes in China: methodology and results of a prevalence study in Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, and Xian. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27:177-187. (Pubitemid 46005737)
43. Zhou DF, Wu CS, Qi H, et al. Prevalence of dementia in rural China: impact of age, gender and education. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114:273-280. (Pubitemid 44337247)
44. Galasko D, Salomon D, Gamst A, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Chamorros in Guam. Relationship to age, gender, education, and APOE. Neurology. 2007;68:1772-1781 (Pubitemid 46795282)
45. Llibre Rodrguez JJ, Ferri CP, Acosta D, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Latin America, India, and China: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2008;372:464-474.
46. Herrera E, Caramelli P, Silveira ASB, et al. Epidemiologic survey of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002;16:103-108. (Pubitemid 34627677)
47. Scazufca M, Menezes PR, Araya R, et al. Risk factors across the life course and dementia in a Brazilian population: results from the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH). Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:879-890.
48. Bowirrat A, Treves TA, Friedland RP, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's type of dementia in an elderly Arab population. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8:119-123. (Pubitemid 32269630)
49. Kahana E, Galper Y, Zilber N, et al. Epidemiology of dementia in Ashkelon. The influence of education. J Neurol. 2003;250:424-428. (Pubitemid 36459747)
50. Bickel H, Cooper B. Incidence and relative risk of dementia in an urban elderly population: findings of a prospective field study. Psychol Med. 1994;24:179-192. (Pubitemid 24083693)
51. Paykel ES, Brayne C, Huppert FA, et al. Incidence of dementia in a population older than 75 years in the United Kingdom. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:325-332. (Pubitemid 24127306)
52. Persson G, Skoog I. A prospective population study of psychosocial risk factors for late onset dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;11:15-22. (Pubitemid 26041261)
53. Schmand B, Smit JH, Geerlings MI, et al. The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia: a test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychol Med. 1997;27: 1337-1344. (Pubitemid 27494099)
54. Geerlings MI, Schmand B, Jonker C, et al. Education and incident Alzheimer's disease: a biased association due to selective attrition and use of a two-step diagnositic procedure?. Inter J Epidemiol. 1999;28:492-497. (Pubitemid 29276710)
55. Launer LJ, Andersen K, Dewey ME, et al. Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. Neurology. 1999;52:78-84. (Pubitemid 29044403)
56. Letenneur L, Gilleron V, Commenges D, et al. Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:177-183. (Pubitemid 29103518)
57. Nielsen H, Lolk A, Andersen K, et al. Characteristics ofelderly who develop Alzheimer's disease during the next two years\-A neuropsychological study using CAMCOG. The ODENSE Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:957-963.
58. Ott A, van Rossum CTM, van Harskamp F, et al. Education and the incidence of dementia in a large population-based study: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 1999;52:663-666. (Pubitemid 29075629)
59. Qiu C, Backman L, Winblad B, et al. The influence of education on clinically diagnosed dementia incidence and mortality data from the Kungsholmen project. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:2034-2039. (Pubitemid 33143982)
60. Anttila T, Helkala E, Kivipelto M, et al. Midlife income, occupation, APOE status, and dementia: a population-based study. Neurology. 2002;59:887-893.
61. Di Carlo A, Baldereschi M, Amaducci L, et al. Incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:41-48. (Pubitemid 34053021)
62. Karp A, Kareholt I, Qiu C, et al. Relation of education and occupation-based socioeconomic status to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:175-183. (Pubitemid 38082527)
63. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Incidence and etiology of dementia in a large elderly Italian population. Neurology. 2005;64:1525-1530. (Pubitemid 40617687)
64. Brayne C, Ince PG, Keage HAD, et al. Education, the brain and dementia: neuroprotection or compensation? Brain. 2010;133:2210-2216.
65. Beard MC, Kokmen E, Offord KP, et al. Lack of association between Alzheimer's disease and education, occupation, marital status, or living arrangement. Neurology. 1992;42: 2063-2068.
66. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, et al. Relation ofsmoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:347-355.
67. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, et al. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA. 1994;271:1004-1010. (Pubitemid 24099921)
68. Cobb JL, Wolf PA, Au R, et al. The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framing-ham study. Neurology. 1995;45:1707-1712.
69. Evans DA, Hebert LE, Beckett LA, et al. Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:1399-1405. (Pubitemid 27469356)
70. Elias MF, Beiser A, Wolf PA, et al. The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease: a 22-year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:808-813. (Pubitemid 30397182)
71. Kawas C, Gray S, Brookmeyer R et al. Age-specific incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease. The Baltimore longitudinal study ofaging. Neurology. 2000;54:2072-2077. (Pubitemid 30397204)
72. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:445-453. (Pubitemid 34976983)
73. Kukull WA, Higdon R, Bowen JD, et al. Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1737-1746.
74. Wilson RS, Mendes de Leon CF, Barnes LL, et al. Participa-tion in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002;287:742-748. (Pubitemid 34250460)
75. Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Newman A, et al. Risk factors for dementia in the cardiovascular health cognition study. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:13-22. (Pubitemid 36131969)
76. Tuokko H, Garrett DD, Mc Dowell I, et al. Cognitive decline in high functioning older adults: reserve or ascertainment bias? Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:259-270. (Pubitemid 36917124)
77. Fitzpatrick AL, Kuller LH, Ives DG, et al. Incidence and prevalence of dementia in the cardiovascular health study. JAm Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:195-204. (Pubitemid 38233480)
78. Shadlen M, Siscovick D, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Education, cognitive test scores, and black-white differences in dementia risk. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:898-905. (Pubitemid 43847025)
79. Mc Dowell I, Xi G, Lindsay J, et al. Mapping the connections between education and dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29:127-141.
80. Li G, Shen YC, Chen CH, et al. A three-year follow-up study of age-related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83:99-104.
81. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and the risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995;45:1161-1168.
82. Liu CK, Lai CL, Tai CT, et al. Incidence and subtypes of dementia in southern Taiwan: impact of sociodemographic factors. Neurology. 1998;50:1572-1579. (Pubitemid 28283220)
83. He YL, Zhang XK, Zhang MY. Psychosocial risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 10:2-7.
84. Yamada M, Mimori Y, Kasagi F, et al. Incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia in a Japanese population: radiation effects research foundation adult health study. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30:152-160. (Pubitemid 351667795)
85. Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Herrera E, et al. Incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18:241-246. (Pubitemid 40076156)
86. Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:812-826.
87. Gerstorf D, Herlitz A, Smith J. Stability of sex differences in cognition in advanced old age: the role of education and attrition. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61: 245-249.
88. Letenneur L, Launer LJ, Andersen K, et al. Education and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: sex makes a difference. EURODEM pooled analyses. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151: 1064-1071. (Pubitemid 30489201)
89. Manly JJ, Schupf N, Tang M, et al. Literacy and cognitive decline among ethnically diverse elders. In: Stern Y, ed. Cognitive Reserve: Theory and Applications. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis; 2007:219-235.
90. Hall KS, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, et al. Low education and childhood rural residence: risk for Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. Neurology. 2000;54:95-99. (Pubitemid 30038744)
91. Schmand B, Lindeboom J, Hooijer C, et al. Relation between education and dementia: the role oftest bias revisited. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:170-174.
92. Prince MJ, Llibre Rodriguez J, Noriega L, et al. The 10/66 Dementia Research Group's fully operationalized DSM-IV dementia computerized diagnostic algorithm, compared with the 10/66 dementia algorithm and a clinician diagnosis: a population validation study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:219-231. [serial online]. June. Available from Bio Med Central. [Accessed January 10, 2009].
93. Llibre Rodriguez JJ, Valhuerdi A, Sanchez II et al. The prevalence, correlates and impact of dementia in Cuba. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;31:243-251
94. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47:2015-2028.
95. Deary IJ, Whiteman MC, Starr JM, et al. The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: following up the Scottish mental surveys of 1932 and 1947. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86:130-147. (Pubitemid 38134907)