Minimally verbal school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: The neglected end of the spectrum

Autism Research

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 468-478

  Tager Flusberg, Helen ^a   Kasari, Connie ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alternative and augmentative communication; Behavioral intervention < intervention; Early intervention < intervention; Eye tracking; Minimally verbal ASD; School age < pediatrics; Spoken language

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; CHILD; COGNITION; COMMUNICATION SKILL; EARLY INTERVENTION; EYE TRACKING; HUMAN; LANGUAGE ABILITY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHOOL CHILD; SPEECH THERAPY; VERBAL COMMUNICATION;

ALTERNATIVE AND AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION < INTERVENTION; EARLY INTERVENTION < INTERVENTION; EYE-TRACKING; MINIMALLY VERBAL ASD; SCHOOL AGE < PEDIATRICS; SPOKEN LANGUAGE;

BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; EARLY INTERVENTION (EDUCATION); EVOKED POTENTIALS; EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84890788624     PISSN: 19393792     EISSN: 19393806     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/aur.1329     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Anderson, D.K., Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P.S., Shulman, C., etal. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 594-604.
2. Aslin, R. (2007). What's in a look? Developmental Science, 10, 48-53.
3. Aslin, R., & McMurray, B. (2004). Automated corneal-reflection eye-tracking in fancy: Methodological developments and applications to cognition. Infancy, 6, 155-163.
4. Bailey, A., Braeutigam, S., Jouskaki, V., & Swithenby, S. (2005). Abnormal activation of face processing systems at early and intermediate latency in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A magnetechnephalographic study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 2575-2585.
5. Benasich, A., Shafer, V., Flax, J., Yu, Y., & MacRoy-Higgins, M. (2011). Assessing cognition and language in nonverbal children with autism: Is the frog green? International Meeting for Autism Research, San Diego, CA, May.
6. Bishop, D.V.M. (2007). Using mismatch negativity to study central auditory processing in developmental language and literacy impairments: Where are we and where should we be going? Psychological Bulletin, 133, 651-672.
7. Bopp, K., Mirenda, P., & Zumbo, B. (2009). Behavior predictors of language development over 2 years in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 1106-1120.
8. Boraston, Z., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2007). The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism. Journal of Physiology, 581, 893-898.
9. Brady, N. (2010). AAC for children with autism. NIH Workshop on Nonverbal School-Aged Children with Autism, Bethesda, MD, April.
10. Bryson, S., Landry, R., & Smith, I. (1994). Brief report: A case study of literacy and socioemotional development in a mute autistic female. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 225-231.
11. Byrne, J., Connolly, J., MacLean, S., Dooley, J., Gordon, K., & Beattie, T. (1999). Brain activity and language assessment using event-related potentials: Development of a clinical protocol. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 740-747.
12. Charlop-Christy, M., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L., & Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231.
13. Chawarksa, K., Volkmar, F., & Klin, A. (2010). Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 178-185.
14. Choudhury, N., & Benasich, A. (2011). Maturation of auditory evoked potentials from 6 to 48 months: Prediction to 3 and 4 year language and cognitive abilities. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 320-338.
15. Collins, L.M., Murphy, S.A., & Strecher, V. (2007). The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): New methods for more potent eHealth interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, S112-S118.
16. Connolly, J., Marchand, Y., Major, A., & D'Arcy, R. (2006). Event-related potentials as a measure of performance on WISC-III and WAIS-R NI similarities sub-tests. Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1327-1345.
17. Connolly, J., Reitzel, J., Szatmari, P., & Harrison, A. (2011). Innovations in assessing cognition in nonverbal children with autism. International Meeting for Autism Research, San Diego, CA, May.
18. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., etal. (2010). Randomized controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125, 17-23.
19. Edelson, L., Fine, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Comprehension of nouns and verbs in toddlers with autism: An eye-tracking study. International Meeting for Autism Research, London, England, May.
20. Flax, J., Hare, A., Azaro, M., Vieland, V., & Brzustowicz, L. (2010). Combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis of a motor speech phenotype within families ascertained for autism risk loci. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2, 210-223.
21. Friederici, A.D. (2005). Neurophysiological markers of early language acquisition: From syllables to sentences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 481-488.
22. Friedrich, M., & Friederici, A.D. (2010). Maturing brain mechanisms and developing behavioral language skills. Brain and Language, 114, 66-71.
23. Gage, N., Isenberg, A., Fillmore, P., Osann, K., & Flodman, P. (2011). Developing biomarkers of language impairment in nonverbal children with autism: An MEG investigation. International Meeting for Autism Research, San Diego, CA, May.
24. Gage, N., Siegel, B., & Roberts, T. (2003). Cortical auditory system maturational abnormalities in children with autism disorder: An MEG investigation. Developmental Brain Research, 144, 201-209.
25. Gernsbacher, M.A., Sauer, E., Geye, H., Schweigert, E., & Goldsmith, H.H. (2008). Infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 43-50.
26. Gordon, B. (2010). What are the characteristics and predictors of school-aged children who move from nonverbal to verbal? NIH Workshop on Nonverbal School-Aged Children with Autism, Bethesda, MD, April.
27. Gordon, K., Pasco, G., McElduff, F., Wade, A., Howlin, P., & Charman, T. (2011). A communication-based intervention for nonverbal children with autism: What changes? Who benefits? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 447-457.
28. Hari, R., Parkkonen, L., & Nangini, C. (2010). The brain in time: Insights from neuromagnetic recordings. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 91, 89-109.
29. Howlin, P., Gordon, R.K., Pasco, G., Wade, A., & Charman, T. (2007). The effectiveness of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training for teachers of children with autism: A pragmatic, group, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 473-481.
30. Howlin, P., Magiati, I., & Charman, T. (2009). Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. American Journal of Intellectual Developmental disabilities, 114, 23-41.
31. Imada, T., Zhang, Y., Cheour, M., Taulu, S., Ahonen, A., & Kuhl, P. (2006). Infant speech perception activates Broca's area: A developmental magnetoencephalography study. Neuroreport, 17, 957-962.
32. Jeste, S., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Event related potentials in the understanding of autism spectrum disorders: An analytic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 495-510.
33. Kasari, C., Freeman, S.F., & Paparella, T. (2006). Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: A randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 47, 611-620.
34. Kasari, C., Paparella, T., Freeman, S.N., & Jahromi, L. (2008). Language outcome in autism: Randomized comparison of joint attention and play interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 125-137.
35. Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 895-908.
36. Knaus, T., Silver, A., Kennedy, M., Lindgren, K., Dominick, K., etal. (2010). Language laterality in autism spectrum disorder and typical controls: A functional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain and Language, 112, 113-120.
37. Koegel, R.L., Shirotova, L., & Koegel, L.K. (2009). Brief report: Using individualized orienting cues to facilitate first-word acquisition in non-responders with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1587-1592.
38. Kotz, S., & Friederici, A. (2003). Electrophysiology of normal and pathological language processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16, 43-58.
39. Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 621-647.
40. Lord, C. (2010). Who remains nonverbal? What do we know about these children and adults with ASD? NIH Workshop on Nonverbal School-Aged Children with Autism, Bethesda, MD, April.
41. Lovaas, O. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9.
42. Luyster, R., Kadlec, M.-B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1426-1438.
43. Mancil, G.R., Conroy, M., & Haydon, T.F. (2009). Effects of a modified milieu therapy intervention on the social communicative behaviors of young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 149-163.
44. Munson, J., Dawson, G., Sterling, L., Beauchaine, T., Zhou, A., etal. (2008). Evidence for latent classes of IQ in young children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113, 438-452.
45. National Research Council. (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: NRC.
46. Pelphrey, K.A., Sasson, N.J., Reznick, J.S., Paul, G., Goldman, B.D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249-261.
47. Pickett, A., Pullara, O., O'Grady, J., & Gordon, B. (2009). Speech acquisition in older nonverbal individuals with autism: A review of features, methods and prognosis. Cognitive Behavioral Neurology, 22, 1-21.
48. Preston, D., & Carter, M. (2009). A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1471-1486.
49. Rapin, I., Dunn, M., Allen, D., Stevens, M., & Fein, D. (2009). Subtypes of language disorders in school-age children with autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34, 66-84.
50. Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E. (2008). Deviant functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activity to speech in 2-3-year old children with autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 589-598.
51. Roberts, T., Khan, S., Rey, M., Monroe, J., Cannon, K., etal. (2010). MEG detection of delayed auditory evoked responses in autism spectrum disorders: Towards an imaging biomarker for autism. Autism Research, 3, 8-18.
52. Romski, M.A., Sevcik, R., Adamson, L.B., Cheslock, M., Smith, A., etal. (2010). Randomzied comparison of augmented and nonaugmented language interventions for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing research, 53, 350-364.
53. Schlosser, R., & Wendt, O. (2008). Effects of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on speech production in children with autism: A systematic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 212-230.
54. Schreibman, L. (2010). Non-augmentative interventions. NIH Workshop on Nonverbal School-Aged Children with Autism, Bethesda, MD, April.
55. Sherer, M., & Schreibman, L. (2005). Individual behavioral profiles and predictors of treatment effectiveness for children with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 525-538.
56. Sigafoos, J., O'Reilly, M., Seely-York, S., Weru, J., Son, S., etal. (2004). Transferring AAC intervention to the home. Disability Rehabilitation, 26, 1330-1334.
57. Sigman, M., & McGovern, C. (2005). Improvement in cognitive and language skills from preschool to adolescence in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 15-23.
58. Sigman, M., & Ruskin, E. (1999). Continuity and change in the social competence of children with autism, Down syndrome, and developmental delays. Mongraphs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 1-114.
59. Stone, W., & Yoder, P. (2001). Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 5, 341-361.
60. Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Hoffman, A., Horton, C., Bondy, A., & Frost, L. (2009). The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): What do the data say? Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24, 89-103.
61. Tager-Flusberg, H. (1999). The challenge of studying language development in autism. In L. Menn & N. Bernstein Ratner (Eds.), Methods for studying language production (pp. 313-332). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62. Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., & Lord, C.E. (2005). Language and communication in autism. In F. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorder, Third Edition Volume 1 (pp. 335-364). New York: Wiley.
63. Takarae, Y., Minshew, N., Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. (2007). Atypical involvement of frontostriatal systems during sensorimotor control in autism. Psychiatry Research, 156, 117-127.
64. Thurm, A., Lord, C., Lee, L., & Newschaffer, C. (2007). Predictors of language acquisition in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1731-1734.
65. Turner, L., Stone, W., Pozdol, S.L., & Coonrod, E. (2006). Follow-up of children with autism spectrum disorders from age 2 to age 9. Autism, 10, 243-265.
66. Wan, C.Y., & Schlaug, G. (2010). Neural pathways for language in autism: The potential for music-based treatments. Future Neurology, 5, 797-805.
67. Yoder, P., & Stone, W.L. (2006). A randomized comparison of the effect of two prelinguistic communication interventions on the acquisition of spoken communication in preschoolers with ASD. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 698-711.