Trace elements and inflammation

Nutrition and Physical Activity in Inflammatory Diseases

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 128-144

  Samman, Samir ^a   O'Connor, Helen ^a   Bell Anderson, Kim ^a   Foster, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890776596     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Abdallah, S.M. and Samman, S. (1993) The effect of increasing dietary zinc on the activity of superoxide dismutase and zinc concentration in erythrocytes of healthy female subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 327-332.
2. Aeberli, I., Hurrell, R.F. and Zimmermann, M.B. (2009) Overweight children have higher circulating hepcidin concentrations and lower iron status but have dietary iron intakes and bioavailability comparable with normal weight children. International Journal of Obesity 33, 1111-1117.
3. Ausk, K.J. and Ioannou, G.N. (2008) Is obesity associated with anemia of chronic disease? A population-based study. Obesity 16, 2356-2361.
4. Aydemir, T.B., Blanchard, R.K. and Cousins, R.J. (2006) Zinc supplementation of young men alters metallothionein, zinc transporter, and cytokine gene expression in leukocyte populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 1699-1704.
5. Bao, B., Prasad, A.S., Beck, F.W.J., Snell, D., Suneja, A., et al. (2008) Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients. Translational Research 152, 67-80.
6. Bao, S., Liu, M.J., Lee, B., Besecker, B., Lai, J.P., et al. (2010a) Zinc modulates the innate immune response in vivo to polymicrobial sepsis through regulation of NF-?B. American Journal of Physiology 298, L744-L754.
7. Bao, B., Prasad, A.S., Beck, F.W.J., Fitzgerald, J.T., Snell, D., et al. (2010b) Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: a potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, 1634-1641.
8. Beattie, J.H. and Kwun, I.S. (2004) Is zinc deficiency a risk factor for atherosclerosis? British Journal of Nutrition 91, 177-181.
9. Beck, F.W.J., Prasad, A.S., Kaplan, J., Fitzgerald, J.T. and Brewer, G.J. (1997) Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. American Journal of Physiology 272, E1002-E1007.
10. Bekri, S., Gual, P., Anty, R., Luciani, N., Dahman, M., et al. (2006) Increased adipose tissue expression of hepcidin in severe obesity is independent from Diabetes and NASH. Gastroenterology 131, 788-796.
11. Bourcier, T., Sukhova, G. and Libby, P. (1997) The nuclear factor kB signaling pathway participates in dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in human atherosclerosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 15817-15824.
12. Brown, K.H., Lanata, C.F., Yuen, M.L., Peerson, J.M., Butron, B., et al. (1993) Potential magnitude of the misclassification of a population's trace element status due to infection: Example from a survey of young Peruvian children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 549-554.
13. Brownlie, T., Utermohlen, V., Hinton, P.S. and Haas, J.D. (2002) Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75, 734-742.
14. Brugnara, C. (2003) Iron deficiency and erythropoiesis: New diagnostic approaches. Clinical Chemistry 49, 1573-1578.
15. Cartwright, G.E. (1966) The anemia of chronic disorders. Seminars in Hematology 3, 351-375.
16. Cartwright, G.E., Lauritsen, M.A., Jones, P.J., Merrill, I.M. and Wintrobe, M.M. (1946) The anemia of infection. I. Hypoferremia, hypercupremia, and alterations in porphyrin metabolism in patients. Journal of Clinical Investigation 25, 65-80.
17. Chang, K.L., Hung, T.C., Hsieh, B.S., Chen, Y.H., Chen, T.F., et al. (2006) Zinc at pharmacologic concentrations affects cytokine expression and induces apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nutrition 22, 465-474.
18. Cheng, H.L., Bryant, C., Cook, R., O'Connor, H., Rooney, K., et al. (2011) The relationship between obesity and hypoferraemia in adults: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00938.x. Trace Elements and Inflammation 141 Chung, B., Matak, P., McKie, A.T. and Sharp, P. (2007) Leptin increases the expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin in HuH7 human hepatoma cells. Journal of Nutrition 137, 2366-2370.
19. Cortese-Krott, M.M., Suschek, C.V., Wetzel, W., Kröncke, K.D. and Kolb-Bachofen, V. (2009) Nitric oxidemediated protection of endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide is mediated by intracellular zinc and glutathione. American Journal of Physiology 296, C811-C820.
20. Craig, G.M., Evans, S.J. and Brayshaw, B.J. (1990) An inverse relationship between serum zinc and C-reactive protein levels in acutely ill elderly hospital patients. Postgraduate Medical Journal 66, 1025-1028.
21. Cunnane, S.C. (1982) Differential regulation of essential fatty acid metabolism to the prostaglandins: Possible basis for the interaction of zinc and copper in biological systems. Progress in Lipid Research 21, 73-90.
22. Cunnane, S.C. and McAdoo, K.R. (1987) Iron intake influences essential fatty acid and lipid composition of rat plasma and erythrocytes. Journal of Nutrition 117, 1514-1519.
23. Cunningham-Rundles, S., McNeeley, D.F. and Moon, A. (2005) Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 115, 1119-1128.
24. De Domenico, I., McVey Ward, D. and Kaplan, J. (2008) Regulation of iron acquisition and storage: consequences for iron-linked disorders. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 9, 72-81.
25. de Martin, R., Hoeth, M., Hofer-Warbinek, R. and Schmid, J.A. (2000) The transcription factor NF-?B and the regulation of vascular cell function. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20, E83-E88.
26. Denic, S. and Agarwal, M.M. (2007) Nutritional iron deficiency: An evolutionary perspective. Nutrition 23, 603-614.
27. Doherty, C.P. (2007) Host-pathogen interactions: The role of iron. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1341-1344.
28. Donath, M.Y., Størling, J., Maedler, K. and Mandrup-Poulsen, T. (2003) Inflammatory mediators and islet betacell failure: A link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Molecular Medicine 81, 455-470.
29. Donath, M.Y., Böni-Schnetzler, M., Ellingsgaard, H., Halban, P.A. and Ehses, J.A. (2010) Cytokine production by islets in health and diabetes: Cellular origin, regulation and function. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 21, 261-267.
30. Eder, K. and Kirchgessner, M. (1996) Zinc deficiency and the desaturation of linoleic acid in rats force-fed fat-free diets. Biological Trace Element Research 54, 173-183.
31. Ehses, J.A., Perren, A., Eppler, E., Ribaux, P., Pospisilik, J.A., et al. (2007) Increased number of isletassociated macrophages in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 56, 2356-2370.
32. Foster, M. and Samman, S. (2010) Zinc and redox signaling: Perturbations associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 13, 1549-1573.
33. Foster, M.J., Petocz, P. and Samman, S. (2010) The effect of zinc supplementation on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 210, 344-352.
34. Ganz, T. (2003) Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood 102, 783-788.
35. Ganz, T. and Nemeth, E. (2009) Iron sequestration and anemia of inflammation. Seminars in Hematology 46, 387-393.
36. Graham, J.M., Paley, M.N.J., Grünewald, R.A., Hoggard, N. and Griffiths, P.D. (2000) Brain iron deposition in Parkinson's disease imaged using the PRIME magnetic resonance sequence. Brain 123, 2423-2431.
37. Gunshin, H., Mackenzie, B., Berger, U.V., Gunshin, Y., Romero, M.F., et al. (1997) Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature 388, 482-488.
38. Hastka, J., Lasserre, J.J., Schwarzbeck, A., Strauch, M. and Hehlmann, R. (1993) Zinc protoporphyrin in anemia of chronic disorders. Blood 81, 1200-1204.
39. Hennig, B., Meerarani, P., Toborek, M. and McClain, C.J. (1999) Antioxidant-like properties of zinc in activated endothelial cells. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18, 152-158.
40. Hotamisligil, G.S. (2006) Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444, 860-867.
41. Hughes, S. and Samman, S. (2006) The effect of zinc supplementation in humans on plasma lipids, antioxidant status and thrombogenesis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25, 285-291.
42. Ibs, K.H. and Rink, L. (2003) Zinc-altered immune function. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1452S-1456S.
43. Kahmann, L., Uciechowski, P., Warmuth, S., Plümäkers, B., Gressner, A.M., et al. (2008) Zinc supplementation in the elderly reduces spontaneous inflammatory cytokine release and restores T cell functions. Rejuvenation Research 11, 227-237.
44. Kawabata, H., Tomosugi, N., Kanda, J., Tanaka, Y., Yoshizaki, K., et al. (2007) Anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody tocilizumab reduces the level of serum hepcidin in patients with multicentric Castleman's disease. Haematologica 92, 857-858.
45. Kelishadi, R., Hashemipour, M., Adeli, K., Tavakoli, N., Movahedian-Attar, A., et al. (2010) Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 8, 505-510.
46. Kemna, E.H.J.M., Tjalsma, H., Willems, H.L. and Swinkels, D.W. (2008) Hepcidin: From discovery to differential diagnosis. Haematologica 93, 90-97.
47. Knutson, M.D., Vafa, M.R., Haile, D.J. and Wessling-Resnick, M. (2003) Iron loading and erythrophagocytosis increase ferroportin 1 (FPN1) expression in J774 macrophages. Blood 102, 4191-4197.
48. Kochan, I. (1973) The role of iron in bacterial infections, with special consideration of host-tubercule bacillus interaction. Current Topics Microbiology and Immunology 60, 1-30.
49. Kontogianni, M.D., Zampelas, A. and Tsigos, C. (2006) Nutrition and inflammatory load. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1083, 214-238.
50. Krause, A., Neitz, S., Mägert, H.-J., Schulz, A., Forssmann, W.-G., et al. (2000) LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FEBS Letters 480, 147-150.
51. Kruse-Jarres, J.D. (1989) The significance of zinc for humoral and cellular immunity. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 3, 1-8.
52. Kuvibidila, S. and Vuvu, M. (2009) Unusual low plasma levels of zinc in non-pregnant Congolese women. British Journal of Nutrition 101, 1783-1786.
53. Lounis, N., Truffot-Pernot, C., Grosset, J., Gordeuk, V.R. and Boelaert, J.R. (2001) Iron and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 20, 123-126.
54. Ludwig, H., Pohl, G. and Osterborg, A. (2004) Anemia in multiple myeloma. Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology 2, 233-241.
55. Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Massa, D., Mudu, M.C., Lusso, M.R., et al. (2005) Hemoglobin levels correlate with interleukin-6 levels in patients with advanced untreated epithelial ovarian cancer: Role of inflammation in cancer-related anemia. Blood 106, 362-367.
56. MacPhail, P. (2007) Iron. In: Mann, J.I. and Truswell, A.S. (eds) Essentials of Human Nutrition, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 125-137.
57. Maedler, K., Sergeev, P., Ris, F., Oberholzer, J., Joller-Jemelka, H.I., et al. (2002) Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL1-beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, 851-860.
58. Malavolta, M., Piacenza, F., Costarelli, L., Giacconi, R., Muti, E., et al. (2007) Combining UHR-SEC-HPLCICP- MS with flow cytometry to quantify metallothioneins and to study zinc homeostasis in human PBMC. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 22, 1193-1198.
59. Mariani, E., Cattini, L., Neri, S., Malavolta, M., Mocchegiani, E., et al. (2008) Simultaneous evaluation of circulating chemokine and cytokine profiles in elderly subjects by multiplex technology: Relationship with zinc status. Biogerontology 7, 449-459.
60. McKie, A.T., Barrow, D., Latunde-Dada, G.O., Rolfs, A., Sager, G., et al. (2001) An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron. Science 291, 1755-1759.
61. Medzhitov, R. (2010) Inflammation 2010: New adventures of an old flame. Cell 140, 771-776.
62. Meerarani, P., Ramadass, P., Toborek, M., Bauer, H.C., Bauer, H., and Hennig, B. (2000) Zinc protects against apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by linoleic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 81-87.
63. Menzie, C.M., Yanoff, L.B., Denkinger, B.I., McHugh, T., Sebring, N.G., Calis, K.A. and Yanovski, J.A. (2008) Obesityrelated hypoferremia is not explained by differences in reported intake of heme and nonheme iron or intake of dietary factors that can affect iron absorption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108, 145-148.
64. Moalem, S., Weinberg, E.D. and Percy, M.E. (2004) Hemochromatosis and the enigma of misplaced iron: implications for infectious disease and survival. BioMetals 17, 135-139.
65. Mocchegiani, E., Giacconi, R., Costarelli, L., Muti, E., Cipriano, C., et al. (2008) Zinc deficiency and IL-6-174G/C polymorphism in old people from different European countries: Effect of zinc supplementation. ZINCAGE study. Experimental Gerontology 43, 433-444.
66. Murray, M.J., Murray, A.B., Murray, M.B. and Murray, C.J. (1978) The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. British Medical Journal 2, 1113-1115.
67. Nathan, C. and Ding, A. (2010) Nonresolving inflammation. Cell 140, 871-882.
68. Nead, K.G., Halterman, J.S., Kaczorowski, J.M., Auinger, P. and Weitzman, M. (2004) Overweight children and adolescents: a risk group for iron deficiency. Pediatrics 114, 104-108.
69. Nemeth, E. and Ganz, T. (2009) The role of hepcidin in iron metabolism. Acta Haematologica 122, 78-86.
70. Nemeth, E., Tuttle, M.S., Powelson, J., Vaughn, M.B., Donovan, A., et al. (2004) Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 306, 2090-2093.
71. Nicolas, G., Chauvet, C., Viatte, L., Danan, J.L., Bigard, X., et al. (2002) The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, 1037-1044.
72. Noyes, W.D., Bothwell, T.H. and Finch, C.A. (1960) The role of the reticulo-endothelial cell in iron metabolism. British Journal of Haematology 6, 43-55.
73. Oakes, E.J.C., Lyon, T.D.B., Duncan, A., Gray, A., Talwar, D., et al. (2008) Acute inflammatory response does not affect erythrocyte concentrations of copper, zinc and selenium. Clinical Nutrition 27, 115-120.
74. O'Connor, H., Munas, Z., Griffin, H., Rooney, K., Cheng, H.L., et al. (2011) Nutritional adequacy of energy restricted diets for young obese women. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 20, 206-211.
75. Ozkalay, N., Anil, M., Agus, N., Helvaci, M. and Sirti, S. (2006) Community-acquired meningitis and sepsis caused by Chryseobacterium meningosepticum in a patient diagnosed with Thalassemia Major. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44, 3037-3039.
76. Papanikolaou, G., Samuels, M.E., Ludwig, E.H., MacDonald, M.L.E., Franchini, P.L., et al. (2004) Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome 1q-linked juvenile hemochromatosis. Nature Genetics 36, 77-82.
77. Park, C.H., Valore, E.V., Waring, A.J. and Ganz, T. (2001) Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 7806-7810.
78. Pasterkamp, G., van Keulen, J.K. and de Kleijn, D.P.V. (2004) Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 34, 328-334.
79. Pietrangelo, A., Dierssen, U., Valli, L., Garuti, C., Rump, A., et al. (2007) STAT3 is required for IL-6-gp130- dependent activation of hepcidin in vivo. Gastroenterology 132, 294-300.
80. Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Newfield, R.S., Koren, I., Agmon, A., Lilos, P., et al. (2003) Greater prevalence of iron deficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 27, 416-418.
81. Prasad, A.S. (2007) Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1345-1349.
82. Prasad, A.S. (2008) Zinc in human health: Effect of zinc on immune cells. Molecular Medicine 14, 353-357.
83. Prasad, A.S., Halsted, J.A. and Nadami, M. (1961) Syndrome of iron deficiency anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism and geophagia. American Journal of Medicine 31, 532-546.
84. Prasad, A.S., Bao, B., Beck, F.W.J., Kucuk, O. and Sarkar, F.H. (2004) Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 37, 1182-1190.
85. Prasad, A.S., Bao, B., Beck, F.W.J. and Sarkar, F.H. (2006) Correction of interleukin-2 gene expression by in vitro zinc addition to mononuclear cells from zinc deficient human subjects: A specific test for zinc deficiency in humans. Translational Research 148, 325-333.
86. Prasad, A.S., Beck, F.W.J., Bao, B., Fitzgerald, J.T., Snell, D.C., et al. (2007) Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, 837-844.
87. Prasad, A.S., Bao, B., Beck, F.W.J. and Sarkar, F.H. (2010) Zinc-suppressed inflammatory cytokines by induction of A20-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor-?B. Nutrition 27, 816-823.
88. Prentice, A.M. (2008) Iron metabolism, malaria, and other infections: What is all the fuss about? Journal of Nutrition 138, 2537-2541.
89. Rajpathak, S.N., Crandall, J.P., Wylie-Rosett, J., Kabat, G.C., Rohan, T.E. and Hu, F.B. (2009) The role of iron in type 2 diabetes in humans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790, 671-681.
90. Raqib, R., Roy, S.K., Rahman, M.J., Azim, T., Ameer, S.S., et al. (2004) Effect of zinc supplementation on immune and inflammatory responses in pediatric patients with shigellosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79, 444-450.
91. Rashidi, A.A., Salehi, M., Piroozmand, A. and Sagheb, M.M. (2009) Effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and C-reactive protein concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 19, 475-478.
92. Rowe, D.J. and Bobilya, D.J. (2000) Albumin facilitates zinc acquisition by endothelial cells. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine 224, 178-186.
93. Roy, C.N. (2010) Anemia of inflammation. Hematology 2010, 276-280.
94. Samman, S. (1993) Dietary versus cellular zinc: the antioxidant paradox. Free Radicals in Biology & Medicine 14, 95-96.
95. Samman, S. (2007a) Iron. Nutrition & Dietetics 64, S126-S130.
96. Samman, S. (2007b) Zinc. Nutrition & Dietetics 64, S131-S134.
97. Samman, S. (2007c) Zinc and copper. In: Mann, J.I. and Truswell, A.S. (eds) Essentials of Human Nutrition, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 138-144.
98. Samman, S. (2011) Challenges and opportunities in the assessment of zinc status. Nutrition & Dietetics 68, 95-96.
99. Sandstead, H.H., Prasad, A.S., Penland, J.G., Beck, F.W.J., Kaplan, J., et al. (2008) Zinc deficiency in Mexican American children: influence of zinc and other micronutrients on T cells, cytokines, and antiinflammatory plasma proteins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, 1067-1073.
100. Seltzer, C.C. and Mayer, J. (1963) Serum iron and iron-binding capacity in adolescents. II. Comparison of obese and nonobese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13, 354-361.
101. Shoelson, S.E., Herrero, L. and Naaz, A. (2007) Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 132, 2169-2180.
102. Skikne, B.S. (2008) Serum transferrin receptor. American Journal of Hematology 83, 872-875.
103. Spranger, J., Kroke, A., Möhlig, M., Hoffman, K., Bergmann, M.M., et al. (2003) Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: Results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 52, 812-817.
104. Tapazoglou, E., Prasad, A.S., Hill, G., Brewer, G.J. and Kaplan, J. (1985) Decreased natural killer cell activity in zinc deficient subjects with sickle cell disease. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 105, 19-22.
105. Thurnham, D.I., Mburu, A.S., Mwaniki, D.L. and De Wagt, A. (2005) Micronutrients in childhood and the influence of subclinical inflammation. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, 502-509.
106. Tussing-Humphreys, L.M., Nemeth, E., Fantuzzi, G., Freels, S., Guzman, G., et al. (2010) Elevated systemic hepcidin and iron depletion in obese premenopausal females. Obesity 18, 1449-1456.
107. Vahdat Shariatpanaahi, M., Vahdat Shariatpanaahi, Z., Moshtaaghi, M., Shahbaazi, S.H. and Abadi, A. (2007) The relationship between depression and serum ferritin level. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 532-535.
108. Vari, I.S., Balkau, B., Kettaneh, A., André, P., Tichet, J., et al. (2007) Ferritin and transferrin are associated with metabolic syndrome abnormalities and their change over time in a general population. Diabetes Care 30, 1795-1801.
109. Verga Falzacappa, M.V., Vujic Spasic, M., Kessler, R., Stolte, J., Hentze, M.W., et al. (2007) STAT3 mediates hepatic hepcidin expression and its inflammatory stimulation. Blood 109, 353-358.
110. Wallace, D.F. and Subramaniam, V.N. (2009) Co-factors in liver disease: The role of HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis and iron. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790, 663-670.
111. Wang, R.-H., Li, C., Xu, X., Zheng, Y., Xiao, C., et al. (2005) A role of SMAD4 in iron metabolism through the positive regulation of hepcidin expression. Cell Metabolism 2, 399-409.
112. Wellinghausen, N., Kirchner, H. and Rink, L. (1997) The immunobiology of zinc. Immunology Today 18, 519-521.
113. Wessling-Resnick, M. (2010) Iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 30, 105-122.
114. Wiseman, D.A., Wells, S.M., Hubbard, M., Welker, J.E. and Black, S.M. (2007) Alterations in zinc homeostasis underlie endothelial cell death induced by oxidative stress from acute exposure to hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Physiology 292, L165-L177.
115. Wrighting, D.M. and Andrews, N.C. (2006) Interleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3. Blood 108, 3204-3209.
116. Yang, F., Liu, X.-B., Quinones, M., Melby, P.C., Ghio, A., et al. (2002) Regulation of reticuloendothelial iron transporter MTP1 (Slc11a3) by Inflammation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 39786-39791.
117. Yanoff, L.B., Menzie, C.M., Denkinger, B., Sebring, N.G., McHugh, T., et al. (2007) Inflammation and iron deficiency in the hypoferremia of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 31, 1412-1419.
118. Yuan, X.M. (1999) Apoptotic macrophage-derived foam cells of human atheromas are rich in iron and ferritin, suggesting iron-catalysed reactions to be involved in apoptosis. Free Radical Research 30, 221-231.