The decision to exploit an R&D project: Divergent thinking across middle and senior managers

Journal of Product Innovation Management

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 144-158

  Behrens, Judith ^a   Ernst, Holger ^b   Shepherd, Dean A ^c  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b WHU OTTO BEISHEIM SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT   (Germany)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MANAGEMENT;

DECISION POLICY; DIVERGENT THINKINGS; FIELD EXPERIMENT; HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MODELING; MANAGERIAL COGNITIONS; MIDDLE MANAGERS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SENIOR MANAGERS;

MANAGERS;

EID: 84890567925     PISSN: 07376782     EISSN: 15405885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jpim.12085     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Amason, A. C., 1996. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal 39 (1): 123-148.
2. Atuahene-Gima, K., and, H. Li,. 2004. Strategic decision comprehensiveness and new product development outcomes in new technology ventures. Academy of Management Journal 47 (4): 583-597.
3. Balogun, J., and, G. Johnson,. 2004. Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal 47 (4): 523-549.
4. Baron, R. A., and, M. D. Ensley,. 2006. Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science 52 (9): 1331-1344.
5. Baron, R. A., and, R. A. Henry,. 2010. How entrepreneurs acquire the capacity to excel: Insights from research on expert performance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 4 (1): 49-65.
6. Beck, T. E., and, D. A. Plowman,. 2009. Experiencing rare and unusual events richly: The role of middle managers in animating and guiding organizational interpretation. Organization Science 20 (5): 909-924.
7. Burgelman, R. A., 1983. A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm. Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (2): 223-244.
8. Burgelman, R. A., 1994. Fading memories: A process theory of strategic business exit in dynamic environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (1): 24-56.
9. Chao, R. O., and, S. Kavadias,. 2008. A theoretical framework for managing the new product development portfolio: When and how to use strategic buckets. Management Science 54 (5): 907-923.
10. Chase, W., and, H. Simon,. 1973. Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology 4 (1): 55-81.
11. Cooper, R., S. Edgett, and, E. Kleinschmidt,. 2001. Portfolio management for new product development: Results of an industry practices study. R&D Management 31 (4): 361-380.
12. Cooper, R., and, E. Kleinschmidt,. 1995. Benchmarking the firm's critical success factors in new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management 12: 374-391.
13. Cooper, R. G., 2008. Perspective: The stage gate idea-to-launch process-update, what's new, and NexGen Systems. Journal of Product Innovation Management 25: 213-232.
14. Cooper, R. G., S. J. Edgett, and, E. J. Kleinschmidt,. 1999. New product portfolio management: Practices and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management 16 (4): 333-351.
15. Davies, J., and, M. Easterby Smith,. 1984. Learning and developing from managerial work experiences. Journal of Management Studies 21 (2): 169-182.
16. Dew, N., S. Read, S. D. Sarasvathy, and, R. Wiltbank,. 2009. Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision-making: Differences between experts and novices. Journal of Business Venturing 24 (4): 287-309.
17. Di Benedetto, C. A., 1999. Identifying the key success factors in new product launch. Journal of Product Innovation Management 16 (6): 530-540.
18. Dokko, G., S. L. Wilk, and, N. P. Rothbard,. 2009. Unpacking prior experience: How career history affects job performance. Organization Science 20 (1): 51-68.
19. Dragoni, L., P. E. Tesluk, J. E. A. Russell, and, I. S. Oh,. 2009. Understanding managerial development: Integrating developmental assignments, learning orientation, and access to developmental opportunities in predicting managerial competencies. The Academy of Management Journal 52 (4): 731-743.
20. Edmondson, A. C., A. B. Winslow, R. M. J. Bohmer, and, G. P. Pisano,. 2003. Learning how and learning what: Effects of tacit and codified knowledge on performance improvement following technology adoption. Decision Sciences 34 (2): 197-224.
21. Fischhoff, B., R. M. Gonzalez, J. S. Lerner, and, D. A. Small,. 2005. Evolving judgments of terror risks: Foresight, hindsight, and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 11 (2): 124-139.
22. Floyd, S., and, P. Lane,. 2000. Strategizing throughout the organization: Managing role conflict in strategic renewal. Academy of Management Review 25 (1): 154-177.
23. Floyd, S., and, B. Wooldridge,. 1992. Middle management involvement in strategy and its association with strategic type: A research note. Strategic Management Journal 13: 153-167.
24. Floyd, S. W., and, B. Wooldridge,. 1997. Middle management's strategic influence and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies 34 (3): 465-485.
25. Forbes, D. P., 2005. Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others? Journal of Business Venturing 20 (5): 623-640.
26. Girotra, K., C. Terwiesch, and, K. T. Ulrich,. 2007. Valuing R&D projects in a portfolio: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. Management Sciene 53 (9): 1452-1466.
27. Green, P. E., A. M. Krieger, and, Y. Wind,. 2001. Thirty years of conjoint analysis: Reflections and prospects. Interfaces 31 (3): 56-73.
28. Griffin, A., 1993. An interim report on measuring product development success and failure. Journal of Product Innovation Management 10: 291-308.
29. Hahn, G., and, S. Shapiro, eds. 1966. A catalogue and computer program for the design and analysis of orthogonal symmetric and asymmetric fractional factorial designs. Report No. 66-C-165. Schenectady, NY: General Electric Corporation.
30. Hammond, K., and, L. Adelman,. 1976. Sciene, values, and human judgment. Jurimetrics J 17: 253-269.
31. Hashai, N., and, T. Almor,. 2008. R&D intensity, value appropriation and integration patterns within organizational boundaries. Research Policy 37 (6-7): 1022-1034.
32. Hauser, J., G. Tellis, and, A. Griffin,. 2006. Research on innovation: A review and agenda for marketing science. Marketing Science 25 (6): 687-717.
33. Henard, D. H., and, D. M. Szymanski,. 2001. Why some new products are more successful than others. Journal of Marketing Research 38: 362-375.
34. Ireland, R., M. Hitt, R. Bettis, and, D. De Porras,. 1987. Strategy formulation processes: Differences in perceptions of strength and weaknesses indicators and environmental uncertainty by managerial level. Strategic Management Journal 8: 469-485.
35. Knight, F. H., ed. 1921. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Washington DC: Beard Books.
36. Kohli, A., and, B. Jaworski,. 1990. Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. The Journal of Marketing 54 (2): 1-18.
37. Kuratko, D., R. Ireland, J. Covin, and, J. Hornsby,. 2005. A model of middle-level managers' entrepreneurial behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (6): 699-716.
38. Lassen, A. H., B. V. Waehrens, and, H. Boer,. 2009. Re-orienting the corporate entrepreneurial journey: Exploring the role of middle management. Creativity and Innovation Management 18 (1): 16-23.
39. Levitt, B., and, J. G. March,. 1988. Organizational learning. Annual Review Sociology 14: 319-340.
40. Mahajan, J., 1992. The overconfidence effect in marketing management predictions. Journal of Marketing Research 29: 329-342.
41. Mantere, S., 2008. Role expectations and middle manager strategic agency. Journal of Management Studies 45 (2): 294-316.
42. March, J., 1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science 2 (1): 71-87.
43. March, J. G., and, Z. Shapira,. 1987. Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science 33 (11): 1404-1418.
44. Martin, J. A., and, K. M. Eisenhardt,. 2010. Rewiring: Cross-business-unit collaborations in multibusiness organizations. Academy of Management Journal 53 (2): 265-301.
45. McGrath, R., W. Ferrier, and, A. Mendelow,. 2004. Response: Real options as engines of choice and heterogeneity. Academy of Management Review 29 (1): 86-101.
46. McKelvie, A., J. M. Haynie, and, V. Gustavsson,. 2009. Unpacking the uncertainty construct: Implications for entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing 26 (3): 273-292.
47. McMullen, J. S., and, D. A. Shepherd,. 2006. Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review 31 (1): 132-152.
48. Mehra, A., A. Dixon, D. Brass, and, B. Robertson,. 2006. The social network ties of group leaders: Implications for group performance and leader reputation. Organization Science 17 (1): 64-79.
49. Melone, N. P., 1994. Reasoning in the executive suite: The influence of role/experience-based expertise on decision processes of corporate executives. Organization Science 5 (3): 438-455.
50. Mom, T. J. M., F. A. J. Van Den Bosch, and, H. W. Volberda,. 2007. Investigating managers' exploration and exploitation activities: The influence of top down, bottom up, and horizontal knowledge inflows. Journal of Management Studies 44 (6): 910-931.
51. Montoya-Weiss, M. M., and, R. Calantone,. 1994. Determinants of new product performance: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Product Innovation Management 11: 397-417.
52. Nass, C., 1994. Knowledge or skills: Which do administrators learn from experience? Organization Science 5 (1): 38-50.
53. Noble, C. H., and, M. P. Mokwa,. 1999. Implementing marketing strategies: Developing and testing a managerial theory. Journal of Marketing 63 (4): 57-73.
54. Nonaka, I., and, H. Takeuchi, eds. 1995. The knowledge company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Ocasio, W., 1997. Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 18: 187-206.
56. Oriani, R., and, M. Sobrero,. 2008. Uncertainty and the market valuation of R&D within a real options logic. Strategic Management Journal 29 (4): 343-361.
57. Pappas, J. M., and, B. Wooldridge,. 2007. Middle managers' divergent strategic activity: An investigation of multiple measures of network centrality. Journal of Management Studies 44 (3): 323-341.
58. Patzelt, H., and, D. Shepherd,. 2008. The decision to persist with underperforming alliances: The role of trust and control. Journal of Management Studies 45 (7): 1217-1243.
59. Raes, A. M. L., M. G. Heijltjes, U. Glunk, and, R. A. Roe,. 2011. The interface of the top management team and middle managers: A process model. Academy of Management Review 36 (1): 102-126.
60. Read, S., N. Dew, S. D. Sarasvathy, M. Song, and, R. Wiltbank,. 2009. Marketing under uncertainty: The logic of an effectual approach. Journal of Marketing 73 (3): 1-18.
61. Sarasvathy, S. D., 2001. Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review 26 (2): 243-263.
62. Sarasvathy, S. D., N. Dew, S. Velamuri, and, S. Venkataraman,. 2003. Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Handbook of entrepreneurship research, ed., Z. J. A. Acs, and, D. B. Audretsch, 141-160. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
63. Sarin, S., and, V. Mahajan,. 2001. The effect of reward structures on the performance of cross-functional product development teams. Journal of Marketing 65: 35-53.
64. Sengupta, K., and, T. K. Abdel-Hamid,. 1993. Alternative conceptions of feedback in dynamic decision environments: An experimental investigation. Management Science 39 (4): 411-428.
65. Shane, S., 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science 11 (4): 448-469.
66. Shepherd, D. A., 1999. Venture capitalists' assessment of new venture survival. Management Science 45 (5): 621-632.
67. Shepherd, D. A., and, A. Zacharakis, eds. 1997. Conjoint analysis: A window of opportunity for entrepreneurship research. In Advantages in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, Volume III, ed., J. Katz, 203-248. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
68. Shepherd, D. A., A. Zacharakis, and, R. A. Baron,. 2003. VCs' decision processes: Evidence suggesting more experience may not always be better. Journal of Business Venturing 18 (3): 381-401.
69. Song, X. M., and, M. E. Parry,. 1996. What separates Japanese new product winners from losers. Journal of Product Innovation Management 13 (5): 422-439.
70. Song, X. M., and, M. E. Parry,. 1997. The determinants of Japanese new product successes. Journal of Marketing Research 34 (1): 64-76.
71. Tushman, M. L., and, R. R. Nelson,. 1990. Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 1-8.
72. Tushman, M. L., and, L. Rosenkopf,. 1992. Organizational determinants of technological change: Towards a sociology of technological change. Research in Organizational Behavior 14: 311-347.
73. Ucbasaran, D., P. Westhead, M. Wright, and, M. Flores,. 2010. The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing 25: 541-555.
74. Venkataraman, S., ed. 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor's persepective. In Advantages in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, ed., J. Katz, and, R. Brockhaus, 119-138. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
75. Wiltbank, R., N. Dew, S. Read, and, S. D. Sarasvathy,. 2006. What to do next? The case for non predictive strategy. Strategic Management Journal 27 (10): 981-998.
76. Wiltbank, R., S. Read, N. Dew, and, S. D. Sarasvathy,. 2009. Prediction and control under uncertainty: Outcomes in angel investing. Journal of Business Venturing 24 (2): 116-133.
77. Wind, J., and, V. Mahajan,. 1997. Issues and opportunities in new product development: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Marketing Research 34: 1-12.
78. Zhou, K. Z., C. K. B. Yim, and, D. K. Tse,. 2005. The effects of strategic orientations on technology- and market-based breakthrough innovations. Journal of Marketing 69: 42-60.