Safety of dietary conjugated α-linolenic acid (CLNA) in a neonatal pig model

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 64, Issue , 2014, Pages 119-125

  Castellano, Christian Alexandre ^a,b   Plourde, Mélanie ^a,b   Briand, Sandie I ^c,d   Angers, Paul ^e   Giguère, Alain ^f   Matte, J Jacques ^f  

^a Social Services and Health Centre   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

^c Naturia Inc   (Canada)

^d INSTITUT NATIONAL DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DU QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^f SHERBROOKE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Blood biochemical parameters; Conjugated linolenic acid; N 3 Fatty acid; Pig; Safety

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID; CREATININE; GLUCOSE; LIVER ENZYME; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CARCASS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ELECTROLYTE BLOOD LEVEL; FAT INTAKE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID COMPOSITION; NEWBORN; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; ORGAN WEIGHT; STOMACH TUBE; SWINE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL;

ANIMALIA; SUIDAE;

4,4-DIMETHYLOXAZOLINE; 4-METHYL-1,2,4-TRIAZOLINE-3,5-DIONE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALP; ALT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AST; BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; BLOOD UREA NITROGEN; BUN; CK; CLA; CLNA; CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID; CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACID; CONJUGATED Α-LINOLENIC ACID; CREATINE KINASE; DMOX; FAME; FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER; GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; GC-FID; GC-MS; GGT; LACTATE DESHYDROGENASE; LDH; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; MTAD; MUFA; N-3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHATASE ALKALINE; PIG; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PUFA; SAFETY; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SFA;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD UREA NITROGEN; CHOLESTEROL; CREATININE; DIETARY FATS, UNSATURATED; LINOLEIC ACIDS, CONJUGATED; LIVER; MODELS, ANIMAL; SWINE; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84890399307     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: 18736351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.025     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Agriculture Canada, 1993. Recommanded Code of Practice for Care and Handling of Pigs, Publication No. 1771E. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
2. Anadón A., Martínez-Larrañaga M.R., Martínez M.A., Ares I., Ramos E., Gómez-Cortés P., Juárez M., De La Fuente M.A. A 4-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of dairy fat naturally enriched in vaccenic, rumenic and α-linolenic acids in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59:8036-8046.
3. AOAC, 2000. In: Indyk, H., Konings, E. (Eds.), Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed), Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC. Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
4. Arao K., Wang Y.M., Inoue N., Hirata J., Cha J.Y., Nagao K., Yanagita T. Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in 9cis, 11trans, 13cis conjugated linolenic acid on lipid metabolism in obese, hyperlipidemic OLETF Rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2004, 3:4-9.
5. Arbuckle L.D., Rioux F.M., MacKinnon M.J., Innis S.M. Formula α-linolenic (18:3 (n-3)) and linoleic (18:2 (n-6)) acid influence neonatal piglet liver and brain saturated fatty acids, as well as docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 (n-3)). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1125:262-267.
6. Badinga L., Greene E.S. Physiological properties of conjugated linoleic acid and implications for human health. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2006, 21:367-373.
7. Bazineta R.P., McMillanb E.G., Cunnane S.C. Dietary α-linolenic acid increases the n-3 PUFA content of sow's milk and the tissues of the suckling piglet. Lipids 2003, 38:1045-1049.
8. Belury M.A., Kempa-Steczko A. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice. Lipids 1997, 32:199-204.
9. Benjamin S., Spener F. Conjugated linoleic acids as functional food: an insight into their health benefits. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 2009, 6:1-13.
10. Berdeaux O., Christie W.W., Gunstone F.D., Sebedio J.L. Large-scale synthesis of methyl cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate from methyl ricinoleate. JAOCS, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997, 74:1011-1015.
11. Bhattacharya A., Banu J., Rahman M., Causey J., Fernandes G. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2006, 17:789-810.
12. Bode G., Clausing P., Gervais F., Loegsted J., Luft J., Nogues V., Sims J. The utility of the minipig as an animal model in regulatory toxicology. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 2010, 62:196-220.
13. Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol. 1. Cavadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
14. Castellano C.A., Audet I., Laforest J.P., Chouinard Y., Matte J.J. Fish oil diets do not improve insulin sensitivity and secretion in healthy adult male pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103:189-196.
15. Chen P.H., Chen G.C., Yang M.F., Hsieh C.H., Chuang S.H., Yang H.L., Kuo Y.H., Chyuan J.H., Chao P.M. Bitter melon seed oil-attenuated body fat accumulation in diet-induced obese mice is associated with cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation and cell death in white adipose tissue. J. Nutr. 2012, 142:1197-1204.
16. Destaillats F., Angers P. Directed sequential synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers from δ7, 9 to δ12, 14. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2003, 105:3-8.
17. Destaillats F., Berdeaux O., Sébédio J.L., Juaneda P., Grégoire S., Chardigny J.M., Bretillon L., Angers P. Metabolites of conjugated isomers of α-linolenic acid (CLnA) in the rat. J. Agri. Food Chem. 2005, 53:1422-1427.
18. Destaillats F., Trottier J.P., Galvez J.M.G., Angers P. Analysis of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat with emphasis on conjugated linolenic acids. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88:3231-3239.
19. Gutteridge J.M.C. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage. Clin. Chem. 1995, 41:1819-1828.
20. Hennessy A.A., Barrett E., Paul Ross R., Fitzgerald G.F., Devery R., Stanton C. The production of conjugated α-linolenic, γ-linolenic and stearidonic acids by strains of bifidobacteria and propionibacteria. Lipids 2012, 47:313-327.
21. Hennessy A.A., Ross R.P., Devery R., Stanton C. The health promoting properties of the conjugated isomers of α-linolenic acid. Lipids 2011, 46:105-119.
22. Hontecillas R., Diguardo M., Duran E., Orpi M., Bassaganya-Riera J. Catalpic acid decreases abdominal fat deposition, improves glucose homeostasis and upregulates PPAR α expression in adipose tissue. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 27:764-772.
23. Iwata T., Kamegai T., Yamauchi-Sato Y., Ogawa A., Kasai M., Aoyama T., Kondo K. Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteers. J. Oleo Sci. 2007, 56:517-525.
24. Joseph S.V., Jacques H., Plourde M., Mitchell P.L., McLeod R.S., Jones P.J.H. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. J. Nutr. 2011, 141:1286-1291.
25. Kelley D.S., Bartolini G.L., Newman J.W., Vemuri M., Mackey B.E. Fatty acid composition of liver, adipose tissue, spleen, and heart of mice fed diets containing t10, c12-, and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2006, 74:331-338.
26. Koba K., Akahoshi A., Yamasaki M., Tanaka K., Yamada K., Iwata T., Kamegai T., Tsutsumi K., Sugano M. Dietary conjugated linolenic acid in relation to CLA differently modifies body fat mass and serum and liver lipid levels in rats. Lipids 2002, 37:343-350.
27. Koba K., Imamura J., Akashoshi A., Kohno-Murase J., Nishizono S., Iwabuchi M., Tanaka K., Sugano M. Genetically modified rapeseed oil containing cis-9, trans-11, cis-13- octadecatrienoic acid affects body fat mass and lipid metabolism in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55:3741-3748.
28. Lin X., Bo J., Oliver S.A.M., Corl B.A., Jacobi S.K., Oliver W.T., Harrell R.J., Odle J. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in brain and liver of neonatal pigs. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2011, 22:1047-1054.
29. Littell R.C., Henry P.R., Ammerman C.B. Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76:1216-1231.
30. Litten-Brown J.C., Corson A.M., Clarke L. Porcine models for the metabolic syndrome, digestive and bone disorders: a general overview. Animal 2010, 4:899-920.
31. Matte J., Girard C., Sève B. Importance of folic acid administred during gestation on haematological status of piglets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1986, 66:523-527.
32. McFarlin B.K., Strohacker K.A., Kueht M.L. Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102:54-59.
33. Miller E.R., Ullrey D.E. The pig as a model for human nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1987, 7:361-382.
34. Miranda J., Fernández-Quintela A., Macarulla M.T., Churruca I., García C., Rodríguez V.M., Simón E., Portillo M.P. A comparison between CLNA and CLA effects on body fat, serum parameters and liver composition. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2009, 65:25-32.
35. Mirmiran P., Fazeli M.R., Asghari G., Shafiee A., Azizi F. Effect of pomegranate seed oil on hyperlipidaemic subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104:402-406.
36. Modaresi J., Fathi Nasri M.H., Rashidi L., Dayani O., Kebreab E. Short communication: effects of supplementation with pomegranate seed pulp on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and punicic acid in goat milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94:4075-4080.
37. Mukherjee C., Bhattacharyya S., Ghosh S., Bhattacharyya D. Dietary effects of punicic acid on the composition and peroxidation of rat plasma lipid. J. Oleo Sci. 2002, 51:513-522.
38. Pariza M.W. Perspective on the safety and effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79:1132S-1136S.
39. Park Y., Albright K.J., Pariza M.W. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on long term feeding in Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005, 43:1273-1279.
40. Plourde M. Étude des effets physiologiques des acides alpha-linoléniques conjugués, Sciences de l'alimentation et de la nutrition 2006, Université Laval, Quebec, p. 224.
41. Plourde M., Destaillats F., Chouinard P.Y., Angers P. Conjugated α-linolenic acid isomers in bovine milk and muscle. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:5269-5275.
42. Plourde M., Ledoux M., Grégoire S., Portois L., Fontaine J.J., Carpentier Y.A., Angers P., Chardigny J.M., Sébédio J.L. Adverse effects of conjugated alpha-linolenic acids (CLnA) on lipoprotein profile on experimental atherosclerosis in hamsters. Animal 2007, 1:905-910.
43. Plourde M., Sergiel J.P., Chardigny J.M., Grégoire S., Angers P., Sébédio J.L. Absorption and metabolism of conjugated α-linolenic acid given as free fatty acids or triacylglycerols in rats. Nutr. Metab. 2006, 3:8.
44. Risérus U., Arner P., Brismar K., Vessby B. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1516-1521.
45. Risérus U., Basu S., Jovinge S., Fredrikson G.N., Ärnlöv J., Vessby B. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 2002, 106:1925-1929.
46. Risérus U., Vessby B., Ärnlöv J., Basu S. Effects of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80:279-283.
47. Scimeca J.A. Toxicological evaluation of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in male Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1998, 36:391-395.
48. Shinohara N., Ito J., Tsuduki T., Honma T., Kijima R., Sugawara S., Arai T., Yamasaki M., Ikezaki A., Yokoyama M., Nishiyama K., Nakagawa K., Miyazawa T., Ikeda I. Jacaric acid, a linolenic acid isomer with a conjugated triene system, reduces stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in liver of mice. J. Oleo Sci. 2012, 61:433-441.
49. Smink W., Gerrits W.J.J., Gloaguen M., Ruiter A., Van Baal J. Linoleic and α-linolenic acid as precursor and inhibitor for the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver and brain of growing pigs. Animal 2012, 6:262-270.
50. Takagi T., Itabashi Y. Occurrence of mixtures of geometrical isomers of conjugated octadecatrienoic acids in some seed oils: analysis by open-tubular gas liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 1981, 16:546-551.
51. Takeuchi H., Sakurai C., Noda R., Sekine S., Murano Y., Wanaka K., Kasai M., Watanabe S., Aoyama T., Kondo K. Antihypertensive effect and safety of dietary alpha-linolenic acid in subjects with high-normal blood pressure and mild hypertension. J. Oleo Sci. 2007, 56:347-360.
52. Trottier J.P. Synthèse et purification d'isomères conjugués des acides linoléique et α-linolénique, Faculté des sciences de l'argiculture et de l'alimentation 2005, Université Laval, Quebec, p. 78.
53. US Food and Drug Administration, 2000. Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients. In: Food And Drug Administration (Ed.), Redbook II, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
54. Vroegrijk I.O.C.M., van Diepen J.A., van den Berg S., Westbroek I., Keizer H., Gambelli L., Hontecillas R., Bassaganya-Riera J., Zondag G.C.M., Romijn J.A., Havekes L.M., Voshol P.J. Pomegranate seed oil, a rich source of punicic acid, prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:1426-1430.
55. Yuan G.F., Sinclair A.J., Sun H.Y., Li D. Fatty acid composition in tissues of mice fed diets containing conjugated linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid. J. Food Lipids 2009, 16:148-163.
56. Yuan G.F., Wahlqvist M.L., Yuan J.Q., Wang Q.M., Li D. Effect of punicic acid naturally occurring in food on lipid peroxidation in healthy young humans. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2009, 89:2331-2335.