Optic nerve cupping and the neuro-ophthalmologist

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 377-389

  Fraser, Clare L ^a   White, Andrew J R ^a,b   Plant, Gordon T ^c   Martin, Keith R ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT OPTIC ATROPHY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COLOR VISION; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY; METHANOL POISONING; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPHTHALMOLOGIST; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY; OPTIC NERVE CUPPING; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS; REVIEW; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GLAUCOMA; HUMANS; NEUROLOGY; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE INJURIES;

EID: 84889581176     PISSN: 10708022     EISSN: 15365166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Trobe JD, Glaser JS, Cassady J, Herschler J, Anderson DR. Nonglaucomatous excavation of the optic disc. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1046-1050.
2. O'Neill EC, Danesh-Meyer HV, Kong GX, Hewitt AW, Coote MA, Mackey DA, Crowston JG. Optic disc evaluation in optic neuropathies: the optic disc assessment project. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:964-970.
3. Burgoyne CF, Downs JC. Premise and prediction-how optic nerve head biomechanics underlies the susceptibility and clinical behavior of the aged optic nerve head. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:318-328.
4. Burgoyne CF. A biomechanical paradigm for axonal insult within the optic nerve head in aging and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2011;93:120-132.
5. Anderson DR. Ultrastructure of human and monkey lamina cribrosa and optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969;82:800-814.
6. Quigley HA, Brown AE, Morrison JD, Drance SM. The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:51-57.
7. Mansour AM. Racial variation of optic disc size. Ophthalmic Res. 1991;23:67-72.
8. Girkin CA, McGwin G Jr, Sinai MJ, Sekhar GC, Fingeret M, Wollstein G, Varma R, Greenfield D, Liebmann J, Araie M, Tomita G, Maeda N, Garway-Heath DF. Variation in optic nerve and macular structure with age and race with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2403-2408.
9. Knight OJ, Girkin CA, Budenz DL, Durbin MK, Feuer WJ; Cirrus OCTNDSG. Effect of race, age, and axial length on optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by Cirrus HD-OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:312-318.
10. Beck RW, Messner DK, Musch DC, Martonyi CL, Lichter PR. Is there a racial difference in physiologic cup size? Ophthalmology. 1985;92:873-876.
11. Varma R, Tielsch JM, Quigley HA, Hilton SC, Katz J, Spaeth GL, Sommer A. Race-, age-, gender-, and refractive error-related differences in the normal optic disc. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:1068-1076.
12. Ramrattan RS, Wolfs RC, Jonas JB, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Determinants of optic disc characteristics in a general population: The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1588-1596.
13. Armaly MF. Genetic determination of cup/disc ratio of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;78:35-43.
14. Pickett JE, Terry SA, O'Connor PS, O'Hara M. Early loss of central visual acuity in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:891-896.
15. Danesh-Meyer HV, Boland MV, Savino PJ, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, Girkin CA, Quigley HA. Optic disc morphology in open-angle glaucoma compared with anterior ischemic optic neuropathies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2003-2010.
16. Kupersmith MJ, Krohn D. Cupping of the optic disc with compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathway. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984;16:948-953.
17. Greenfield DS, Siatkowski RM, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, Parrish RK II. The cupped disc. Who needs neuroimaging? Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1866-1874.
18. Pacheco-Cutillas M, Edgar DF, Sahraie A. Acquired colour vision defects in glaucoma-their detection and clinical significance. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1396-1402.
19. Drance SM, Lakowski R, Schulzer M, Douglas GR. Acquired color vision changes in glaucoma. Use of 100-hue test and Pickford anomaloscope as predictors of glaucomatous field change. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:829-831.
20. Holder GE. Pattern electroretinography (PERG) and an integrated approach to visual pathway diagnosis. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2001;20:531-561.
21. Chang DS, Xu L, Boland MV, Friedman DS. Accuracy of pupil assessment for the detection of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2013. [published ahead of print June 25, 2013] doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013. 04.012.
22. Schiefer U, Dietzsch J, Dietz K, Wilhelm B, Bruckmann A, Wilhelm H, Kitiratschky V, Januschowski K. Associating the magnitude of relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) with visual field indices in glaucoma patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:629-633.
23. Chew SS, Cunnningham WJ, Gamble GD, Danesh-Meyer HV. Retinal nerve fiber layer loss in glaucoma patients with a relative afferent pupillary defect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:5049-5053.
24. Healey PR, Mitchell P. Presence of an optic disc notch and glaucoma. J Glaucoma. [published ahead of print July 8, 2010] doi:10.1097/IJG. 0b013e3181e87f20.
25. Wang YX, Hu LN, Yang H, Jonas JB, Xu L. Frequency and associated factors of structural progression of open-angle glaucoma in the Beijing Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:811-815.
26. De Moraes CG, Demirel S, Gardiner SK, Liebmann JM, Cioffi GA, Ritch R, Gordon MO, Kass MA; Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study G. Rate of visual field progression in eyes with optic disc hemorrhages in the ocular hypertension treatment study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1541-1546.
27. Healey PR, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ. Optic disc hemorrhages in a population with and without signs of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:216-223.
28. Strouthidis NG, Fortune B, Yang H, Sigal IA, Burgoyne CL. Longitudinal change detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1206-1219.
29. Jonas JB, Bergua A, Schmitz-Valckenberg P, Papastathopoulos KI, Budde WM. Ranking of optic disc variables for detection of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1764-1773.
30. Tatham AJ, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM, Liebmann JM, Girkin CA, Medeiros FA. The relationship between cup-to-disc ratio and estimated number of retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:3205-3214.
31. Jonas JB, Fernandez MC, Naumann GO. Parapapillary atrophy and retinal vessel diameter in nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32:2942-2947.
32. Arnold AC. Fluorescein angiographic characteristics of the optic disc in ischemic and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995;6:30-35.
33. Primrose J. Early signs of the glaucomatous disc. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55:820-825.
34. Wilensky JT, Kolker AE. Peripapillary changes in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:341-345.
35. Jonas JB, Fernandez MC, Naumann GO. Glaucomatous parapapillary atrophy. Occurrence and correlations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:214-222.
36. Budde WM, Jonas JB. Enlargement of parapapillary atrophy in follow-up of chronic open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:646-654.
37. Tezel G, Kolker AE, Wax MB, Kass MA, Gordon M, Siegmund KD. Parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in patients with ocular hypertension. II. An evaluation of progressive changes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1509-1514.
38. Jonas JB, Jonas SB, Jonas RA, Holbach L, Dai Y, Sun X, Panda-Jonas S. Parapapillary atrophy: histological gamma zone and delta zone. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47237.
39. Jonas JB. Clinical implications of peripapillary atrophy in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005;16:84-88.
40. Jonas JB, Konigsreuther KA, Naumann GO. Optic disc histomorphometry in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma. II. Parapapillary region. GraefesArch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1992;230:134-139.
41. Piette SD, Sergott RC. Pathological optic-disc cupping. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17:1-6.
42. Kalenak JW, Kosmorsky GS, Hassenbusch SJ. Compression of the intracranial optic nerve mimicking unilateral normal-pressure glaucoma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1992;12:230-235; discussion 236-237.
43. Manor RS. Documented optic disc cupping in compressive optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1577-1578.
44. Qu Y, Wang YX, Xu L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang L, Yang L, Yang A, Wang J, Jonas JB. Glaucoma-like optic neuropathy in patients with intracranial tumours. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89:e428-e433.
45. Saito H, Tomidokoro A, Tomita G, Araie M, Wakakura M. Optic disc and peripapillary morphology in unilateral nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and age-and refraction-matched normals. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1585-1590.
46. Steinsapir KD, Goldberg RA. Traumatic optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38:487-518.
47. Hildebrand GD, Russell-Eggitt I, Saunders D, Hoyt WF, Taylor DS. Bow-tie cupping: a new sign of chiasmal compression. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:1625-1626.
48. Bianchi-Marzoli S, Rizzo JF III, Brancato R, Lessell S. Quantitative analysis of optic disc cupping in compressive optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:436-440.
49. Jacobson DM. Symptomatic compression of the optic nerve by the carotid artery: clinical profile of 18 patients with 24 affected eyes identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1994-2004.
50. Danesh-Meyer HV, Savino PJ, Sergott RC. The prevalence of cupping in end-stage arteritic and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2001;108: 593-598.
51. Hayreh SS, Jonas JB. Optic disc morphology after arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1586-1594.
52. Sebag J, Thomas JV, Epstein DL, Grant WM. Optic disc cupping in arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy resembles glaucomatous cupping. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:357-361.
53. Quigley H, Anderson DR. Cupping of the optic disc in ischemic optic neuropathy. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977;83:755-762.
54. Sanaei-Zadeh H, Zamani N, Shadnia S. Outcomes of visual disturbances after methanol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011;49:102-107.
55. Votruba M, Thiselton D, Bhattacharya SS. Optic disc morphology of patients with OPA1 autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:48-53.
56. Ortiz RG, Newman NJ, Manoukian SV, Diesenhouse MC, Lott MT, Wallace DC. Optic disk cupping and electrocardiographic abnormalities in an American pedigree with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;113:561-566.
57. Lauer SA, Ackerman J, Sunness J, Bluth EM, Kim CK. Leber's optic atrophy with myopia masquerading as glaucoma: case report. Ann Ophthalmol. 1985;17:146-148.
58. Fournier AV, Damji KF, Epstein DL, Pollock SC. Disc excavation in dominant optic atrophy: differentiation from normal tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108: 1595-1602.
59. Votruba M, Moore AT, Bhattacharya SS. Clinical features, molecular genetics, and pathophysiology of dominant optic atrophy. J Med Genet. 1998;35:793-800.
60. Kitazawa Y, Yamamoto T. Glaucomatous visual field defects: their characteristics and how to detect them. Clin Neurosci. 1987;4:279-283.
61. Hood DC, Kardon RH. A framework for comparing structural and functional measures of glaucomatous damage. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2007;26:688-710.
62. Airaksinen PJ, Doro S, Veijola J. Conformal geometry of the retinal nerve fibre layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:19690-19695.
63. Morrison JC, Pollack IP. Glaucoma: Science and Practice. New York, NY: Thieme, 2003.
64. Garway-Heath DF, Poinoosawmy D, Fitzke FW, Hitchings RA. Mapping the visual field to the optic disc in normal tension glaucoma eyes. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1809-1815.
65. Anton A, Yamagishi N, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Mapping structural to functional damage in glaucoma with standard automated perimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:436-446.
66. Araie M. Pattern of visual field defects in normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995;6: 36-45.
67. Hood DC, Raza AS, de Moraes CG, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Glaucomatous damage of the macula. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;32:1-21.
68. Hood DC, Raza AS, de Moraes CG, Odel JG, Greenstein VC, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Initial arcuate defects within the central 10 degrees in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:940-946.
69. Plant GT, Perry VH. The anatomical basis of the caecocentral scotoma. New observations and a review. Brain. 1990;113:1441-1457.
70. Boland MV, McCoy AN, Quigley HA, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, Ramulu PY, Murakami P, Danesh-Meyer HV. Evaluation of an algorithm for detecting visual field defects due to chiasmal and postchiasmal lesions: the neurological hemifield test. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:7959-7965.
71. Mwanza JC, Oakley JD, Budenz DL, Anderson DR; Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography Normative Database Study Group. Ability of cirrus HD-OCT optic nerve head parameters to discriminate normal from glaucomatous eyes. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:241-248 e241.
72. Vessani RM, Moritz R, Batis L, Zagui RB, Bernardoni S, Susanna R. Comparison of quantitative imaging devices and subjective optic nerve head assessment by general ophthalmologists to differentiate normal from glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma. 2009;18:253-261.
73. Melo GB, Libera RD, Barbosa AS, Pereira LM, Doi LM, Melo LA Jr. Comparison of optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in nonglaucomatous and glaucomatous patients with high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:858-860.
74. Dai Y, Jonas JB, Huang H, Wang M, Sun X. Microstructure of parapapillary atrophy: beta zone and gamma zone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2013-2018.
75. Gupta PK, Asrani S, Freedman SF, El-Dairi M, Bhatti MT. Differentiating glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous optic nerve cupping by optical coherence tomography. Open Neurol J. 2011;5:1-7.
76. Barboni P, Savini G, Parisi V, Carbonelli M, La Morgia C, Maresca A, Sadun F, De Negri AM, Carta A, Sadun AA, Carelli V. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in dominant optic atrophy measurements by optical coherence tomography and correlation with age. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118:2076-2080.
77. Pasol J. Neuro-ophthalmic disease and optical coherence tomography: glaucoma look-alikes. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22:124-132.
78. Horowitz J, Fishelzon-Arev T, Rath EZ, Segev E, Geyer O. Comparison of optic nerve head topography findings in eyes with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and eyes with glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:845-851.
79. Mashima Y, Kimura I, Yamamoto Y, Ohde H, Ohtake Y, Tanino T, Tomita G, Oguchi Y. Optic disc excavation in the atrophic stage of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: comparison with normal tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;241:75-80.
80. Barboni P, Carbonelli M, Savini G, Ramos Cdo V, Carta A, Berezovsky A, Salomao SR, Carelli V, Sadun AA. Natural history of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: longitudinal analysis of the retinal nerve fiber layer by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2010;117: 623-627.
81. Seo JH, Hwang JM, Park SS. Comparison of retinal nerve fibre layers between 11778 and 14484 mutations in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Eye (Lond). 2010;24: 107-111.
82. Kim TW, Hwang JM. Stratus OCT in dominant optic atrophy: features differentiating it from glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2007;16:655-658.
83. Yu-Wai-Man P, Bailie M, Atawan A, Chinnery PF, Griffiths PG. Pattern of retinal ganglion cell loss in dominant optic atrophy due to OPA1 mutations. Eye (Lond). 2011;25:596-602.
84. Zoumalan CI, Agarwal M, Sadun AA. Optical coherence tomography can measure axonal loss in patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:410-416.
85. Chai SJ, Foroozan R. Decreased retinal nerve fibre layer thickness detected by optical coherence tomography in patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:895-897.
86. Rosdahl JA, Asrani S. Glaucoma masqueraders: diagnosis by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2012;26:433-440.
87. Moura FC, Monteiro ML. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using optical coherence tomography in patients with tobacco-alcohol-induced toxic optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58: 143-146.
88. Trip SA, Schlottmann PG, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, Garway-Heath DF, Thompson AJ, Plant GT, Miller DH. Retinal nerve fiber layer axonal loss and visual dysfunction in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:383-391.
89. Costello F, Coupland S, Hodge W, Lorello GR, Koroluk J, Pan YI, Freedman MS, Zackon DH, Kardon RH. Quantifying axonal loss after optic neuritis with optical coherence tomography. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:963-969.
90. Naismith RT, Tutlam NT, Xu J, Klawiter EC, Shepherd J, Trinkaus K, Song SK, Cross AH. Optical coherence tomography differs in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2009;72:1077-1082.
91. Jindahra P, Petrie A, Plant GT. Retrograde trans-synaptic retinal ganglion cell loss identified by optical coherence tomography. Brain. 2009;132:628-634.
92. Jindahra P, Petrie A, Plant GT. The time course of retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration following occipital lobe damage in humans. Brain. 2012;135:534-541.
93. Tan O, Chopra V, Lu AT, Schuman JS, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, Varma R, Huang D. Detection of macular ganglion cell loss in glaucoma by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:2305-2314 e2301-e2302.
94. Tan O, Li G, Lu AT, Varma R, Huang D; Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study Group. Mapping of macular substructures with optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:949-956.
95. Caprioli J, Sears M, Spaeth GL. Comparison of visual field defects in normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:402-404.
96. Kardon RH. Role of the macular optical coherence tomography scan in neuro-ophthalmology. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31:353-361.
97. Klistorner AI, Graham SL, Grigg J, Balachandran C. Objective perimetry using the multifocal visual evoked potential in central visual pathway lesions. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:739-744.
98. Klistorner A, Graham SL. Objective perimetry in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:2283-2299.
99. Xue K, Wang M, Qian J, Yuan Y, Zhang R. Multifocal visual evoked potentials in unilateral compressive optic neuropathy secondary to orbital tumors. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2013;23:571-577.
100. Fraser C, Klistorner A, Graham S, Garrick R, Billson F, Grigg J. Multifocal visual evoked potential latency analysis: predicting progression to multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:847-850.
101. Grippo TM, Hood DC, Kanadani FN, Ezon I, Greenstein VC, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. A comparison between multifocal and conventional VEP latency changes secondary to glaucomatous damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:5331-5336.
102. Iwata F, Patronas NJ, Caruso RC, Podgor MJ, Remaley NA, Kupfer C, Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Association of visual field, cup-disc ratio, and magnetic resonance imaging of optic chiasm. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:729-732.
103. Kashiwagi K, Okubo T, Tsukahara S. Association of magnetic resonance imaging of anterior optic pathway with glaucomatous visual field damage and optic disc cupping. J Glaucoma. 2004;13:189-195.
104. Zhang YQ, Li J, Xu L, Zhang L, Wang ZC, Yang H, Chen CX, Wu XS, Jonas JB. Anterior visual pathway assessment by magnetic resonance imaging in normal-pressure glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90:e295-e302.
105. Engelhorn T, Michelson G, Waerntges S, Struffert T, Haider S, Doerfler A. Diffusion tensor imaging detects rarefaction of optic radiation in glaucoma patients. Acad Radiol. 2011;18:764-769.
106. Gupta N, Ang LC, Noel de Tilly L, Bidaisee L, Yucel YH. Human glaucoma and neural degeneration in intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:674-678.
107. El-Rafei A, Engelhorn T, Warntges S, Dorfler A, Hornegger J, Michelson G. Glaucoma classification based on visual pathway analysis using diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;31:1081-1091.
108. Chang ST, Xu J, Trinkaus K, Pekmezci M, Arthur SN, Song SK, Barnett EM. Optic nerve diffusion tensor imaging parameters and their correlation with optic disc topography and disease severity in adult glaucoma patients and controls. J Glaucoma. [published ahead of print April 29, 2013] doi: 10.1097/IJG. 0b013e318294861d.
109. Kolbe S, Chapman C, Nguyen T, Bajraszewski C, Johnston L, Kean M, Mitchell P, Paine M, Butzkueven H, Kilpatrick T, Egan G. Optic nerve diffusion changes and atrophy jointly predict visual dysfunction after optic neuritis. Neuroimage. 2009;45:679-686.
110. Milesi J, Rocca MA, Bianchi-Marzoli S, Petrolini M, Pagani E, Falini A, Comi G, Filippi M. Patterns of white matter diffusivity abnormalities in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: a tract-based spatial statistics study. J Neurol. 2012;259:1801-1807.
111. Harris A, Wirostko B. Cerebral blood flow in glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 2013;22(suppl 5):S46-S48.
112. Stroman GA, Stewart WC, Golnik KC, Cure JK, Olinger RE. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:168-172.
113. He M, Cestari D, Cunnane MB, Rizzo JF III. The use of diffusion MRI in ischemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25:225-232.
114. Rizzo JF III, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1679-1684.
115. Batioglu F, Atilla H, Eryilmaz T. Chiasmal high signal on magnetic resonance imaging in the atrophic phase of leber hereditary optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:28-30.
116. Votruba M, Leary S, Losseff N, Bhattacharya SS, Moore AT, Miller DH, Moseley IF. MRI of the intraorbital optic nerve in patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Neuroradiology. 2000;42:180-183.
117. Baker MR, Fisher KM, Whittaker RG, Griffiths PG, Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF. Subclinical multisystem neurologic disease in "pure" OPA1 autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Neurology. 2011;77:1309-1312.
118. Kuker W, Weir A, Quaghebeur G, Palace J. White matter changes in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: MRI findings. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:591-593.
119. Perez F, Anne O, Debruxelles S, Menegon P, Lambrecq V, Lacombe D, Martin-Negrier ML, Brochet B, Goizet C. Leber's optic neuropathy associated with disseminated white matter disease: a case report and review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111:83-86.
120. Bellezza AJ, Rintalan CJ, Thompson HW, Downs JC, Hart RT, Burgoyne CF. Anterior scleral canal geometry in pressurised (IOP 10) and non-pressurised (IOP 0) normal monkey eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1284-1290.
121. Steinhart MR, Cone FE, Nguyen C, Nguyen TD, Pease ME, Puk O, Graw J, Oglesby EN, Quigley HA. Mice with an induced mutation in collagen 8A2 develop larger eyes and are resistant to retinal ganglion cell damage in an experimental glaucoma model. Mol Vis. 2012;18:1093-1106.
122. Pijanka JK, Coudrillier B, Ziegler K, Sorensen T, Meek KM, Nguyen TD, Quigley HA, Boote C. Quantitative mapping of collagen fiber orientation in non-glaucoma and glaucoma posterior human sclerae. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5258-5270.
123. Hayreh SS. Progression the understanding of the vascular etiology of glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1994;5:26-35.
124. Douglas GR. Pathogenetic mechanisms of glaucoma not related to intraocular pressure. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1998;9:34-38.
125. Schmidl D, Garhofer G, Schmetterer L. The complex interaction between ocular perfusion pressure and ocular blood flow-relevance for glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2011;93:141-155.
126. Caprioli J, Coleman AL. Blood pressure, perfusion pressure, and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:704-712.
127. Morgan WH, Yu DY, Balaratnasingam C. The role of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma pathophysiology: the dark side of the optic disc. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:408-413.
128. Berdahl JP, Allingham RR. Intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21:106-111.
129. Jonas JB, Berenshtein E, Holbach L. Anatomic relationship between lamina cribrosa, intraocular space, and cerebrospinal fluid space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:5189-5195.
130. Berdahl JP, Fautsch MP, Stinnett SS, Allingham RR. Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:5412-5418.
131. Berdahl JP, Allingham RR, Johnson DH. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:763-768.
132. Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, Zhen Y, Ma K, Li S, Wang H, Li B, Zhang X, Wang N. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:259-266.
133. Ren R, ZhangX, Wang N, Li B, Tian G, Jonas JB. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in ocular hypertension. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011; 89:e142-e148.
134. Carelli V, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of optic neuropathies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004;23:53-89.
135. Mackey DA, Oostra RJ, Rosenberg T, Nikoskelainen E, Bronte-Stewart J, Poulton J, Harding AE, Govan G, Bolhuis PA, Norby S. Primary pathogenic mtDNA mutations in multigeneration pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59:481-485.
136. Kjer B, Eiberg H, Kjer P, Rosenberg T. Dominant optic atrophy mapped to chromosome 3q region. II. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996;74:3-7.
137. Aung T, Ocaka L, Ebenezer ND, Morris AG, Krawczak M, Thiselton DL, Alexander C, Votruba M, Brice G, Child AH, Francis PJ, Hitchings RA, Lehmann OJ, Bhattacharya SS. A major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the OPA1 gene. Hum Genet. 2002;110:52-56.
138. Guo Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Li N, Yang X, Cheng W, Zhao K. Association of OPA1 polymorphisms with NTG and HTG: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42387.
139. Van Bergen NJ, Crowston JG, Kearns LS, Staffieri SE, Hewitt AW, Cohn AC, Mackey DA, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation compensation may preserve vision in patients with OPA1-linked autosomal dominant optic atrophy. PLoS One. 2011;6:e21347.
140. Aung T, Ocaka L, Ebenezer ND, Morris AG, Brice G, Child AH, Hitchings RA, Lehmann OJ, Bhattacharya SS. Investigating the association between OPA1 polymorphisms and glaucoma: comparison between normal tension and high tension primary open angle glaucoma. Hum Genet. 2002;110:513-514.
141. Ko ML, Peng PH, Ma MC, Ritch R, Chen CF. Dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels in retinas in experimental glaucoma. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005;39:365-373.
142. Liu Q, Ju WK, Crowston JG, Xie F, Perry G, Smith MA, Lindsey JD, Weinreb RN. Oxidative stress is an early event in hydrostatic pressure induced retinal ganglion cell damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4580-4589.
143. Fujita T, Hirooka K, Nakamura T, Itano T, Nishiyama A, Nagai Y, Shiraga F. Neuroprotective effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) blocker via modulating AT1-R signaling and decreased extracellular glutamate levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:4099-4110.
144. Yuki K, Ozawa Y, Yoshida T, Kurihara T, Hirasawa M, Ozeki N, Shiba D, Noda K, Ishida S, Tsubota K. Retinal ganglion cell loss in superoxide dismutase 1 deficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:4143-4150.
145. Lee S, Sheck L, Crowston JG, Van Bergen NJ, O'Neill EC, O'Hare F, Kong YX, Chrysostomou V, Vincent AL, Trounce IA. Impaired complex-I-linked respiration and ATP synthesis in primary open-angle glaucoma patient lymphoblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:2431-2437.
146. Kanamori A, Catrinescu MM, Kanamori N, Mears KA, Beaubien R, Levin LA. Superoxide is an associated signal for apoptosis in axonal injury. Brain. 2010;133:2612-2625.
147. Qi X, Lewin AS, Hauswirth WW, Guy J. Optic neuropathy induced by reductions in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44: 1088-1096.
148. Nguyen SM, Alexejun CN, Levin LA. Amplification of a reactive oxygen species signal in axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003;5:629-634.
149. Wood JP, Mammone T, Chidlow G, Greenwell T, Casson RJ. Mitochondrial inhibition in rat retinal cell cultures as a model of metabolic compromise: mechanisms of injury and neuroprotection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53: 4897-4909.