Epigenetic biomarkers in esophageal cancer

Cancer Letters

Volumn 342, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 193-199

  Kaz, Andrew M ^a,b,c   Grady, William M ^a,b  

^a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Barrett's esophagus; Biomarker; DNA methylation; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

TUMOR MARKER;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; CPG ISLAND; DNA METHYLATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPIGENETICS; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; GENOME ANALYSIS; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 84888197780     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: 18727980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.036     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Zhang X.M., Guo M.Z. The value of epigenetic markers in esophageal cancer. Front. Med. China 2010, 4:378-384.
2. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M.M., Ferlay J., Ward E., Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2011, 61:69-90.
3. Spechler S.J. Clinical practice. Barrett's esophagus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:836-842.
4. Werner M., Mueller J., Walch A., Hofler H. The molecular pathology of Barrett's esophagus. Histol. Histopathol. 1999, 14:553-559.
5. Flejou J.F. Barrett's oesophagus: from metaplasia to dysplasia and cancer. Gut 2005, 54(Suppl. 1):i6-12.
6. Reid B.J., Levine D.S., Longton G., Blount P.L., Rabinovitch P.S. Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus: baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low- and high-risk patient subsets. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 95:1669-1676.
7. Maley C.C., Galipeau P.C., Finley J.C., Wongsurawat V.J., Li X., Sanchez C.A., Paulson T.G., Blount P.L., Risques R.A., Rabinovitch P.S., Reid B.J. Genetic clonal diversity predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nat. Genet. 2006, 38:468-473.
8. Clement G., Braunschweig R., Pasquier N., Bosman F.T., Benhattar J. Methylation of APC, TIMP3, and TERT: a new predictive marker to distinguish Barrett's oesophagus patients at risk for malignant transformation. J. Pathol. 2006, 208:100-107.
9. Jin Z., Cheng Y., Gu W., Zheng Y., Sato F., Mori Y., Olaru A.V., Paun B.C., Yang J., Kan T., Ito T., Hamilton J.P., Selaru F.M., Agarwal R., David S., Abraham J.M., Wolfsen H.C., Wallace M.B., Shaheen N.J., Washington K., Wang J., Canto M.I., Bhattacharyya A., Nelson M.A., Wagner P.D., Romero Y., Wang K.K., Feng Z., Sampliner R.E., Meltzer S.J. A multicenter, double-blinded validation study of methylation biomarkers for progression prediction in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:4112-4115.
10. Tischoff I., Hengge U.R., Vieth M., Ell C., Stolte M., Weber A., Schmidt W.E., Tannapfel A. Methylation of SOCS-3 and SOCS-1 in the carcinogenesis of Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Gut 2007, 56:1047-1053.
11. Hamilton J.P., Sato F., Greenwald B.D., Suntharalingam M., Krasna M.J., Edelman M.J., Doyle A., Berki A.T., Abraham J.M., Mori Y., Kan T., Mantzur C., Paun B., Wang S., Ito T., Jin Z., Meltzer S.J. Promoter methylation and response to chemotherapy and radiation in esophageal cancer. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006, 4:701-708.
12. Shaheen N.J., Green B., Medapalli R.K., Mitchell K.L., Wei J.T., Schmitz S.M., West L.M., Brown A., Noble M., Sultan S., Provenzale D. The perception of cancer risk in patients with prevalent Barrett's esophagus enrolled in an endoscopic surveillance program. Gastroenterology 2005, 129:429-436.
13. Reid B.J., Li X., Galipeau P.C., Vaughan T.L. Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10:87-101.
14. Yousef F., Cardwell C., Cantwell M.M., Galway K., Johnston B.T., Murray L. The incidence of esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 168:237-249.
15. Wong D.J., Barrett M.T., Stoger R., Emond M.J., Reid B.J. P16INK4a promoter is hypermethylated at a high frequency in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:2619-2622.
16. Klump B., Hsieh C.J., Holzmann K., Gregor M., Porschen R. Hypermethylation of the CDKN2/p16 promoter during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 1998, 115:1381-1386.
17. Eads C.A., Lord R.V., Wickramasinghe K., Long T.I., Kurumboor S.K., Bernstein L., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., DeMeester T.R., Skinner K.A., Laird P.W. Epigenetic patterns in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:3410-3418.
18. Wong D.J., Paulson T.G., Prevo L.J., Galipeau P.C., Longton G., Blount P.L., Reid B.J. P16(INK4a) lesions are common, early abnormalities that undergo clonal expansion in Barrett's metaplastic epithelium. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:8284-8289.
19. Bian Y.S., Osterheld M.C., Fontolliet C., Bosman F.T., Benhattar J. P16 inactivation by methylation of the CDKN2A promoter occurs early during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2002, 122:1113-1121.
20. Vieth M., Schneider-Stock R., Rohrich K., May A., Ell C., Markwarth A., Roessner A., Stolte M., Tannapfel A. INK4a-ARF alterations in Barrett's epithelium, intraepithelial neoplasia and Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch. 2004, 445:135-141.
21. Eads C.A., Lord R.V., Kurumboor S.K., Wickramasinghe K., Skinner M.L., Long T.I., Peters J.H., DeMeester T.R., Danenberg K.D., Danenberg P.V., Laird P.W., Skinner K.A. Fields of aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:5021-5026.
22. Barrett M.T., Sanchez C.A., Prevo L.J., Wong D.J., Galipeau P.C., Paulson T.G., Rabinovitch P.S., Reid B.J. Evolution of neoplastic cell lineages in Barrett oesophagus. Nat. Genet. 1999, 22:106-109.
23. Prevo L.J., Sanchez C.A., Galipeau P.C., Reid B.J. P53-mutant clones and field effects in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:4784-4787.
24. Kawakami K., Brabender J., Lord R.V., Groshen S., Greenwald B.D., Krasna M.J., Yin J., Fleisher A.S., Abraham J.M., Beer D.G., Sidransky D., Huss H.T., Demeester T.R., Eads C., Laird P.W., Ilson D.H., Kelsen D.P., Harpole D., Moore M.B., Danenberg K.D., Danenberg P.V., Meltzer S.J. Hypermethylated APC DNA in plasma and prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2000, 92:1805-1811.
25. Bongiorno P.F., al-Kasspooles M., Lee S.W., Rachwal W.J., Moore J.H., Whyte R.I., Orringer M.B., Beer D.G. E-cadherin expression in primary and metastatic thoracic neoplasms and in Barrett's oesophagus. Br. J. Cancer 1995, 71:166-172.
26. Hamilton J.P., Sato F., Jin Z., Greenwald B.D., Ito T., Mori Y., Paun B.C., Kan T., Cheng Y., Wang S., Yang J., Abraham J.M., Meltzer S.J. Reprimo methylation is a potential biomarker of Barrett's-associated esophageal neoplastic progression. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:6637-6642.
27. Peng D.F., Razvi M., Chen H., Washington K., Roessner A., Schneider-Stock R., El-Rifai W. DNA hypermethylation regulates the expression of members of the Mu-class glutathione S-transferases and glutathione peroxidases in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Gut 2009, 58:5-15.
28. Jin Z., Mori Y., Hamilton J.P., Olaru A., Sato F., Yang J., Ito T., Kan T., Agarwal R., Meltzer S.J. Hypermethylation of the somatostatin promoter is a common, early event in human esophageal carcinogenesis. Cancer 2008, 112:43-49.
29. Jin Z., Olaru A., Yang J., Sato F., Cheng Y., Kan T., Mori Y., Mantzur C., Paun B., Hamilton J.P., Ito T., Wang S., David S., Agarwal R., Beer D.G., Abraham J.M., Meltzer S.J. Hypermethylation of tachykinin-1 is a potential biomarker in human esophageal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:6293-6300.
30. Jin Z., Mori Y., Yang J., Sato F., Ito T., Cheng Y., Paun B., Hamilton J.P., Kan T., Olaru A., David S., Agarwal R., Abraham J.M., Beer D., Montgomery E., Meltzer S.J. Hypermethylation of the nel-like 1 gene is a common and early event and is associated with poor prognosis in early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2007, 26:6332-6340.
31. Jin Z., Cheng Y., Olaru A., Kan T., Yang J., Paun B., Ito T., Hamilton J.P., David S., Agarwal R., Selaru F.M., Sato F., Abraham J.M., Beer D.G., Mori Y., Shimada Y., Meltzer S.J. Promoter hypermethylation of CDH13 is a common, early event in human esophageal adenocarcinogenesis and correlates with clinical risk factors. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 123:2331-2336.
32. Jin Z., Hamilton J.P., Yang J., Mori Y., Olaru A., Sato F., Ito T., Kan T., Cheng Y., Paun B., David S., Beer D.G., Agarwal R., Abraham J.M., Meltzer S.J. Hypermethylation of the AKAP12 promoter is a biomarker of Barrett's-associated esophageal neoplastic progression. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17:111-117.
33. Kuester D., Dar A.A., Moskaluk C.C., Krueger S., Meyer F., Hartig R., Stolte M., Malfertheiner P., Lippert H., Roessner A., El-Rifai W., Schneider-Stock R. Early involvement of death-associated protein kinase promoter hypermethylation in the carcinogenesis of Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma and its association with clinical progression. Neoplasia 2007, 9:236-245.
34. Zou H., Molina J.R., Harrington J.J., Osborn N.K., Klatt K.K., Romero Y., Burgart L.J., Ahlquist D.A. Aberrant methylation of secreted frizzled-related protein genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 116:584-591.
35. Zou H., Osborn N.K., Harrington J.J., Klatt K.K., Molina J.R., Burgart L.J., Ahlquist D.A. Frequent methylation of eyes absent 4 gene in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:830-834.
36. Sarbia M., Geddert H., Klump B., Kiel S., Iskender E., Gabbert H.E. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (p16INK4A, p14ARF and APC) in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Int. J. Cancer 2004, 111:224-228.
37. Baumann S., Keller G., Puhringer F., Napieralski R., Feith M., Langer R., Hofler H., Stein H.J., Sarbia M. The prognostic impact of O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) promotor hypermethylation in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 2006, 119:264-268.
38. Brock M.V., Gou M., Akiyama Y., Muller A., Wu T.T., Montgomery E., Deasel M., Germonpre P., Rubinson L., Heitmiller R.F., Yang S.C., Forastiere A.A., Baylin S.B., Herman J.G. Prognostic importance of promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9:2912-2919.
39. Darnton S., Hardie L., Muc R., Wild C., Casson A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) gene is methylated in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma: Loss of expression correlates with poor prognosis. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 115:351-358.
40. Crockett S.D., Lippmann Q.K., Dellon E.S., Shaheen N.J. Health-related quality of life in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 7:613-623.
41. Kruijshaar M.E., Kerkhof M., Siersema P.D., Steyerberg E.W., Homs M.Y., Essink-Bot M.L. The burden of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 2006, 38:873-878.
42. Schulmann K., Sterian A., Berki A., Yin J., Sato F., Xu Y., Olaru A., Wang S., Mori Y., Deacu E., Hamilton J., Kan T., Krasna M.J., Beer D.G., Pepe M.S., Abraham J.M., Feng Z., Schmiegel W., Greenwald B.D., Meltzer S.J. Inactivation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 occurs early in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression and predicts progression risk. Oncogene 2005, 24:4138-4148.
43. Sato F., Jin Z., Schulmann K., Wang J., Greenwald B.D., Ito T., Kan T., Hamilton J.P., Yang J., Paun B., David S., Olaru A., Cheng Y., Mori Y., Abraham J.M., Yfantis H.G., Wu T.T., Fredericksen M.B., Wang K.K., Canto M., Romero Y., Feng Z., Meltzer S.J. Three-tiered risk stratification model to predict progression in Barrett's esophagus using epigenetic and clinical features. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1890.
44. Wang J.S., Guo M., Montgomery E.A., Thompson R.E., Cosby H., Hicks L., Wang S., Herman J.G., Canto M.I. DNA promoter hypermethylation of p16 and APC predicts neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 104:2153-2160.
45. Guo M., Ren J., House M.G., Qi Y., Brock M.V., Herman J.G. Accumulation of promoter methylation suggests epigenetic progression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:4515-4522.
46. Salam I., Hussain S., Mir M.M., Dar N.A., Abdullah S., Siddiqi M.A., Lone R.A., Zargar S.A., Sharma S., Hedau S., Basir S.F., Bharti A.C., Das B.C. Aberrant promoter methylation and reduced expression of p16 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from Kashmir valley: a high-risk area. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2009, 332:51-58.
47. Taghavi N., Biramijamal F., Sotoudeh M., Khademi H., Malekzadeh R., Moaven O., Memar B., A'Rabi A., Abbaszadegan M.R. P16INK4a hypermethylation and p53, p16 and MDM2 protein expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010, 10:138.
48. Zhang L., Lu W., Miao X., Xing D., Tan W., Lin D. Inactivation of DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation and its relation to p53 mutations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24:1039-1044.
49. Lima S.C., Hernandez-Vargas H., Simao T., Durand G., Kruel C.D., Le Calvez-Kelm F., Ribeiro Pinto L.F., Herceg Z. Identification of a DNA methylome signature of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and potential epigenetic biomarkers. Epigenetics 2011, 6.
50. Hibi K., Taguchi M., Nakayama H., Takase T., Kasai Y., Ito K., Akiyama S., Nakao A. Molecular detection of p16 promoter methylation in the serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7:3135-3138.
51. Xing E.P., Nie Y., Song Y., Yang G.Y., Cai Y.C., Wang L.D., Yang C.S. Mechanisms of inactivation of p14ARF, p15INK4b, and p16INK4a genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999, 5:2704-2713.
52. Anupam K., Tusharkant C., Gupta S.D., Ranju R. Loss of disabled-2 expression is an early event in esophageal squamous tumorigenesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 12:6041-6045.
53. Guo M., Ren J., Brock M.V., Herman J.G., Carraway H.E. Promoter methylation of HIN-1 in the progression to esophageal squamous cancer. Epigenetics 2008, 3:336-341.
54. Yue C.M., Deng D.J., Bi M.X., Guo L.P., Lu S.H. Expression of ECRG4, a novel esophageal cancer-related gene, downregulated by CpG island hypermethylation in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 2003, 9:1174-1178.
55. Noguchi T., Takeno S., Kimura Y., Uchida Y., Daa T., Yokoyama S., Gabbert H.E., Mueller W. FHIT expression and hypermethylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2003, 11:441-447.
56. Ohta M., Mimori K., Fukuyoshi Y., Kita Y., Motoyama K., Yamashita K., Ishii H., Inoue H., Mori M. Clinical significance of the reduced expression of G protein gamma 7 (GNG7) in oesophageal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98:410-417.
57. Zhao B.J., Tan S.N., Cui Y., Sun D.G., Ma X. Aberrant promoter methylation of the TPEF gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis. Esophagus 2008, 21:582-588.
58. Wang Y., Fang M.Z., Liao J., Yang G.Y., Nie Y., Song Y., So C., Xu X., Wang L.D., Yang C.S. Hypermethylation-associated inactivation of retinoic acid receptor beta in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9:5257-5263.
59. Kuroki T., Trapasso F., Yendamuri S., Matsuyama A., Alder H., Mori M., Croce C.M. Allele loss and promoter hypermethylation of VHL, RAR-beta, RASSF1A, and FHIT tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:3724-3728.
60. Ito T., Shimada Y., Hashimoto Y., Kaganoi J., Kan T., Watanabe G., Murakami Y., Imamura M. Involvement of TSLC1 in progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:6320-6326.
61. Mandelker D.L., Yamashita K., Tokumaru Y., Mimori K., Howard D.L., Tanaka Y., Carvalho A.L., Jiang W.W., Park H.L., Kim M.S., Osada M., Mori M., Sidransky D. PGP9.5 promoter methylation is an independent prognostic factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:4963-4968.
62. Zare M., Jazii F.R., Alivand M.R., Nasseri N.K., Malekzadeh R., Yazdanbod M. Qualitative analysis of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli promoter: hypermethylation, engagement and effects on survival of patients with esophageal cancer in a high risk region of the world, a potential molecular marker. BMC Cancer 2009, 9:24.
63. Lee E.J., Lee B.B., Kim J.W., Shim Y.M., Hoseok I., Han J., Cho E.Y., Park J., Kim D.H. Aberrant methylation of Fragile Histidine Triad gene is associated with poor prognosis in early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Cancer 2006, 42:972-980.
64. Liu J.B., Qiang F.L., Dong J., Cai J., Zhou S.H., Shi M.X., Chen K.P., Hu Z.B. Plasma DNA methylation of Wnt antagonists predicts recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 17:4917-4921.
65. Lee E.J., Lee B.B., Han J., Cho E.Y., Shim Y.M., Park J., Kim D.H. CpG island hypermethylation of E-cadherin (CDH1) and integrin alpha4 is associated with recurrence of early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 123:2073-2079.
66. Ling Y., Huang G., Fan L., Wei L., Zhu J., Liu Y., Zhu C., Zhang C. CpG island methylator phenotype of cell-cycle regulators associated with TNM stage and poor prognosis in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 2011, 64:246-251.
67. Esteller M., Garcia-Foncillas J., Andion E., Goodman S.N., Hidalgo O.F., Vanaclocha V., Baylin S.B., Herman J.G. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343:1350-1354.
68. Agarwal R., Jin Z., Yang J., Mori Y., Song J.H., Kumar S., Sato M., Cheng Y., Olaru A.V., Abraham J.M., Verma A., Meltzer S.J. Epigenomic program of Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression reveals possible involvement of insulin signaling pathways. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2012, 19:L5-L9.
69. Alvarez H., Opalinska J., Zhou L., Sohal D., Fazzari M.J., Yu Y., Montagna C., Montgomery E.A., Canto M., Dunbar K.B., Wang J., Roa J.C., Mo Y., Bhagat T., Ramesh K.H., Cannizzaro L., Mollenhauer J., Thompson R.F., Suzuki M., Meltzer S.J., Melnick A., Greally J.M., Maitra A., Verma A. Widespread hypomethylation occurs early and synergizes with gene amplification during esophageal carcinogenesis. PLoS Genet. 2011, 7:e1001356.
70. Pepe M.S., Etzioni R., Feng Z., Potter J.D., Thompson M.L., Thornquist M., Winget M., Yasui Y. Phases of biomarker development for early detection of cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001, 93:1054-1061.
71. Prasad G.A., Bansal A., Sharma P., Wang K.K. Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus: current knowledge and future directions. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 105:1490-1502.
72. Wilson B.D., Ii M., Park K.W., Suli A., Sorensen L.K., Larrieu-Lahargue F., Urness L.D., Suh W., Asai J., Kock G.A., Thorne T., Silver M., Thomas K.R., Chien C.B., Losordo D.W., Li D.Y. Netrins promote developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis. Science 2006, 313:640-644.
73. Maley C.C., Galipeau P.C., Li X., Sanchez C.A., Paulson T.G., Blount P.L., Reid B.J. The combination of genetic instability and clonal expansion predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2004, 64:7629-7633.
74. Moyes L.H., Going J.J. Still waiting for predictive biomarkers in Barrett's oesophagus. J. Clin. Pathol. 2011, 64:742-750.
75. Jankowski J.A., Odze R.D. Biomarkers in gastroenterology: between hope and hype comes histopathology. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 104:1093-1096.
76. Kaz A.M., Wong C.J., Luo Y., Virgin J.B., Washington M.K., Willis J.E., Leidner R.S., Chak A., Grady W.M. DNA methylation profiling in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma reveals unique methylation signatures and molecular subclasses. Epigenetics 2011, 6:1403-1412.
77. Toyota M., Ahuja N., Ohe-Toyota M., Herman J.G., Baylin S.B., Issa J.P. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:8681-8686.
78. Issa J.P. CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4:988-993.
79. Eads C., Lord R., Wickramasinghe K., Long T., Kurumboor S., Bernstein L., Peters J., DeMeester S., DeMeester T., Skinner K. Epigenetic patterns in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:3410-3418.
80. Corn P.G., Heath E.I., Heitmiller R., Fogt F., Forastiere A.A., Herman J.G., Wu T.T. Frequent hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of E-cadherin in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7:2765-2769.
81. Tokugawa T., Sugihara H., Tani T., Hattori T. Modes of silencing of p16 in development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2002, 62:4938-4944.