Responses to novelty and vulnerability to cocaine addiction: Contribution of a multi-symptomatic animal model

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 11, 2012, Pages

  Belin, David ^a   Deroche Gamonet, Véronique ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COCAINE;

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADDICTION SEVERITY INDEX; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE TEST; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG SEEKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; DRUG USE; IMPULSIVENESS; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; LOCOMOTION; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PERSONALITY; PHENOTYPE; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUNISHMENT; RESPONSE TIME; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSATION SEEKING; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; ADDICTION; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY;

EID: 84886668594     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011940     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Ahmed SH, Koob G. 1998. Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: Change in hedonic set point. Science 282: 298-300.
2. Allcock CC, Grace DM. 1988. Pathological gamblers are neither impulsive nor sensation-seekers. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 22: 307-311.
3. Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Habing B, Lynch KG. 2007. Addiction Severity Index Recent and Lifetime summary indexes based on nonparametric item response theory methods. Psychol Assess 19: 119-132.
4. Ambroggi F, Turiault M, Milet A, Deroche-Gamonet V, Parnaudeau S, Balado E, Barik J, van der Veen R, Maroteaux G, Lemberger T, et al. 2009. Stress and addiction: Glucocorticoid receptor in dopaminoceptive neurons facilitates cocaine seeking. Nat Neurosci 12: 247-249.
5. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th, Text revision (DSM-IV TR). American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.
6. Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC. 1994. Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 244-268.
7. Arnett J. 1994. Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Pers Individ Dif 16: 289-296.
8. Ausubel DP. 1961. Causes and types of narcotic addiction: A psychosocial view. Psychiatr Q 35: 523-531.
9. Badiani A, Belin D, Epstein D, Calu D, Shaham Y. 2011. Opiate versus psychostimulant addiction: The differences do matter. Nat Rev Neurosci 12: 685-700.
10. Baler RD, Volkow ND. 2006. Drug addiction: The neurobiology of disrupted self-control. Trends Mol Med 12: 559-566.
11. Ball SA, Kranzler HR, Tennen H, Poling JC, Rounsaville BJ. 1998. Personality disorder and dimension differences between type A and type B substance abusers. J Pers Disord 12: 1-12.
12. Bardo M, Donohew RL, Harrington NG. 1996. Psychobiology of novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior. Behav Brain Res 77: 23-43.
13. Bari A, Dalley J, Robbins T. 2008. The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats. Nat Protoc 3: 759-767.
14. Batts K, Grabill T, Galvin D, Schlenger W. 2005. Contextual and other factors related to workplace-based substance abuse prevention and early intervention for adolescents and young adults. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
15. Bechara A. 2005. Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nat Neurosci 8: 1458-1463.
16. Bechara A, Damasio H. 2002. Decision-making and addiction (Part I): Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia 40: 1675-1689.
17. Belin D, Dalley JW. 2012. Animal models in addiction research. In Drug abuse and addiction in medical illness: Causes, consequences and treatment (ed. Verster JC, et al.), Springer-Verlag, New York (in press).
18. Belin D, Everitt BJ. 2008. Cocaine-seeking habits depend upon dopamine-dependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum. Neuron 57: 432-441.
19. Belin D, Everitt BJ. 2010. The neural and psychological basis of a compulsive incentive habit. In Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function (ed. SteinerH, Tseng K), pp. 571-592. Elsevier, New York.
20. Belin D, Mar A, Dalley J, Robbins T, Everitt B. 2008. High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science 320: 1352-1355.
21. Belin D, Balado E, Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V. 2009a. Pattern of intake and drug craving predict the development of cocaine addiction-like behavior in rats. Biol Psychiatry 65: 863-868.
22. Belin D, Jonkman S, Dickinson A, Robbins T, Everitt B. 2009b. Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: Relevance for the understanding of addiction. Behav Brain Res 199: 89-102.
23. Belin D, Berson N, Balado E, Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V. 2011a. High-novelty-preference rats are predisposed to compulsive cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 569-579.
24. Belin D, Economidou D, Pelloux Y, Everitt BJ. 2011b. Habit formation and compulsion. NeuroMethods 53: 337-378.
25. Blanchard MM, Mendelsohn D, Stamp JA. 2009. The HR/LR model: Further evidence as an animal model of sensation seeking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33: 1145-1154.
26. Bornovalova M, Daughters S, Hernandez G, Richards J, Lejuez C. 2005a. Differences in impulsivity and risk-taking propensity between primary users of crack cocaine and primary users of heroin in a residential substance-use program. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 311-318.
27. Bornovalova MA, Lejuez CW, Daughters SB, Zachary Rosenthal M, Lynch TR. 2005b. Impulsivity as a common process across borderline personality and substance use disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 25: 790-812.
28. Cacciola J, Alterman A, O'Brien CP, Mclellan A. 1997. The Addiction Severity Index in clinical efficacy trials of medications for cocaine dependence. NIDA Res Monogr 175: 182-191.
29. Cain M, Saucier D, Bardo M. 2005. Novelty seeking and drug use: Contribution of an animal model. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 367-375.
30. Caspi A, Moffitt TE. 2006. Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: Joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 7: 583-590.
31. Castellani B, Rugle L. 1995. A comparison of pathological gamblers to alcoholics and cocaine misusers on impulsivity, sensation seeking, and craving. Int J Addict 30: 275-289.
32. Childress AR, Mclellan A, Ehrman R, O'Brien CP. 1988. Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: A role in relapse? NIDA Res Monogr 84: 25-43.
33. Clapper RL, Martin CS, Clifford PR. 1994. Personality, social environment, and past behavior as predictors of late adolescent alcohol use. J Subst Abuse 6: 305-313.
34. Clark L, Robbins T, Ersche KD, Sahakian BJ. 2006. Reflection impulsivity in current and former substance users. Biol Psychiatry 60: 515-522.
35. Coffey SF, Gudleski GD, Saladin ME, Brady KT. 2003. Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 11: 18-25.
36. Comeau N, Stewart SH, Loba P. 2001. The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addict Behav 26: 803-825.
37. Conway K, Swendsen JD, Rounsaville BJ, Merikangas KR. 2002. Personality, drug of choice, and comorbid psychopathology among substance abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 65: 225-234.
38. Crews FT, Boettiger CA. 2009. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93: 237-247.
39. Cunha PJ, Bechara A, de Andrade AG, Nicastri S. 2011. Decision-making deficits linked to real-life social dysfunction in crack cocaine-dependent individuals. Am J Addict 20: 78-86.
40. Dalley J, Theobald D, Berry D, Milstein J, Lääne K, Everitt B, Robbins T. 2005. Cognitive sequelae of intravenous amphetamine self-administration in rats: Evidence for selective effects on attentional performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 525-537.
41. Dalley J, Fryer T, Brichard L, Robinson E, Theobald D, Laane K, Pena Y, MurphyE, Shah Y, Probst K, et al. 2007. Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315: 1267-1270.
42. Dalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. 2011. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 69: 680-694.
43. Dellu F, Mayo W, Piazza PV, Le Moal M, Simon H. 1993. Individual differences in behavioral responses to novelty in rats. Possible relationship with the sensation-seeking trait in man. Pers Individ Dif 15: 411-418.
44. Dellu F, Piazza PV, Mayo W, Le Moal M, Simon H. 1996. Novelty-seeking in rats-Biobehavioral characteristics and possible relationship with the sensation-seeking trait in man. Neuropsychobiology 34: 136-145.
45. Deroche-Gamonet V, Piazza PV. 2010. Transition to addiction. In Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience (ed. Koob GF, et al.), Vol. 3, pp. 422-428. Academic Press, Oxford.
46. Deroche-Gamonet V, Sillaber I, Aouizerate B, Izawa R, Jaber M, Ghozland S, Kellendonk C, Le Moal M, Spanagel R, Schutz G, et al. 2003. The glucocorticoid receptor as a potential target to reduce cocaine abuse. J Neurosci 23: 4785-4790.
47. Deroche-Gamonet V, Belin D, Piazza P. 2004. Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat. Science 305: 1014-1017.
48. Dom G, D'haene P, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B. 2006. Impulsivity in abstinent early-and late-onset alcoholics: Differences in self-report measures and a discounting task. Addiction 101: 50-59.
49. Ersche KD, Fletcher PC, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Stocks-Gee G, London M, Deakin JB, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. 2005. Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180: 612-623.
50. Ersche KD, Roiser JP, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. 2008. Chronic cocaine but not chronic amphetamine use is associated with perseverative responding in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197: 421-431.
51. Ersche KD, Turton AJ, Pradhan S, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW. 2010. Drug addiction endophenotypes: Impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits. Biol Psychiatry 68: 770-773.
52. Ersche KD, Barnes A, Simon Jones P, Morein-Zamir S, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET. 2011. Abnormal structure of frontostriatal brain systems is associated with aspects of impulsivity and compulsivity in cocaine dependence. Brain 134: 2013-2024.
53. Ersche KD, Jones PS, Williams GB, Turton AJ, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET. 2012. Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science 335: 601-604.
54. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2009. The state of the drugs problem in Europe (Annual Report).
55. Evenden JL. 1999. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology 146: 348-361.
56. Eysenck HJ, Eysenck MW. 1985. Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. Plenum, New York.
57. Fernandez-Serrano MJ, Perez-Garcia M, Perales JC, Verdejo-Garcia A. 2010. Prevalence of executive dysfunction in cocaine, heroin and alcohol users enrolled in therapeutic communities. Eur J Pharmacol 626: 104-112.
58. Franques P. 2003. Sensation seeking as a common factor in opioid dependent subjects and high risk sport practicing subjects. A cross sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend 69: 121-126.
59. Franques P, Auriacombe M, Tignol J. 2000. Addiction and personality. Encephale 26: 68-78 (in French).
60. Gerra G, Angioni L, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Bussandri M, Bertacca S, Santoro G, Gardini S, Caccavari R, Nicoli MA. 2004. Substance use among high-school students: Relationships with temperament, personality traits, and parental care perception. Subst Use Misuse 39: 345-367.
61. Gerra G, Bertacca S, Zaimovic A, Pirani M, Branchi B, Ferri M. 2008. Relationship of personality traits and drug of choice by cocaine addicts and heroin addicts. Subst Use Misuse 43: 317-330.
62. Geyer MA, Markou A. 1995. Animal models in psychiatric disorders. InPsychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress (ed. Bloom FE, KupferDJ), pp. 787-798. Raven, New York.
63. Goeders NE. 2003. The impact of stress on addiction. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13: 435-441.
64. Goldstein RZ, Craig AD, Bechara A, Garavan H, Childress AR, Paulus MP, Volkow ND. 2009. The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction. Trends Cogn Sci 13: 372-380.
65. Gorodetzky H, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. 2011. Differences in self-reported decision-making styles in stimulant-dependent and opiate-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Res 186: 437-440.
66. Gossop M. 1978. Drug dependence, crime and personality among female addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 3: 359-364.
67. Grant S, Contoreggi C, London ED. 2000. Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making. Neuropsychologia 38: 1180-1187.
68. Greene RL, Adyanthaya AE, Morse RM, Davis LJ. 1993. Personality variables in cocaine-and marijuana-dependent patients. J Pers Assess 61: 224-230.
69. Gum AM, Cheavens JS. 2008. Psychiatric comorbidity and depression in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep 10: 23-29.
70. Gunnarsdottir ED, Pingitore RA, Spring BJ, Konopka LM, Crayton JW, Milo T, Shirazi P. 2000. Individual differences among cocaine users. Addict Behav 25: 641-652.
71. Hester R, Garavan H. 2004. Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: Evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci 24: 11017-11022.
72. Hooks MS, Jones GH, Smith AD, Neill DB, Justice JB. 1991a. Response to novelty predicts the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to cocaine. Synapse 9: 121-128.
73. Hooks MS, Jones GH, Smith AD, Neill DB, Justice JB. 1991b. Individual differences in locomotor activity and sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38: 467-470.
74. Hooks MS, Jones GH, Liem BJ, Justice JB. 1992. Sensitization and individual differences to IP amphetamine, cocaine, or caffeine following repeated intracranial amphetamine infusions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43: 815-823.
75. Jessor R, Jessor S. 1980. A social-psychological framework for studying drug use. NIDA Res Monogr 30: 102-109.
76. Jessor R, Chase JA, Donovan JE. 1980. Psychosocial correlates of marijuana use and problem drinking in a national sample of adolescents. Am J Public Health 70: 604-613.
77. Kalivas P, Volkow N. 2005. The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1403-1413.
78. Kampman KM, Volpicelli JR, McGinnis DE, Alterman AI, Weinrieb RM, D'AngeloL, Epperson LE. 1998. Reliability and validity of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Addict Behav 23: 449-461.
79. Kasanetz F, Deroche-Gamonet V, Berson N, Balado E, Lafourcade M, ManzoniO, Piazza PV. 2010. Transition to addiction is associated with a persistent impairment in synaptic plasticity. Science 328: 1709-1712.
80. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Edlund MJ, Frank RG, Leaf PJ. 1996. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization. Am J Orthopsychiatry 66: 17-31.
81. Khantzian EJ. 1980. Psychiatric illness in drug abusers. N Engl J Med 302: 869-870.
82. Khantzian EJ. 1985a. The injured self, addiction, and our call to medicine. Understanding and managing addicted physicians. JAMA 254: 249-252.
83. Khantzian EJ. 1985b. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 142: 1259-1264.
84. Khantzian EJ. 1986. A contemporary psychodynamic approach to drug abuse treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12: 213-222.
85. Khantzian EJ. 1989. Addiction: Self-destruction or self-repair? J Subst Abuse Treat 6: 75.
86. Khantzian EJ. 1991. Self-regulation factors in cocaine dependence-A clinical perspective. NIDA Res Monogr 110: 211-226.
87. Khantzian EJ. 1997. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry 4: 231-244.
88. Khantzian EJ, Mack JE, Schatzberg AF. 1974. Heroin use as an attempt to cope: Clinical observations. Am J Psychiatry 131: 160-164.
89. Kirby KN, Petry NM. 2004. Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction 99: 461-471.
90. Kirby KN, Petry NM, Bickel WK. 1999. Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. J Exp Psychol Gen 128: 78-87.
91. Klebaur JE, Bevins RA, Segar TM, Bardo M. 2001. Individual differences in behavioral responses to novelty and amphetamine self-administration in male and female rats. Behav Pharmacol 12: 267-275.
92. Koob GF, Le Moal M. 2001. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24: 97-129.
93. Koob GF, Le Moal M. 2005. Neurobiology of addiction. Academic, San Diego.
94. Kreek M, Laforge K, Butelman E. 2002. Pharmacotherapy of addictions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1: 710-726.
95. Kreek M, Nielsen D, Butelman E, Laforge K. 2005. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nat Neurosci 8: 1450-1457.
96. Labouvie EW, McGee CR. 1986. Relation of personality to alcohol and drug use in adolescence. J Consult Clin Psychol 54: 289-293.
97. Le A, Shaham Y. 2002. Neurobiology of relapse to alcohol in rats. Pharmacol Ther 94: 137-156.
98. Lejuez CW, Bornovalova MA, Daughters SB, Curtin JJ. 2005. Differences in impulsivity and sexual risk behavior among inner-city crack/cocaine users and heroin users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77: 169-175.
99. Lejuez CW, Paulson A, Daughters SB, Bornovalova MA, Zvolensky MJ. 2006. The association between heroin use and anxiety sensitivity among inner-city individuals in residential drug use treatment. Behav Res Ther 44: 667-677.
100. Lejuez CW, Zvolensky MJ, Daughters SB, Bornovalova MA, Paulson A, Tull MT, Ettinger K, Otto MW. 2008. Anxiety sensitivity: A unique predictor of dropout among inner-city heroin and crack/cocaine users in residential substance use treatment. Behav Res Ther 46: 811-818.
101. Leshner AI. 1997. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science 278: 45-47.
102. Madden GJ, Petry NM, Badger GJ, Bickel WK. 1997. Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 256-262.
103. Maremmani I, Pacini M, Popovic D, Romano A, Maremmani AG, Perugi G, Deltito J, Akiskal K, Akiskal H. 2009. Affective temperaments in heroin addiction. J Affect Disord 117: 186-192.
104. Marinelli M, Piazza PV. 2002. Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress and psychostimulant drugs. Eur J Neurosci 16: 387-394.
105. McLellan AT, Luborsky L, Woody GE, O'Brien CP. 1980. An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. The Addiction Severity Index. J Nerv Ment Dis 168: 26-33.
106. McLellan A, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R. 1992. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. J Subst Abuse Treat 9: 199-213.
107. McNamara R, Dalley JW, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ, Belin D. 2010. Trait-like impulsivity does not predict escalation of heroin self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 212: 453-464.
108. Meda SA, Stevens MC, Potenza MN, Pittman B, Gueorguieva R, Andrews MM, Thomas AD, Muska C, Hylton JL, Pearlson GD. 2009. Investigating the behavioral and self-report constructs of impulsivity domains using Principal Component Analysis. Behav Pharmacol 20: 390-399.
109. Mitchell JM, Fields HL, D'Esposito M, Boettiger CA. 2005. Impulsive responding in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 2158-2169.
110. Molander AC, Mar A, Norbury A, Steventon S, Moreno M, Caprioli D, TheobaldDE, Belin D, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, et al. 2011. High impulsivity predicting vulnerability to cocaine addiction in rats: Some relationship with novelty preference but not novelty reactivity, anxiety or stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215: 721-731.
111. Monterosso J, Ehrman R, Napier KL, O'Brien CP, Childress AR. 2001. Three decision-making tasks in cocaine-dependent patients: Do they measure the same construct? Addiction 96: 1825-1837.
112. Naqvi NH, Bechara A. 2010. The insula and drug addiction: An interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Struct Funct 214: 435-450.
113. Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. 2007. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 369: 1047-1053.
114. O'Brien CP. 1997. A range of research-based pharmacotherapies for addiction. Science 278: 66-70.
115. Patkar AA, Berrettini WH, Hoehe M, Thornton CC, Gottheil E, Hill K, WeinsteinSP. 2002. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and measures of impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking among African-American cocaine-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Res 110: 103-115.
116. Patkar AA, Gottheil E, Berrettini WH, Hill KP, Thornton CC, Weinstein SP. 2003. Relationship between platelet serotonin uptake sites and measures of impulsivity, aggression, and craving among African-American cocaine abusers. Am J Addict 12: 432-447.
117. Patkar AA, Murray HW, Mannelli P, Gottheil E, Weinstein SP, Vergare MJ. 2004. Pre-treatment measures of impulsivity, aggression and sensation seeking are associated with treatment outcome for African-American cocaine-dependent patients. J Addict Dis 23: 109-122.
118. Pelloux Y, Everitt B, Dickinson A. 2007. Compulsive drug seeking by rats under punishment: Effects of drug taking history. Psychopharmacology (Berl)194: 127-137.
119. Piazza PV, Le Moal ML. 1996. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: Role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36: 359-378.
120. Piazza PV, Deminiere JM, Le Moal M, Simon H. 1989. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245: 1511-1513.
121. Piazza PV, Rouge-Pont F, Deminiere JM, Kharoubi M, Le Moal M, Simon H. 1991. Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res 567: 169-174.
122. Piazza PV, Deroche V, Rouge-Pont F, Le Moal M. 1998. Behavioral and biological factors associated with individual vulnerability to psychostimulant abuse. NIDA Res Monogr 169: 105-133.
123. Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V, Rouge-Pont F, Le Moal M. 2000. Vertical shifts in self-administration dose-response functions predict a drug-vulnerable phenotype predisposed to addiction. J Neurosci 20: 4226-4232.
124. Richardson NR, Roberts DC. 1996. Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: A method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J Neurosci Methods 66: 1-11.
125. Rikoon S, Cacciola J, Carise D, Alterman A, Mclellan A. 2006. Predicting DSM-IV dependence diagnoses from Addiction Severity Index composite scores. J Subst Abuse Treat 31: 17-24.
126. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. 2008. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363: 3137-3146.
127. Salgad JV, Malloy-Diniz LF, Campos VR, Abrantes SS, Fuentes D, Bechara A, Correa H. 2009. Neuropsychological assessment of impulsive behavior in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 31: 4-9.
128. Schinka JA, Curtiss G, Mulloy JM. 1994. Personality variables and self-medication in substance abuse. J Pers Assess 63: 413-422.
129. Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y. 2002. Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: A review. Pharmacol Rev 54: 1-42.
130. Sher KJ, Bartholow BD, Wood MD. 2000. Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 68: 818-829.
131. Skinstad AH, Swain A. 2001. Comorbidity in a clinical sample of substance abusers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27: 45-64.
132. Somaini L, Donnini C, Manfredini M, Raggi MA, Saracino MA, Gerra ML, AmoreA, Leonardi C, Serpelloni G, Gerra G. 2011. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), genetic polymorphisms and neurochemical correlates in experimentation with psychotropic drugs among adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35: 1771-1778.
133. Swadi H. 1999. Individual risk factors for adolescent substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 55: 209-224.
134. Swendsen J, Le Moal M. 2011. Individual vulnerability to addiction. Ann NY Acad Sci 1216: 73-85.
135. Teichman M, Barnea Z, Ravav G. 1989. Personality and substance use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Br J Addict 84: 181-190.
136. Terracciano A, Lockenhoff CE, Crum RM, Bienvenu OJ, Costa PTJ. 2008. Five-Factor Model personality profiles of drug users. BMC Psychiatry 8: 22.
137. Vanderschuren L, Everitt B. 2004. Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science 305: 1017-1019.
138. van der Veen R, Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V. 2007. Gene-environment interactions in vulnerability to cocaine intravenous self-administration: A brief social experience affects intake in DBA/2J but not in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 193: 179-186.
139. van der Veen R, Koehl M, Abrous DN, de Kloet ER, Piazza PV, Deroche-Gamonet V. 2008. Maternal environment influences cocaine intake in adulthood in a genotype-dependent manner. PLoS ONE 3: e2245.
140. Verdejo-Garcia A, Bechara A. 2009. A somatic marker theory of addiction. Neuropharmacology 56: 48-62.
141. Verdejo-Garcia A, Bechara A, Recknor EC, Perez-Garcia M. 2006. Executive dysfunction in substance dependent individuals during drug use and abstinence: An examination of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional correlates of addiction. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 12: 405-415.
142. Verdejo-Garcia A, Bechara A, Recknor EC, Perez-Garcia M. 2007a. Negative emotion-driven impulsivity predicts substance dependence problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 91: 213-219.
143. Verdejo-Garcia AJ, Perales JC, Perez-Garcia M. 2007b. Cognitive impulsivity in cocaine and heroin polysubstance abusers. Addict Behav 32: 950-966.
144. Verdejo-Garcia A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L. 2008. Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience Biobehav Rev 32: 777-810.
145. Volkow N, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Childress AR, Jayne M, Ma Y, Wong C. 2006. Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: Mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci 26: 6583-6588.
146. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F, Baler R. 2010. Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit. Bioessays 32: 748-755.
147. von Knorring L, Oreland L, Winblad B. 1984. Personality traits related to monoamine oxidase activity in platelets. Psychiatry Res 12: 11-26.
148. Weeks JR. 1962. Experimental morphine addiction: Method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained Rats. Science 138: 143-144.
149. WHO. 2004. Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. Geneva, Switzerland.
150. Wiessing L, Olszewski D, Klempova D, Vicente J, Griffiths P. 2009. EMCDDA annual report 2009: Cocaine and heroin maintain firm hold on Europe's drug scene. Euro Surveill 14: 19410.
151. Wohlwill JF. 1984. What are sensation seekers seeking. Behav Brain Sci 7: 453.
152. Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Naumer MJ. 2010. Sensory and motor aspects of addiction. Behav Brain Res 207: 215-222.
153. Zuckerman M. 1986. Sensation seeking and the endogenous deficit theory of drug abuse. NIDA Res Monogr 74: 59-70.
154. Zuckerman M. 1993. P-impulsive sensation seeking and its behavioral, psychophysiological and biochemical correlates. Neuropsychobiology 28: 30-36.