메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 231-244

The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; COCAINE; NICOTINE; OPIATE;

EID: 0031024436     PISSN: 10673229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10673229709030550     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2252)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 0022352989 scopus 로고
    • The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders
    • Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1259-64.
    • (1985) Am J Psychiatry , vol.142 , pp. 1259-1264
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 2
    • 0025076552 scopus 로고
    • Blue mood, blackened lungs: Depression and smoking
    • Glass R. Blue mood, blackened lungs: depression and smoking. JAMA 1990;264:1583-4.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.264 , pp. 1583-1584
    • Glass, R.1
  • 5
    • 26844469149 scopus 로고
    • The harrowing mystery of addiction
    • Dranov P. The harrowing mystery of addiction. Cosmopolitan 1988;205(1):148-51.
    • (1988) Cosmopolitan , vol.205 , Issue.1 , pp. 148-151
    • Dranov, P.1
  • 7
    • 85047035275 scopus 로고
    • Scientists pinpoint brain irregularities in drug addicts
    • Jun 26
    • Goleman D. Scientists pinpoint brain irregularities in drug addicts. NY Times 1990 Jun 26:C1, C7.
    • (1990) NY Times
    • Goleman, D.1
  • 10
    • 0023714533 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems
    • Ross HE, Glaser FB, Germanson T. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:1023-31.
    • (1988) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 1023-1031
    • Ross, H.E.1    Glaser, F.B.2    Germanson, T.3
  • 11
    • 0026009174 scopus 로고
    • Substance abuse disorders: A psychiatric priority
    • Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Committee on Alcoholism and the Addictions. Substance abuse disorders: a psychiatric priority. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1291-300.
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 1291-1300
  • 14
    • 0015608374 scopus 로고
    • On the preferential abuse of heroin and amphetamine
    • Milkman H, Frosch WA. On the preferential abuse of heroin and amphetamine. J Nerv Ment Dis 1973;156:242-8.
    • (1973) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.156 , pp. 242-248
    • Milkman, H.1    Frosch, W.A.2
  • 15
    • 0016337322 scopus 로고
    • Psychoanalytic considerations of the etiology of compulsive drug use
    • Wurmser L. Psychoanalytic considerations of the etiology of compulsive drug use. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1974;22:820-43.
    • (1974) J Am Psychoanal Assoc , vol.22 , pp. 820-843
    • Wurmser, L.1
  • 16
    • 0345559971 scopus 로고
    • The ego, the self and opiate addiction: Theoretical and treatment considerations
    • Khantzian EJ. The ego, the self and opiate addiction: theoretical and treatment considerations. Int Rev Psychoanal 1978; 5:189-98.
    • (1978) Int Rev Psychoanal , vol.5 , pp. 189-198
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 18
    • 0001853243 scopus 로고
    • Self-regulation vulnerabilities in substance abusers: Treatment implications
    • Dowling S, ed. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press
    • Khantzian EJ. Self-regulation vulnerabilities in substance abusers: treatment implications. In: Dowling S, ed. The psychology and treatment of addictive behavior. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1995:17-41.
    • (1995) The Psychology and Treatment of Addictive Behavior , pp. 17-41
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 19
    • 0002405484 scopus 로고
    • Self selection and progression in drug dependence
    • Khantzian EJ. Self selection and progression in drug dependence. Psychiatry Digest 1975;36:19-22.
    • (1975) Psychiatry Digest , vol.36 , pp. 19-22
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 20
    • 26844537507 scopus 로고
    • Drug induced ego states: A trajectory theory of drug experience
    • Spotts JV, Shontz FC. Drug induced ego states: a trajectory theory of drug experience. Soc Pharmacol 1987;1:19-51.
    • (1987) Soc Pharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 19-51
    • Spotts, J.V.1    Shontz, F.C.2
  • 22
    • 0342548860 scopus 로고
    • Self representation and the capacity for self care
    • Krystal H. Self representation and the capacity for self care. Ann Psychoanal 1978;6:209-46.
    • (1978) Ann Psychoanal , vol.6 , pp. 209-246
    • Krystal, H.1
  • 24
    • 0001971149 scopus 로고
    • Validating affective personality types
    • Robbins LN, Barrett J, eds. New York: Raven
    • Akiskal H. Validating affective personality types. In: Robbins LN, Barrett J, eds. The validity of psychiatric diagnosis. New York: Raven, 1989:217-27.
    • (1989) The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis , pp. 217-227
    • Akiskal, H.1
  • 25
    • 0020557946 scopus 로고
    • An extreme case of cocaine dependence and marked improvement with methylphenidate treatment
    • Khantzian EJ. An extreme case of cocaine dependence and marked improvement with methylphenidate treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:784-5.
    • (1983) Am J Psychiatry , vol.140 , pp. 784-785
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 26
    • 0020444807 scopus 로고
    • Alexithymia and the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment
    • Krystal H. Alexithymia and the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. Int J Psychoanal Psychother 1982;9:353-78.
    • (1982) Int J Psychoanal Psychother , vol.9 , pp. 353-378
    • Krystal, H.1
  • 28
    • 0006562075 scopus 로고
    • Clinical observations on some patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases
    • Sifneos PE. Clinical observations on some patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases. Acta Med Psychosom Proc, 1967.
    • (1967) Acta Med Psychosom Proc
    • Sifneos, P.E.1
  • 29
    • 0015179483 scopus 로고
    • The psychological management and treatment of patients with peptic ulcer
    • Nemiah JC. The psychological management and treatment of patients with peptic ulcer. Adv Psychosom Med 1970;6:169-73.
    • (1970) Adv Psychosom Med , vol.6 , pp. 169-173
    • Nemiah, J.C.1
  • 30
    • 0021456005 scopus 로고
    • The "dis-affected" patient: Reflections on affect pathology
    • McDougall J. The "dis-affected" patient: reflections on affect pathology. Psychoanal Q 1984;53:386-409.
    • (1984) Psychoanal Q , vol.53 , pp. 386-409
    • McDougall, J.1
  • 32
    • 0342297793 scopus 로고
    • Affects and addictive suffering: A clinical perspective
    • Ablon S, Brown D, Khantzian EJ, Mack JE, eds. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press
    • Khantzian EJ. Affects and addictive suffering: a clinical perspective. In: Ablon S, Brown D, Khantzian EJ, Mack JE, eds. Human feelings: explorations in affect development and meaning. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, 1993:259-79.
    • (1993) Human Feelings: Explorations in Affect Development and Meaning , pp. 259-279
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 33
    • 0012307856 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of substance abuse: A psychodynamic perspective
    • Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, eds. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
    • Brehm M, Khantzian EJ. The psychology of substance abuse: a psychodynamic perspective. In: Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, eds. Substance abuse: a comprehensive textbook. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992:106-17.
    • (1992) Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook , pp. 106-117
    • Brehm, M.1    Khantzian, E.J.2
  • 35
    • 0024373024 scopus 로고
    • A hierarchical model of opiate addiction: Failures of self-regulation as a central aspect of substance abuse
    • Wilson A, Passik SD, Faude J, Abrams J, Gordon E. A hierarchical model of opiate addiction: failures of self-regulation as a central aspect of substance abuse. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989;177:390-9.
    • (1989) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.177 , pp. 390-399
    • Wilson, A.1    Passik, S.D.2    Faude, J.3    Abrams, J.4    Gordon, E.5
  • 36
    • 0025424432 scopus 로고
    • Adolescent drug use and psychological health
    • Shedler J, Block J. Adolescent drug use and psychological health. Am Psychol 1990;45:612-30.
    • (1990) Am Psychol , vol.45 , pp. 612-630
    • Shedler, J.1    Block, J.2
  • 37
    • 0010588054 scopus 로고
    • Some treatment implications of the ego and self disturbances in alcoholism
    • Bean MH, Zinberg NE, eds. New York: Free Press
    • Khantzian EJ. Some treatment implications of the ego and self disturbances in alcoholism. In: Bean MH, Zinberg NE, eds. Dynamic approaches to the understanding and treatment of alcoholism. New York: Free Press, 1981:163-88.
    • (1981) Dynamic Approaches to the Understanding and Treatment of Alcoholism , pp. 163-188
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 38
    • 0020971402 scopus 로고
    • Self-preservation and the care of the self: Ego instincts reconsidered
    • Khantzian EJ, Mack JE. Self-preservation and the care of the self: ego instincts reconsidered. Psychoanal Study Child 1983; 38:209-32.
    • (1983) Psychoanal Study Child , vol.38 , pp. 209-232
    • Khantzian, E.J.1    Mack, J.E.2
  • 39
    • 0024488860 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholics and contemporary psychodynamic theory
    • Khantzian EJ, Mack JE. Alcoholics and contemporary psychodynamic theory. Recent Dev Alcohol 1989;7:67-89.
    • (1989) Recent Dev Alcohol , vol.7 , pp. 67-89
    • Khantzian, E.J.1    Mack, J.E.2
  • 40
    • 0022630967 scopus 로고
    • An etiologic model of alcoholism
    • Donovan JM. An etiologic model of alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1-11.
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 1-11
    • Donovan, J.M.1
  • 41
    • 0026201524 scopus 로고
    • Developmental epidemiologically based preventive trials: Baseline modeling of early target behaviors and depressive symptoms
    • Kellam SG, Werthamer-Larsson L, Dolan LJ, Brown CH, Mayer LS, Rebok GW, et al. Developmental epidemiologically based preventive trials: baseline modeling of early target behaviors and depressive symptoms. Am J Community Psychol 1991;19:563-84.
    • (1991) Am J Community Psychol , vol.19 , pp. 563-584
    • Kellam, S.G.1    Werthamer-Larsson, L.2    Dolan, L.J.3    Brown, C.H.4    Mayer, L.S.5    Rebok, G.W.6
  • 42
    • 0019719027 scopus 로고
    • Developmental epidemiological studies of substance use in Woodlawn: Implications for prevention research strategy
    • Kellam SG, Brown CH, Fleming JP. Developmental epidemiological studies of substance use in Woodlawn: implications for prevention research strategy. NIDA Res Monogr 1982;41: 21-33.
    • (1982) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.41 , pp. 21-33
    • Kellam, S.G.1    Brown, C.H.2    Fleming, J.P.3
  • 44
    • 0028905171 scopus 로고
    • Aggressivity among sons of substance-abusing fathers: Association with psychiatric disorder in the father and son, paternal personality, pubertal development and socioeconomic status
    • Moss HB, Mezzich A, Yao JK, Gavaler J, Martin CS. Aggressivity among sons of substance-abusing fathers: association with psychiatric disorder in the father and son, paternal personality, pubertal development and socioeconomic status. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1995;21:195-208.
    • (1995) Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.21 , pp. 195-208
    • Moss, H.B.1    Mezzich, A.2    Yao, J.K.3    Gavaler, J.4    Martin, C.S.5
  • 45
    • 0023257348 scopus 로고
    • Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism
    • Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 1987;236:410-6.
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 410-416
    • Cloninger, C.R.1
  • 46
    • 0023788536 scopus 로고
    • Psychotherapy of nine successfully treated cocaine abusers: Techniques and dynamics
    • Schiffer F. Psychotherapy of nine successfully treated cocaine abusers: techniques and dynamics. J Subst Abuse Treat 1988;5:133-7.
    • (1988) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.5 , pp. 133-137
    • Schiffer, F.1
  • 49
    • 0026588495 scopus 로고
    • Drug abuse as self medication for depression: An empirical study
    • Weiss RD, Griffin KL, Mirin SM. Drug abuse as self medication for depression: an empirical study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992;18:121-9.
    • (1992) Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.18 , pp. 121-129
    • Weiss, R.D.1    Griffin, K.L.2    Mirin, S.M.3
  • 50
    • 0026585506 scopus 로고
    • Methodological considerations in the diagnosis of coexisting psychiatric disorders in substance abusers
    • Weiss RD, Mirin SM, Griffin ML. Methodological considerations in the diagnosis of coexisting psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. Br J Addict 1992;87:179-87.
    • (1992) Br J Addict , vol.87 , pp. 179-187
    • Weiss, R.D.1    Mirin, S.M.2    Griffin, M.L.3
  • 52
    • 0017149921 scopus 로고
    • Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community
    • Weissman MM, Slobetz F, Prusoff B, Mezritz M, Howard P. Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. Am J Psychiatry 1976;133: 1434-8.
    • (1976) Am J Psychiatry , vol.133 , pp. 1434-1438
    • Weissman, M.M.1    Slobetz, F.2    Prusoff, B.3    Mezritz, M.4    Howard, P.5
  • 53
    • 0022379119 scopus 로고
    • DSM-III psychiatric diagnosis of narcotic addicts: Recent findings
    • Khantzian EJ, Treece C. DSM-III psychiatric diagnosis of narcotic addicts: recent findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:1067-71.
    • (1985) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 1067-1071
    • Khantzian, E.J.1    Treece, C.2
  • 54
    • 8944246879 scopus 로고
    • Drug, host, and environmental factors in the development of chronic cocaine abuse
    • Mirin SM, ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Weiss RD, Mirin SM. Drug, host, and environmental factors in the development of chronic cocaine abuse. In: Mirin SM, ed. Substance abuse and psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1984:41-55.
    • (1984) Substance Abuse and Psychopathology , pp. 41-55
    • Weiss, R.D.1    Mirin, S.M.2
  • 56
    • 0021646083 scopus 로고
    • Methylphenidate (Ritalin) treatment of cocaine dependence - A preliminary report
    • Khantzian EJ, Gawin F, Kleber HD, Riordan CE. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) treatment of cocaine dependence - a preliminary report. J Subst Abuse Treat 1984;1:107-12.
    • (1984) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.1 , pp. 107-112
    • Khantzian, E.J.1    Gawin, F.2    Kleber, H.D.3    Riordan, C.E.4
  • 57
    • 0021849966 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic cocaine abuse and attention deficit disorder, residual type, with magnesium pemoline
    • Weiss RD, Pope HG Jr, Mirin SM. Treatment of chronic cocaine abuse and attention deficit disorder, residual type, with magnesium pemoline. Drug Alcohol Depend 1985;15:69-72.
    • (1985) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.15 , pp. 69-72
    • Weiss, R.D.1    Pope Jr., H.G.2    Mirin, S.M.3
  • 61
    • 0026637974 scopus 로고
    • Contrast of treatment seeking and untreated cocaine abusers
    • Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Contrast of treatment seeking and untreated cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49: 464-71.
    • (1992) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 464-471
    • Carroll, K.M.1    Rounsaville, B.J.2
  • 63
    • 0028355375 scopus 로고
    • Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity and psychoactive substance use disorders
    • Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Frances RJ. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity and psychoactive substance use disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994;45: 421-35.
    • (1994) Hosp Community Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 421-435
    • Wilens, T.E.1    Biederman, J.2    Spencer, T.J.3    Frances, R.J.4
  • 64
    • 0018354625 scopus 로고
    • Are all recently detoxified alcoholics depressed?
    • Keeler MH, Taylor CI, Miller WC. Are all recently detoxified alcoholics depressed? Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:586-8.
    • (1979) Am J Psychiatry , vol.136 , pp. 586-588
    • Keeler, M.H.1    Taylor, C.I.2    Miller, W.C.3
  • 65
    • 0023188684 scopus 로고
    • Symptoms and diagnosis of depression in alcoholics
    • Dorus W, Kennedy J, Gibbons RD, Ravi SD. Symptoms and diagnosis of depression in alcoholics. Alcoholism 1987;11: 150-4.
    • (1987) Alcoholism , vol.11 , pp. 150-154
    • Dorus, W.1    Kennedy, J.2    Gibbons, R.D.3    Ravi, S.D.4
  • 67
    • 0021964984 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anxiety disorder among alcoholics
    • Weiss KJ, Rosenberg DJ. Prevalence of anxiety disorder among alcoholics. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:3-5.
    • (1985) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 3-5
    • Weiss, K.J.1    Rosenberg, D.J.2
  • 69
    • 0023682293 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic evidence for early onset of mental disorders and higher risk of drug abuse in young adults
    • Christie KA, Burke JD Jr, Regier DA, Rae DS, Boyd JH, Locke BZ. Epidemiologic evidence for early onset of mental disorders and higher risk of drug abuse in young adults. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:971-5.
    • (1988) Am J Psychiatry , vol.145 , pp. 971-975
    • Christie, K.A.1    Burke Jr., J.D.2    Regier, D.A.3    Rae, D.S.4    Boyd, J.H.5    Locke, B.Z.6
  • 70
    • 0025226205 scopus 로고
    • Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study
    • Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA 1990;264:2511-8.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.264 , pp. 2511-2518
    • Regier, D.A.1    Farmer, M.E.2    Rae, D.S.3    Locke, B.Z.4    Keith, S.J.5    Judd, L.L.6
  • 72
    • 0022791981 scopus 로고
    • More on self-medication and drug abuse
    • Dackis C, Gold M. More on self-medication and drug abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1309-10.
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 1309-1310
    • Dackis, C.1    Gold, M.2
  • 73
    • 0000738220 scopus 로고
    • Dependence syndrome: A critical analysis of essential features
    • Miller M, Gold M. Dependence syndrome: a critical analysis of essential features. Psychiatr Ann 1991;121:282-8.
    • (1991) Psychiatr Ann , vol.121 , pp. 282-288
    • Miller, M.1    Gold, M.2
  • 74
    • 0022637199 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and clinical implications of alcoholism and affective disorder
    • Schuckit MA. Genetic and clinical implications of alcoholism and affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:140-7.
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 140-147
    • Schuckit, M.A.1
  • 75
    • 0025122223 scopus 로고
    • The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics
    • Schuckit MA, Irwin M, Brown SA. The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1990;51:34-41.
    • (1990) J Stud Alcohol , vol.51 , pp. 34-41
    • Schuckit, M.A.1    Irwin, M.2    Brown, S.A.3
  • 76
    • 0028092110 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship?
    • Schuckit MA, Hesselbrock V. Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: what is the relationship? Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1723-34.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1723-1734
    • Schuckit, M.A.1    Hesselbrock, V.2
  • 77
    • 0029865653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse
    • Vaillant GE. A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:243-9.
    • (1996) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 243-249
    • Vaillant, G.E.1
  • 78
    • 0018874007 scopus 로고
    • Natural history of male psychological health, VIII: Antecedents of alcoholism and "orality"
    • Vaillant GE. Natural history of male psychological health, VIII: Antecedents of alcoholism and "orality." Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:181-6.
    • (1980) Am J Psychiatry , vol.137 , pp. 181-186
    • Vaillant, G.E.1
  • 79
    • 0020137683 scopus 로고
    • The etiology of alcoholism: A prospective viewpoint
    • Vaillant GE, Milofsky ES. The etiology of alcoholism: a prospective viewpoint. Am Psychol 1982;37:494-503.
    • (1982) Am Psychol , vol.37 , pp. 494-503
    • Vaillant, G.E.1    Milofsky, E.S.2
  • 80
    • 0016800882 scopus 로고
    • Sociopathy as a human process
    • Vaillant GE. Sociopathy as a human process. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:178-83.
    • (1975) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.32 , pp. 178-183
    • Vaillant, G.E.1
  • 81
    • 0029866658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects
    • Schuckit MA, Smith TL. An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53: 202-10.
    • (1996) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 202-210
    • Schuckit, M.A.1    Smith, T.L.2
  • 82
    • 0023712774 scopus 로고
    • Changes in depression among abstinent alcoholics
    • Brown SA, Schuckit MA. Changes in depression among abstinent alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1988;49:412-7.
    • (1988) J Stud Alcohol , vol.49 , pp. 412-417
    • Brown, S.A.1    Schuckit, M.A.2
  • 83
    • 0024361590 scopus 로고
    • The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study
    • Wells KB, Stewart AL, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Daniels M, et al. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1989;262:914-9.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.262 , pp. 914-919
    • Wells, K.B.1    Stewart, A.L.2    Hays, R.D.3    Burnam, M.A.4    Rogers, W.5    Daniels, M.6
  • 84
    • 0022743457 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered: The case for a hiopsychosocial process
    • Zucker RA, Gomberg ESL. Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered: the case for a hiopsychosocial process. Am Psychol 1986;41:783-93.
    • (1986) Am Psychol , vol.41 , pp. 783-793
    • Zucker, R.A.1    Gomberg, E.S.L.2
  • 85
    • 0014664776 scopus 로고
    • Berkson's fallacy
    • Andersen B. Berkson's fallacy. Nord Med 1969;81:729-30.
    • (1969) Nord Med , vol.81 , pp. 729-730
    • Andersen, B.1
  • 86
    • 0027996575 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic conundrums in substance abusers with psychiatric symptoms: Variables suggestive of dual diagnosis
    • McKenna C, Ross C. Diagnostic conundrums in substance abusers with psychiatric symptoms: variables suggestive of dual diagnosis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994;20:397-412.
    • (1994) Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.20 , pp. 397-412
    • McKenna, C.1    Ross, C.2
  • 91
    • 84995232501 scopus 로고
    • Drug preference, reported drug experience, and stimulus sensitivity
    • Milin R, Loh EA, Wilson A. Drug preference, reported drug experience, and stimulus sensitivity. Am J Addict 1992;1: 248-56.
    • (1992) Am J Addict , vol.1 , pp. 248-256
    • Milin, R.1    Loh, E.A.2    Wilson, A.3
  • 94
    • 0027309479 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability to psychopathology in nicotine dependent smokers: An epidemiologic study of young adults
    • Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Vulnerability to psychopathology in nicotine dependent smokers: an epidemiologic study of young adults. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:941-6.
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 941-946
    • Breslau, N.1    Kilbey, M.M.2    Andreski, P.3
  • 95
    • 0027390164 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine dependence and major depression: New evidence from a prospective investigation
    • Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine dependence and major depression: new evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:31-5.
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 31-35
    • Breslau, N.1    Kilbey, M.M.2    Andreski, P.3
  • 96
    • 0022468968 scopus 로고
    • Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms
    • Kandel DB, Davies M. Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:255-62.
    • (1986) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 255-262
    • Kandel, D.B.1    Davies, M.2
  • 97
    • 0028034191 scopus 로고
    • Smoking habits and psychological distress in adolescent female students
    • Schifano F, Forza G, Gallimberti L. Smoking habits and psychological distress in adolescent female students. Am J Addict 1994;3:100-5.
    • (1994) Am J Addict , vol.3 , pp. 100-105
    • Schifano, F.1    Forza, G.2    Gallimberti, L.3
  • 98
    • 1542265726 scopus 로고
    • The use of interpretation in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia
    • Khantzian EJ, Dalsiner JS, Semrad EV. The use of interpretation in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Am J Psychother 1969;23:182-97.
    • (1969) Am J Psychother , vol.23 , pp. 182-197
    • Khantzian, E.J.1    Dalsiner, J.S.2    Semrad, E.V.3
  • 99
    • 0018899460 scopus 로고
    • Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process?
    • Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? BMJ 1980;280:66-8.
    • (1980) BMJ , vol.280 , pp. 66-68
    • Crow, T.J.1
  • 100
    • 0019945902 scopus 로고
    • Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability
    • Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:784-8.
    • (1982) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 784-788
    • Andreasen, N.C.1
  • 101
    • 0019977946 scopus 로고
    • Negative v positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation
    • Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative v positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:789-94.
    • (1982) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 789-794
    • Andreasen, N.C.1    Olsen, S.2
  • 104
    • 0021908586 scopus 로고
    • Recent psychostimulant use in hospitalized schizophrenics
    • Richard ML, Liskow B, Perry PJ. Recent psychostimulant use in hospitalized schizophrenics. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:79-83.
    • (1985) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 79-83
    • Richard, M.L.1    Liskow, B.2    Perry, P.J.3
  • 105
    • 0017257192 scopus 로고
    • Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine: Effects on schizophrenic symptoms
    • Janowsky DS, Davis JM. Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine: effects on schizophrenic symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:304-8.
    • (1976) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 304-308
    • Janowsky, D.S.1    Davis, J.M.2
  • 107
    • 0026757673 scopus 로고
    • Deterioration in premorbid functioning in schizophrenia: A developmental model of negative symptoms in drug-free patients
    • Kelly ME, Gilbertson M, Mouton A. Deterioration in premorbid functioning in schizophrenia: a developmental model of negative symptoms in drug-free patients. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1543-8.
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 1543-1548
    • Kelly, M.E.1    Gilbertson, M.2    Mouton, A.3
  • 108
    • 0028314023 scopus 로고
    • Decreased substance use in chronically psychotic patients treated with clozapine
    • Albanese MJ, Khantzian EJ, Murphy SL, Green AI. Decreased substance use in chronically psychotic patients treated with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:780-1.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 780-781
    • Albanese, M.J.1    Khantzian, E.J.2    Murphy, S.L.3    Green, A.I.4
  • 109
    • 0023264688 scopus 로고
    • A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia: Patterns of drug choice
    • Schneier FR, Siris SG. A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia: patterns of drug choice. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987;175:641-52.
    • (1987) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.175 , pp. 641-652
    • Schneier, F.R.1    Siris, S.G.2
  • 114
    • 0023708961 scopus 로고
    • Post traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse: Clinical issues
    • Nace EP. Post traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse: clinical issues. Recent Dev Alcohol 1988;6:9-26.
    • (1988) Recent Dev Alcohol , vol.6 , pp. 9-26
    • Nace, E.P.1
  • 115
    • 0023776913 scopus 로고
    • The interrelationship of substance abuse and post traumatic stress disorder: Epidemiological and clinical considerations
    • Keane TM, Gerardi RJ, Lyons JA. The interrelationship of substance abuse and post traumatic stress disorder: epidemiological and clinical considerations. Recent Dev Alcohol 1988; 6:27-48.
    • (1988) Recent Dev Alcohol , vol.6 , pp. 27-48
    • Keane, T.M.1    Gerardi, R.J.2    Lyons, J.A.3
  • 116
    • 0023672837 scopus 로고
    • Biological mechanisms in post traumatic stress disorder: Relevance for substance abuse
    • Kosten TR, Krystal J. Biological mechanisms in post traumatic stress disorder: relevance for substance abuse. Recent Dev Alcohol 1988;6:49-68.
    • (1988) Recent Dev Alcohol , vol.6 , pp. 49-68
    • Kosten, T.R.1    Krystal, J.2
  • 117
    • 0023702583 scopus 로고
    • Coping and defending styles among Vietnam combat veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder
    • Penk WE, Peck RF, Robinowitz R, Bell W, Little D. Coping and defending styles among Vietnam combat veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. Recent Dev Alcohol 1988;6:69-88.
    • (1988) Recent Dev Alcohol , vol.6 , pp. 69-88
    • Penk, W.E.1    Peck, R.F.2    Robinowitz, R.3    Bell, W.4    Little, D.5
  • 118
    • 0028112937 scopus 로고
    • Comorbid substance abuse and post traumatic stress disorder: Characteristics of women in treatment
    • Brady KT, Killeen T, Saladin ME, Dansky B, Becker S. Comorbid substance abuse and post traumatic stress disorder: characteristics of women in treatment. Am J Addict 1994;3:160-4.
    • (1994) Am J Addict , vol.3 , pp. 160-164
    • Brady, K.T.1    Killeen, T.2    Saladin, M.E.3    Dansky, B.4    Becker, S.5
  • 120
    • 0028822736 scopus 로고
    • Sexual and physical assault history and post traumatic stress disorder in substance dependent individuals
    • Grice DE, Brady KT, Dustan LR, Malcolm R, Kilpatrick DG. Sexual and physical assault history and post traumatic stress disorder in substance dependent individuals. Am J Addict 1995;4:297-305.
    • (1995) Am J Addict , vol.4 , pp. 297-305
    • Grice, D.E.1    Brady, K.T.2    Dustan, L.R.3    Malcolm, R.4    Kilpatrick, D.G.5
  • 121
    • 0028316348 scopus 로고
    • High rates of alcohol problems and history of physical and sexual abuse among women inpatients
    • Swett C, Halpert M. High rates of alcohol problems and history of physical and sexual abuse among women inpatients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994;20:263-72.
    • (1994) Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.20 , pp. 263-272
    • Swett, C.1    Halpert, M.2
  • 122
    • 0029113543 scopus 로고
    • Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic inpatients
    • Windle M, Windle RC, Scheidt DM, Miller GB. Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1322-8.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 1322-1328
    • Windle, M.1    Windle, R.C.2    Scheidt, D.M.3    Miller, G.B.4
  • 125
    • 0025610427 scopus 로고
    • Negative symptoms: A cumulative trauma stress disorder?
    • Stampfer HG. Negative symptoms: a cumulative trauma stress disorder? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1990;24:516-28.
    • (1990) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 516-528
    • Stampfer, H.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.