Rodent models for mania: Practical approaches

Cell and Tissue Research

Volumn 354, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 191-201

  Kara, N Z ^a,b   Einat, H ^a,b,c  

^a Tel Aviv Jaffa Academic College   (Israel)

^b BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral domains; Depression; Manic depressive illness; Rodents; Validity

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OXIDOPAMINE; PROTEIN BCL 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CLOCK;

AGGRESSION; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANXIETY; BCL 2 GENE; BETA CATENIN GENE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE; CLOCK GENE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FORCED SWIMMING TEST; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC MODEL; HYPERACTIVITY; MANIA; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; REVIEW; RODENT MODEL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; MOUSE; RAT; RODENT;

ANIMALIA; RODENTIA;

ANIMALS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; RATS; RODENTIA;

EID: 84885614534     PISSN: 0302766X     EISSN: 14320878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1594-x     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Adriani W, Caprioli A, Granstrem O, Carli M, Laviola G (2003) The spontaneously hypertensive-rat as an animal model of adhd: evidence for impulsive and non-impulsive subpopulations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:639-651 (Pubitemid 37414912)
2. Amalric M, Koob GF (1987) Depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus but not in nucleus accumbens impairs reaction-time performance in rats. J Neurosci 7:2129-2134 (Pubitemid 17114928)
3. Anand A, Verhoeff P, Seneca N, Zoghbi SS, Seibyl JP, Charney DS, Innis RB (2000) Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry 157:1108-1114 (Pubitemid 30432492)
4. Arban R, Maraia G, Brackenborough K, Winyard L, Wilson A, Gerrard P, Large C (2005) Evaluation of the effects of lamotrigine, valproate and carbamazepine in a rodent model of mania. Behav Brain Res 158:123-132 (Pubitemid 40174717)
5. Ashkenazy T, Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N (2009a) Effects of bright light treatment on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors of diurnal rodents maintained on a short daylight schedule. Behav Brain Res 201:343-346
6. Ashkenazy T, Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N (2009b) We are in the dark here: induction of depression- and anxiety-like behaviours in the diurnal fat sand rat, by short daylight or melatonin injections. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:83-93
7. Ashkenazy-Frolinger T, Kronfeld-Schor N, Juetten J, Einat H (2009) It is darkness and not light: depression-like behaviors of diurnal unstriped nile grass rats maintained under a short photoperiod schedule. J Neurosci Methods 186:165-170
8. Belmaker RH (2004) Bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med 351:476-486
9. Belmaker RH (2007) Treatment of bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 356:1771-1773 (Pubitemid 46658711)
10. Bergstrom A, Jayatissa MN, Mork A, Wiborg O (2008) Stress sensitivity and resilience in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression; an in situ hybridization study. Brain Res 1196:41-52
11. Bhogal N, Hudson M, Balls M, Combes RD (2005) The use of non-human primates in biological and medical research: evidence submitted by FRAME to the Academy of Medical Sciences/Medical Research Council/Royal Society/Wellcome Trust Working Group. Altern Lab Anim 33:519-527 (Pubitemid 41608023)
12. Bolker J (2012) Model organisms: there's more to life than rats and flies. Nature 491:31-33
13. Carter CS, DeVries AC, Getz LL (1995) Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: the prairie vole model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19:303-314
14. Carter CS, Grippo AJ, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Ruscio MG, Porges SW (2008) Oxytocin, vasopressin and sociality. Prog Brain Res 170:331-336 (Pubitemid 352010239)
15. Chan JP, Unger TJ, Byrnes J, Rios M (2006) Examination of behavioral deficits triggered by targeting bdnf in fetal or postnatal brains of mice. Neuroscience 142:49-58 (Pubitemid 44353929)
16. Chen G, Zeng WZ, Yuan PX, Huang LD, Jiang YM, Zhao ZH, Manji HK (1999) The mood-stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the levels of the neuroprotective protein bcl-2 in the CNS. J Neurochem 72:879-882 (Pubitemid 29055256)
17. Christensen T, Bisgaard CF, Wiborg O (2011) Biomarkers of anhedonic-like behavior, antidepressant drug refraction, and stress resilience in a rat model of depression. Neuroscience 196:66-79
18. Cohen H, Zohar J (2004) An animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder: the use of cut-off behavioral criteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1032:167-178 (Pubitemid 40298469)
19. Cohen H, Zohar J, Matar M (2003) The relevance of differential response to trauma in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 53:463-473 (Pubitemid 36331885)
20. Cohen H, Kozlovsky N, Alona C, Matar MA, Joseph Z (2012) Animal model for PTSD: from clinical concept to translational research. Neuropharmacology 62:715-724
21. Crawley JN (2000) What's wrong with my mouse? Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice. Wiley-Liss, New York
22. Cryan JF, Holmes A (2005) The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:775-790 (Pubitemid 43090498)
23. Cuesta M, Clesse D, Pevet P, Challet E (2009) From daily behavior to hormonal and neurotransmitters rhythms: comparison between diurnal and nocturnal rat species. Horm Behav 55:338-347
24. Delgado y Palacios R, Campo A, Henningsen K, Verhoye M, Poot D, Dijkstra J et al (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy reveal differential hippocampal changes in anhedonic and resilient subtypes of the chronic mild stress rat model. Biol Psychiatry 70:449-457
25. Demjaha A, MacCabe JH, Murray RM (2012) How genes and environmental factors determine the different neurodevelopmental trajectories of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull 38:209-214
26. Dluzen DE, Gao X, Story GM, Anderson LI, Kucera J, Walro JM (2001) Evaluation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in adult +/+ and +/- bdnf mutant mice. Exp Neurol 170:121-128 (Pubitemid 32641779)
27. Dzirasa K, Coque L, Sidor MM, Kumar S, Dancy EA, Takahashi JS, McClung CA, Nicolelis MA (2010) Lithium ameliorates nucleus accumbens phase-signaling dysfunction in a genetic mouse model of mania. J Neurosci 30:16314-16323
28. Eaves LJ, Prom EC, Silberg JL (2010) The mediating effect of parental neglect on adolescent and young adult anti-sociality: a longitudinal study of twins and their parents. Behav Genet 40:425-437
29. Einat H (2007a) Different behaviors and different strains: potential new ways to model bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:850-857 (Pubitemid 47285345)
30. Einat H (2007b) Establishment of a battery of simple models for facets of bipolar disorder: a practical approach to achieve increased validity, better screening and possible insights into endophenotypes of disease. Behav Genet 37:244-255 (Pubitemid 46144059)
31. Einat H (2010) Strategies for the development of animal models for bipolar disorder: new opportunities and new challenges. In: Zarate C, Manji KH (eds) Behavioral neurobiology of bipolar disorder and its treatment, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, pp 69-88
32. Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N (2009) Utilizing diurnal model animals in the study of depression. Front Neurosci 3:242-243
33. Einat H, Manji HK (2006) Cellular plasticity cascades: gene to behavior pathways in animal models of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 59:1960-1971
34. Einat H, Yuan P, Manji HK (2005) Increased anxiety-like behaviors and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice with targeted mutation of the bcl-2 gene: further support for the involvement of mitochondrial function in anxiety disorders. Behav Brain Res 165:172-180 (Pubitemid 41568576)
35. Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N, Eilam D (2006) Sand rats see the light: short photoperiod induces a depression-like response in a diurnal rodent. Behav Brain Res 173:153-157 (Pubitemid 44572021)
36. Einat H, Shaldubina A, Bersudskey Y, Belmaker RH (2007a) Prospects for the development of animal models for the study of bipolar disorder. In: Soares JC, Young A (eds) Bipolar disorders: basic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 19-31
37. Einat H, Yuan P, Szabo ST, Dogra S, Manji HK (2007b) Protein kinase C inhibition by tamoxifen antagonizes manic-like behavior in rats: implications for the development of novel therapeutics for bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 55:123-131 (Pubitemid 47525230)
38. Engel SR, Creson TK, Hao Y, Shen Y, Maeng S et al (2009) The extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway contributes to the control of behavioral excitement. Mol Psychiatry 14:448-461
39. Flaisher-Grinberg S, Einat H (2009a) Mice models for the manic pole of bipolar disorder. In: Gould TD (ed) Mice models for mood and anxiety disorders. Springer, Berlin, pp 297-326
40. Flaisher-Grinberg S, Einat H (2009b) A possible utilization of the mice forced swim test for modeling manic-like increase in vigor and goal-directed behavior. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 59:141-145
41. Flaisher-Grinberg S, Einat H (2010) Strain specific battery of tests for separate behavioral domains of mania. Front Psychiatry 1:1-10
42. Flaisher-Grinberg S, Overgaard S, Einat H (2009) Attenuation of high sweet solution preference by mood stabilizers: a possible mouse model for the increased reward-seeking domain of mania. J Neurosci Methods 177:44-50
43. Flaisher-Grinberg S, Gampetro DR, Kronfeld-Schor N, Einat H (2011) Inconsistent effects of photoperiod manipulations in tests for affective-like changes in mice: implications for the selection of appropriate model animals. Behav Pharmacol 2010:16
44. Fonken LK, Finy MS, Walton JC, Weil ZM, Workman JL, Ross J, Nelson RJ (2009) Influence of light at night on murine anxiety- and depressive-like responses. Behav Brain Res 205:349-354
45. Garber JC, Barbee RW, Bielitzki JT, Clayton LA, Donovan JC, Hendriksen CFM et al (2010) Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 8th edn. National Academies, Washington D.C
46. Gessa GL, Pani L, Fadda P, Fratta W (1995) Sleep deprivation in the rat: an animal model of mania. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5 (Suppl):89-93 (Pubitemid 26017265)
47. Goodwin GM, Anderson I, Arango C, Bowden CL, Henry C, Mitchell PB, Nolen WA, Vieta E, Wittchen HU (2008) ECNP consensus meeting. Bipolar depression. Nice, March 2007. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18:535-549
48. Gould TD, Einat H (2007) Animal models of bipolar disorder and mood stabilizer efficacy: a critical need for improvement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:825-831 (Pubitemid 47285353)
49. Gould TD, Einat H, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Schloesser RJ, Manji HK (2007a) Beta-catenin overexpression in the mouse brain phenocopies lithium-sensitive behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2173-2183 (Pubitemid 47417687)
50. Gould TD, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Manji HK (2007b) Strain differences in lithium attenuation of D-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion: a mouse model for the genetics of clinical response to lithium. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1321-1333 (Pubitemid 46788857)
51. Gould TD, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Dow ER, Chen G, Manji HK (2008) Generation and behavioral characterization of [beta]-catenin forebrain-specific conditional knock-out mice. Behav Brain Res 189:117-125
52. Hannah-Poquette C, Anderson GW, Flaisher-Grinberg S, Wang J, Meinerding TM, Einat H (2011) Modeling mania: further validation for black swiss mice as model animals. Behav Brain Res 223:222-226
53. Hara A, Hirose Y, Wang A, Yoshimi N, Tanaka T, Mori H (1996) Localization of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in the human central nervous system. Virchows Arch 429:249-253 (Pubitemid 26402668)
54. Harvey AG (2008) Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. Am J Psychiatry 165:820-829 (Pubitemid 351948714)
55. Henningsen K, Andreasen JT, Bouzinova EV, Jayatissa MN, Jensen MS, Redrobe JP, Wiborg O (2009) Cognitive deficits in the rat chronic mild stress model for depression: relation to anhedonic-like responses. Behav Brain Res 198:136-141
56. Henningsen K, Palmfeldt J, Christiansen S, Baiges I, Bak S, Jensen ON, Gregersen N, Wiborg O (2012) Candidate hippocampal biomarkers of susceptibility and resilience to stress in a rat model of depression. Mol Cell Proteomics 11:M111.016428
57. Henry BL, Minassian A, Young JW, Paulus MP, Geyer MA, Perry W (2010) Cross-species assessments of motor and exploratory behavior related to bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:1296-1306
58. Hiscock KM, Linde JA, Einat H (2007) Black Swiss mice as a new animal model for mania: a preliminary study. J Med Biol Sci 1:1-6
59. Huey LY, Janowsky DS, Judd LL, Abrams A, Parker D, Clopton P (1981) Effects of lithium carbonate on methylphenidate-induced mood, behavior, and cognitive processes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 73:161-164 (Pubitemid 11150291)
60. Insel TR (2007) From animal models to model animals. Biol Psychiatry 62:1337-1339 (Pubitemid 350180731)
61. Kernie SG, Liebl DJ, Parada LF (2000) Bdnf regulates eating behavior and locomotor activity in mice. EMBO J 19:1290-1300 (Pubitemid 30151025)
62. Kripke D, Nievergelt C, Joo EJ, Shekhtman T, Kelsoe J (2009) Circadian polymorphisms associated with affective disorders. J Circadian Rhythms 7:2
63. Krivisky K, Ashkenazy T, Kronfeld-Schor N, Einat H (2011) Antidepressants reverse short-photoperiod-induced, forced swim test depression-like behavior in the diurnal fat sand rat: further support for the utilization of diurnal rodents for modeling affective disorders. Neuropsychobiology 63:191-196
64. Krivisky K, Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N (2012) Effects of morning compared with evening bright light administration to ameliorate short-photoperiod induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in a diurnal rodent model. J Neural Transm 119:1241-1248
65. Kronfeld-Schor N, Einat H (2012) Circadian rhythms and depression: human psychopathology and animal models. Neuropharmacology 62:101-114
66. Kupfer DJ (2005) The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. JAMA 293:2528-2530 (Pubitemid 40705735)
67. Large CH, Einat H, Mahableshwarkar AR (2008) Developing therapeutics for bipolar disorder: from animal models to the clinic. In: McArthur RA, Borsini F (eds) Animal and translational models for CNS drug discovery, vol 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 263-300
68. Le-Niculescu H, McFarland MJ, Ogden CA, Balaraman Y, Patel S, Tan J et al (2008) Phenomic, convergent functional genomic, and biomarker studies in a stress-reactive genetic animal model of bipolar disorder and co-morbid alcoholism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147:134-166 (Pubitemid 351355275)
69. Li X, Liu M, Cai Z, Wang G (2010) Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 during bipolar mania treatment. Bipolar Disord 12:741-752
70. Lien R, Flaisher-Grinberg S, Cleary C, Hejny M, Einat H (2008) Behavioral effects of bcl-2 deficiency: implications for affective disorders. Pharmacol Rep 60:490-498
71. Lucki I, Dalvi A, Mayorga AJ (2001) Sensitivity to the effects of pharmacologically selective antidepressants in different strains of mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 155:315-322 (Pubitemid 32477289)
72. Lyons WE, Mamounas LA, Ricaurte GA, Coppola V, Reid SW, Bora SH et al (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice develop aggressiveness and hyperphagia in conjunction with brain serotonergic abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:15239-15244 (Pubitemid 30019796)
73. Machado-Vieira R, Kapczinski F, Soares JC (2004) Perspectives for the development of animal models of bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:209-224 (Pubitemid 38130126)
74. Malkesman O, Austin DR, Chen G, Manji HK (2009a) Reverse translational strategies for developing animal models of bipolar disorder. Dis Model Mech 2:238-245
75. Malkesman O, Scattoni ML, Paredes D, Tragon T, Pearson B, Shaltiel G et al (2009b) The female urine sniffing test: a novel approach for assessing reward-seeking behavior in rodents. Biol Psychiatry 67:864-871
76. Manji HK, Chen G (2002) PKC, MAP kinases and the BCL-2 family of proteins as long-term targets for mood stabilizers. Mol Psychiatry 7 (Suppl 1):S46-S56
77. Manove E, Levy B (2010) Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: an overview. Postgrad Med 122:7-16
78. Mathew SJ, Manji HK, Charney DS (2008) Novel drugs and therapeutic targets for severe mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2080-2092 (Pubitemid 351992096)
79. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC (2007) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:543-552 (Pubitemid 46718287)
80. Mitchell PJ, Redfern PH (2005) Animal models of depressive illness: the importance of chronic drug treatment. Curr Pharm Des 11:171-203 (Pubitemid 40089840)
81. Monteggia LM, Luikart B, Barrot M, Theobold D, Malkovska I, Nef S et al (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor conditional knockouts show gender differences in depression-related behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 61:187-197 (Pubitemid 46072778)
82. Murphy DL, Brodie HK, Goodwin FK, Bunney WE Jr (1971) Regular induction of hypomania by L-DOPA in bipolar manic-depressive patients. Nature 229:135-136
83. Nelson EE, Winslow JT (2009) Non-human primates: model animals for developmental psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:90-105
84. Nestler EJ, Gould E, Manji H, Buncan M, Duman RS, Greshenfeld HK et al (2002) Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression. Biol Psychiatry 52:503-528 (Pubitemid 35284020)
85. Nielsen CK, Arnt J, Sanchez C (2000) Intracranial self-stimulation and sucrose intake differ as hedonic measures following chronic mild stress: interstrain and interindividual differences. Behav Brain Res 107:21-33
86. Nievergelt CM, Kripke DF, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Kelsoe JR (2005) Examination of the clock gene cryptochrome 1 in bipolar disorder: mutational analysis and absence of evidence for linkage or association. Psychiatr Genet 15:45-52 (Pubitemid 40411570)
87. Nuechterlein KH, Robbins TW, Einat H (2005) Distinguishing separable domains of cognition in human and animal studies: what separations are optimal for targeting interventions? A summary of recommendations from Breakout Group 2 at the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia New Approaches Conference. Schizophr Bull 8:8
88. Perry W, Minassian A, Paulus MP, Young JW, Kincaid MJ, Ferguson EJ et al (2009) A reverse-translational study of dysfunctional exploration in psychiatric disorders: from mice to men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:1072-1080
89. Post RM, Weiss SR, Pert A (1984) Differential effects of carbamazepine and lithium on sensitization and kindling. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8:425-434 (Pubitemid 14051221)
90. Prickaerts J, Moechars D, Cryns K, Lenaerts I, van Craenendonck H, Goris I et al (2006) Transgenic mice overexpressing glycogen synthase kinase 3beta: a putative model of hyperactivity and mania. J Neurosci 26:9022-9029 (Pubitemid 44319393)
91. Redei EE, Ahmadiyeh N, Baum AE, Sasso DA, Slone JL, Solberg LC et al (2001) Novel animal models of affective disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 6:43-67
92. Rondi-Reig L, Lemaigre Dubreuil Y, Martinou JC, Delhaye-Bouchaud N, Caston J, Mariani J (1997) Fear decrease in transgenic mice overexpressing bcl-2 in neurons. Neuroreport 8:2429-2432 (Pubitemid 27308437)
93. Roybal K, Theobold D, Graham A, DiNieri JA, Russo SJ, Krishnan V et al (2007) Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:6406-6411 (Pubitemid 47186107)
94. Scotti MA, Lee G, Stevenson SA, Ostromecki AM, Wied TJ, Kula DJ et al (2011) Behavioral and pharmacological assessment of a potential new mouse model for mania. Physiol Behav 103:376-383
95. Serretti A, Mandelli L (2008) The genetics of bipolar disorder: genome hot regions, genes, new potential candidates and future directions. Mol Psychiatry 13:742-771 (Pubitemid 352032111)
96. Shaldubina A, Einat H, Szechtman H, Shimon H, Belmaker RH (2002) Preliminary evaluation of oral anticonvulsant treatment in the quinpirole model of bipolar disorder. J Neural Transm 109:433-440 (Pubitemid 34251645)
97. Smith GT (2005) On construct validity: issues of method and measurement. Psychol Assess 17:396-408 (Pubitemid 43098485)
98. Soria V, Martinez-Amoros E, Escaramis G, Valero J, Perez-Egea R, García C et al (2010) Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: Cry1 and Npas2 are associated with unipolar major depression and Clock and VIP with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1279-1289
99. Strauss ME, Smith GT (2009) Construct validity: advances in theory and methodology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 5:1-25
100. Suomi SJ (2006) Risk, resilience, and gene × environment interactions in rhesus monkeys. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1094:52-62 (Pubitemid 47092391)
101. Szabo ST, Machado-Vieira R, Yuan P, Wang Y, Wei Y, Falke C et al (2009) Glutamate receptors as targets of protein kinase C in the pathophysiology and treatment of animal models of mania. Neuropharmacology 56:47-55
102. Taghzouti K, Lamarque S, Kharouby M, Simon H (1999) Interindividual differences in active and passive behaviors in the forced-swimming test: implications for animal models of psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 45:750-758 (Pubitemid 29170500)
103. Tecott LH, Nestler EJ (2004) Neurobehavioral assessment in the information age. Nat Neurosci 7:462-466 (Pubitemid 38544576)
104. Van Kammen DP, Murphy DL (1975) Attenuation of the euphoriant and activating effects of D- and L-amphetamine by lithium carbonate treatment. Psychopharmacologia 44:215-224
105. Vetulani J, Marona-Lewicka D, Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L (1987) Stability and variability of locomotor responses of laboratory rodents. I. Native exploratory and basal locomotor activity of Albino-Swiss mice. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 39:273-281
106. Willner P (1995) Animal models of depression: validity and applications. In: Gessa GL, Fratta W, Pani L, Serra G (eds) Depression and mania: from neurobiology to treatment. Raven, New York, pp 19-42
107. Willner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134:319-329 (Pubitemid 28023396)
108. Yan XB, Hou HL, Wu LM, Liu J, Zhou JN (2007) Lithium regulates hippocampal neurogenesis by ERK pathway and facilitates recovery of spatial learning and memory in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology 53:487-495 (Pubitemid 47284182)
109. Young JW, Minassian A, Paulus MP, Geyer MA, Perry W (2007) A reverse-translational approach to bipolar disorder: rodent and human studies in the behavioral pattern monitor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:882-896 (Pubitemid 47285352)
110. Yuan PX, Huang LD, Jiang YM, Gutkind JS, Manji HK, Chen G (2001) The mood stabilizer valproic acid activates mitogen-activated protein kinases and promotes neurite growth. J Biol Chem 276:31674-31683
111. +-ATPase activity in an animal model of mania. J Neural Transm 116:431-436