Solvent controlled energy transfer processes in triarylamine-triazole based dendrimers

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 117, Issue 39, 2013, Pages 19816-19831

  Zieschang, Fabian ^a   Schmiedel, Alexander ^a   Holzapfel, Marco ^a   Ansorg, Kay ^a   Engels, Bernd ^a   Lambert, Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPY DECAY; DIFFERENT SOLVENTS; ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESS; FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY; FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA; FLUORESCENCE UPCONVERSION; SOLVENT RELAXATION; SPECTRAL OVERLAP;

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ANISOTROPY; CHROMOPHORES; DENDRIMERS; ENERGY TRANSFER; FLUORESCENCE; NITROGEN COMPOUNDS;

SOLVENTS;

EID: 84885105455     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp404708x     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Brédas, J.-L.; Beljonne, D.; Coropceanu, V.; Cornil, J. Charge-Transfer and Energy-Transfer Processes in Pi-Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: A Molecular Picture Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4971-5003
2. Adams, D. M.; Brus, L.; Chidsey, C. E. D.; Creager, S.; Creutz, C.; Kagan, C. R.; Kamat, P. V.; Lieberman, M.; Lindsay, S.; Marcus, R. A. Charge Transfer on the Nanoscale: Current Status J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 6668-6697
3. Wasielewski, M. R. Energy, Charge, and Spin Transport in Molecules and Self-Assembled Nanostructures Inspired by Photosynthesis J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 5051-5066
4. Choi, M. S.; Yamazaki, T.; Yamazaki, I.; Aida, T. Bioinspired Molecular Design of Light-Harvesting Multiporphyrin Arrays Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 150-158
5. Frischmann, P. D.; Mahata, K.; Würthner, F. Powering the Future of Molecular Artificial Photosynthesis with Light-Harvesting Metallosupramolecular Dye Assemblies Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 1847-1870
6. Shirota, Y.; Kageyama, H. Charge Carrier Transporting Molecular Materials and Their Applications in Devices Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 953-1010
7. Thelakkat, M. Star-Shaped, Dendrimeric and Polymeric Triarylamines as Photoconductors and Hole Transport Materials for Electro-Optical Applications Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2002, 287, 442-461
8. Ning, Z.; Tian, H. Triarylamine: A Promising Core Unit for Efficient Photovoltaic Materials Chem. Commun. 2009, 5483-5495
9. Yen, H.-J.; Liou, G.-S. Solution-Processable Triarylamine-Based Electroactive High Performance Polymers for Anodically Electrochromic Applications Polym. Chem. 2012, 3, 255-264
10. Saragi, T. P. I.; Spehr, T.; Siebert, A.; Fuhrmann-Lieker, T.; Salbeck, J. Spiro Compounds for Organic Optoelectronics Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1011-1065
11. Louie, J.; Hartwig, J. F.; Fry, A. J. Discrete High Molecular Weight Triarylamine Dendrimers Prepared by Palladium-Catalyzed Amination J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11695-11696
12. Katsuma, K.; Shirota, Y. A Novel Class of Pi-Electron Dendrimers for Thermally and Morphologically Stable Amorphous Molecular Materials Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 223-226
13. Selby, T. D.; Blackstock, S. C. Preparation of a Redox-Gradient Dendrimer. Polyamines Designed for One-Way Electron Transfer and Charge Capture J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12155-12156
14. Bronk, K.; Thayumanavan, S. Synthesis of Nonconjugated Dendrons with a Redox Gradient J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 5559-5567
15. Plater, M. J.; Jackson, T. Polyaromatic Amines. Part 4: Synthesis of Poly(Ethynyl) Linked Aromatic Amines Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 4687-4692
16. Hartwig, J. F.; Goodson, F. E.; Louie, J.; Hauck, S. The Synthesis of Triarylamine Macromolecules by Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1999, 80, 41-42
17. Bronk, K.; Thayumanavan, S. Design and Synthesis of Nonconjugated Monodendrons with Triarylamine Repeating Units Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2057-2060
18. Hirao, Y.; Ino, H.; Ito, A.; Tanaka, K.; Kato, T. High-Spin Radical Cations of a Dendritic Oligoarylamine J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 4866-4872
19. Ito, A.; Yamagishi, Y.; Fukui, K.; Inoue, S.; Hirao, Y.; Furukawa, K.; Kato, T.; Tanaka, K. Trimacrocyclic Arylamine and Its Polycationic States Chem. Commun. 2008, 6573-6575
20. Lor, M.; Thielemans, J.; Viaene, L.; Cotlet, M.; Hofkens, J.; Weil, T.; Hampel, C.; Müllen, K.; Verhoeven, J. W.; Van der Auweraer, M. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Rigid First Generation Triphenylamine Core Dendrimer Substituted with a Peryleneimide Acceptor J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9918-9925
21. Varnavski, O.; Leanov, A.; Liu, L.; Takacs, J.; Goodson, T., III Femtosecond Luminescence Dynamics in a Nonlinear Optical Organic Dendrimer Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2000, 61, 12732-12738
22. Varnavski, O.; Menkir, G.; Goodson, T., III; Burn, P. L. Ultrafast Polarized Fluorescence Dynamics in an Organic Dendrimer Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1120-1122
23. Ranasinghe, M. I.; Varnavski, O. P.; Pawlas, J.; Hauck, S. I.; Louie, J.; Hartwig, J. F.; Goodson, T., III Femtosecond Excitation Energy Transport in Triarylamine Dendrimers J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6520-6521
24. Varnavski, O. P.; Ostrowski, J. C.; Sukhomlinova, L.; Twieg, R. J.; Bazan, G. C.; Goodson, T., III Coherent Effects in Energy Transport in Model Dendritic Structures Investigated by Ultrafast Fluorescence Anisotropy Spectroscopy J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1736-1743
25. Varnavski, O.; Goodson, T., III; Sukhomlinova, L.; Twieg, R. Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics in a Branched Molecule Investigated by Time-Resolved Fluorescence, Transient Absorption, and Three-Pulse Photon Echo Peak Shift Measurements J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10484-10492
26. Goodson, T., III Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Organic Dendrimers and Branched Chromophores Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2005, 56, 581-603
27. Goodson, T., III Optical Excitations in Organic Dendrimers Investigated by Time-Resolved and Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 38, 99-107
28. Wang, Y.; He, G. S.; Prasad, P. N.; Goodson, T., III Ultrafast Dynamics in Multibranched Structures with Enhanced Two-Photon Absorption J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10128-10129
29. Ramakrishna, G.; Bhaskar, A.; Goodson, T., III Ultrafast Excited State Relaxation Dynamics of Branched Donor-Π-Acceptor Chromophore: Evidence of a Charge-Delocalized State J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 20872-20878
30. Hagedorn, K. V.; Varnavski, O.; Hartwig, J.; Goodson, T., III Exciton Trapping in an Organic Dendrimer Possessing No Energy Gradient J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 2235-2238
31. Fron, E.; Pilot, R.; Schweitzer, G.; Qu, J.; Herrmann, A.; Müllen, K.; Hofkens, J.; Van der Auweraer, M.; De Schryver, F. C. Photoinduced Electron-Transfer in Perylenediimide Triphenylamine-Based Dendrimers: Single Photon Timing and Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2008, 7, 597-604
32. Liu, C.; Tang, K.-C.; Zhang, H.; Pan, H.-A.; Hua, J.; Li, B.; Chou, P.-T. Studies of Excited-State Properties of Multibranched Triarylamine End-Capped Triazines J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 12339-12348
33. Parent, M.; Mongin, O.; Kamada, K.; Katan, C.; Blanchard-Desce, M. New Chromophores from Click Chemistry for Two-Photon Absorption and Tuneable Photoluminescence Chem. Commun. 2005, 2029-2031
34. Olley, D. A.; Wren, E. J.; Vamvounis, G.; Fernee, M. J.; Wang, X.; Burn, P. L.; Meredith, P.; Shaw, P. E. Explosive Sensing with Fluorescent Dendrimers: The Role of Collisional Quenching Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 789-794
35. Guo, M.; Varnavski, O.; Narayanan, A.; Mongin, O.; Majoral, J.-P.; Blanchard-Desce, M.; Goodson, T., III Investigations of Energy Migration in an Organic Dendrimer Macromolecule for Sensory Signal Amplification J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 4763-4771
36. Chung, S.-J.; Kim, K.-S.; Lin, T.-C.; He, G. S.; Swiatkiewicz, J.; Prasad, P. N. Cooperative Enhancement of Two-Photon Absorption in Multi-Branched Structures J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 10741-10745
37. Latterini, L.; De Belder, G.; Schweitzer, G.; Van der Auweraer, M.; De Schryver, F. C. Femtosecond Polarized Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of a C3-Symmetric Amino-Substituted Phenylbenzene Derivative Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 295, 11-16
38. Young, J. K.; Devadoss, C.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, P.-W.; Moore, J. S. Ordered Arrays of Chromophors and Redox Centers in Dendritic Macromolecules Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1995, 73, 224-225
39. Varnavski, O.; Yan, X.; Mongin, O.; Blanchard-Desce, M.; Goodson, T., III Strongly Interacting Organic Conjugated Dendrimers with Enhanced Two-Photon Absorption J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 149-162
40. Hwang, I.; Selig, U.; Chen, S. S. Y.; Shaw, P. E.; Brixner, T.; Burn, P. L.; Scholes, G. D. Photophysics of Delocalized Excitons in Carbazole Dendrimers J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 6270-6278
41. Ahn, T. S.; Thompson, A. L.; Bharathi, P.; Müller, A.; Bardeen, C. J. Light-Harvesting in Carbonyl-Terminated Phenylacetylene Dendrimers: The Role of Delocalized Excited States and the Scaling of Light-Harvesting Efficiency with Dendrimer Size J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 19810-19819
42. Bergami, G.; Marchi, E.; Ceroni, P.; Balzani, V. In Designing Dendrimers; Campagne, S.; Ceroni, P; Punteriero, F., Eds.; Wiley: 2012.
43. McRae, E. G.; Kasha, M. The Molecular Exciton Model Phys. Processes Radiat. Biol., Proc. Int. Symp. 1964, 23-42
44. Kasha, M.; Rawls, H. R.; El-Bayoumi, M. A. Exciton Model in Molecular Spectroscopy Pure Appl. Chem. 1965, 11, 371-392
45. Lambert, C.; Gaschler, W.; Schmalzlin, E.; Meerholz, K.; Bräuchle, C. Subchromophore Interactions in Tricyanovinyl-Substituted Triarylamines-a Combined Experimental and Computational Study J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 577-588
46. Vauthey, E. Photoinduced Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 2001-2011
47. Strehmel, B.; Amthor, S.; Schelter, J.; Lambert, C. Two-Photon Absorption of Bis[4-(N,N-Diphenylamino)Phenylethynyl]Arenes ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 893-896
48. Amthor, S.; Lambert, C.; Dümmler, S.; Fischer, I.; Schelter, J. Excited Mixed-Valence States of Symmetrical Donor-Acceptor-Donor Pi Systems J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 5204-5214
49. Strehmel, B.; Sarker, A. M.; Detert, H. The Influence of Sigma and Pi Acceptors on Two-Photon Absorption and Solvatochromism of Dipolar and Quadrupolar Unsaturated Organic Compounds ChemPhysChem 2003, 4, 249-259
50. The triarylamine attached to the triazole carbon atom is the better donor as was proved by cyclic voltammetry and NMR spectroscopy: Zieschang, F.;; Lambert, C., unpublished results.
51. Lakowicz, J. R. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3 rd ed.; Springer: Berlin, 2006; Chapter 4.2.1.
52. Dörr, F. Spectroscopy with Polarized Light Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1966, 78, 457-474
53. Hall, R. D.; Valeur, B.; Weber, G. Polarization of the Fluorescence of Triphenylene-a Planar Molecule with 3-Fold Symmetry Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 116, 202-205
54. Knox, R. S.; Gülen, D. Theory of Polarized Fluorescence from Molecular Pairs: Förster Transfer at Large Electronic Coupling Photochem. Photobiol. 1993, 57, 40-43
55. Knox, R. S.; Gülen, D.; Lotterhos, K. E. Effect of Inhomogeneous Broadening on the Fluorescence Anisotropy of a Square-Symmetric Molecule Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 361, 285-290
56. Wynne, K.; Hochstrasser, R. M. Coherence Effects in the Anisotropy of Optical Experiments Chem. Phys. 1993, 171, 179-188
57. Galli, C.; Wynne, K.; LeCours, S. M.; Therien, M. J.; Hochstrasser, R. M. Direct Measurement of Electronic Dephasing Using Anisotropy Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 206, 493-499
58. Matro, A.; Cina, J. A. Theoretical Study of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy from Coupled Chromophore Pairs J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 2568-2582
59. Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G. A., Gaussian 09, Revision B.01; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2010.
60. Demidov, A. A.; Andrews, D. L. Determination of Fluorescence Polarization and Absorption Anisotropy in Molecular Complexes Having Threefold Rotational Symmetry Photochem. Photobiol. 1996, 63, 39-52
61. Verbouwe, W.; Van der Auweraer, M.; De Schryver, F. C.; Piet, J. J.; Warman, J. M. Excited State Localization or Delocalization in C3-Symmetric Amino-Substituted Triphenylbenzene Derivatives J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1319-1324
62. Valeur, B.; Weber, G. A New Red-Edge Effect in Aromatic Molecules: Anomaly of Apparent Rotation Revealed by Fluorescence Polarization J. Chem. Phys. 1978, 69, 2393-2400
63. 6h Symmetry Chem. Phys. Lett. 1976, 41, 373-377
64. Steeger, M.; Lambert, C. Charge-Transfer Interactions in Tris-Donor-Tris-Acceptor Hexaarylbenzene Redox Chromophores Chem.-Eur. J. 2012, 18, 11937-11948
65. Lambert, C.; Ehbets, J.; Rausch, D.; Steeger, M. Charge-Transfer Interactions in a Multichromophoric Hexaarylbenzene Containing Pyrene and Triarylamines J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 6147-6154
66. Sissa, C.; Painelli, A.; Blanchard-Desce, M.; Terenziani, F. Fluorescence Anisotropy Spectra Disclose the Role of Disorder in Optical Spectra of Branched Intramolecular-Charge-Transfer Molecules J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 7009-7020
67. Glasbeek, M.; Zhang, H. Femtosecond Studies of Solvation and Intramolecular Configurational Dynamics of Fluorophores in Liquid Solution Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 1929-1954
68. Maroncelli, M. The Dynamics of Solvation in Polar Liquids J. Mol. Liq. 1993, 57, 1-37
69. Fleming, G. R.; Cho, M. Chromophore-Solvent Dynamics Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1996, 47, 109-134
70. Fee, R. S.; Maroncelli, M. Estimating the Time-Zero Spectrum in Time-Resolved Emission Measurements of Solvation Dynamics Chem. Phys. 1994, 183, 235-247
71. Horng, M. L.; Gardecki, J. A.; Papazyan, A.; Maroncelli, M. Subpicosecond Measurements of Polar Solvation Dynamics: Coumarin 153 Revisited J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 17311-17337
72. Toele, P.; Van Gorp, J. J.; Glasbeek, M. Femtosecond Fluorescence Studies of Self-Assembled Helical Aggregates in Solution J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 10479-10487
73. Van der Meer, M. J.; Zhang, H.; Glasbeek, M. Femtosecond Fluorescence Upconversion Studies of Barrierless Bond Twisting of Auramine in Solution J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 2878-2887
74. Van Veldhoven, E.; Zhang, H.; Rettig, W.; Brown, R. G.; Hepworth, J. D.; Glasbeek, M. Femtosecond Fluorescence Studies of Two-Dimensional Dynamics in Photoexcited Michler's Ketones Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 363, 189-197
75. Schanz, R.; Kovalenko, S. A.; Kharlanov, V.; Ernsting, N. P. Broad-Band Fluorescence Upconversion for Femtosecond Spectroscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 566-568
76. Although the B3LYP functional is known to underestimate the energy of CT states, the usually better suited long range corrected functional CAM-B3LYP fails completely for M and overestimates the CT energies [ Peach, M. J. G. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128, 044118 ]. Thus, we keep with the B3LYP functional as it reproduces the experimental energies quite well in our case
77. Fakis, M.; Giannetas, V.; Mikroyannidis, J. Ultrafast Solvation and Anisotropy Dynamics in a Tri-Branched Molecule Based on a Triphenylamine Core Dyes Pigm. 2010, 87, 44-48
78. Tretiak, S.; Saxena, A.; Martin, R. L.; Bishop, A. R. Conformational Dynamics of Photoexcited Conjugated Molecules Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 097402/1-097402/4
79. Westenhoff, S.; Beenken, W. J. D.; Friend, R. H.; Greenham, N. C.; Yartsev, A.; Sundstrom, V. Anomalous Energy Transfer Dynamics Due to Torsional Relaxation in a Conjugated Polymer Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 166804/1-166804/4
80. Di Paolo, R. E.; De Melo, S. J.; Pina, J.; Burrows, H. D.; Morgado, J.; Macanita, A. L. Conformational Relaxation of P-Phenylenevinylene Trimers in Solution Studied by Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 2657-2664
81. Busby, E.; Carroll, E. C.; Chinn, E. M.; Chang, L.; Moule, A. J.; Larsen, D. S. Excited-State Self-Trapping and Ground-State Relaxation Dynamics in Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Resolved with Broadband Pump-Dump-Probe Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 2764-2769
82. Ghiggino, K. P.; Yeow, E. K. L.; Haines, D. J.; Scholes, G. D.; Smith, T. A. Mechanisms of Excitation Energy Transport in Macromolecules J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 1996, 102, 81-86
83. Speiser, S. Photophysics and Mechanisms of Intramolecular Electronic Energy Transfer in Bichromophoric Molecular Systems: Solution and Supersonic Jet Studies Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1953-1976
84. Beljonne, D.; Curutchet, C.; Scholes, G. D.; Silbey, R. J. Beyond Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Biological and Nanoscale Systems J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 6583-6599
85. Scholes, G. D. Long-Range Resonance Energy Transfer in Molecular Systems Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2003, 54, 57-87
86. May, V. Beyond the Förster Theory of Excitation Energy Transfer: Importance of Higher-Order Processes in Supramolecular Antenna Systems Dalton Trans. 2009, 10086-10105
87. Hwang, I.; Scholes, G. D. Electronic Energy Transfer and Quantum-Coherence in Pi-Conjugated Polymers Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 610-620
88. May, V.; Kühn, O. Charge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems; Wiley VCH: Weinheim, 2011; Chapter 9.
89. Förster, T. Intermolecular Energy Transference and Fluorescence Ann. Phys. [6 Folge] 1948, 2, 55-75
90. Van der Meer, B. W. Kappa-Squared: From Nuisance to New Sense Rev. Mol. Biotechnol. 2002, 82, 181-196
91. Klan, P.; Wirz, J. Photochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley: 2009; p 160.
92. Thompson, A. L.; Gaab, K. M.; Xu, J. J.; Bardeen, C. J.; Martinez, T. J. Variable Electronic Coupling in Phenylacetylene Dendrimers: The Role of Förster, Dexter, and Charge-Transfer Interactions J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 671-682
93. Leegwater, J. A. Coherent Versus Incoherent Energy Transfer and Trapping in Photosynthetic Antenna Complexes J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 14403-14409
94. Liptay, W.; Wortmann, R.; Schaffrin, H.; Burkhard, O.; Reitinger, W.; Detzer, N. Excited State Dipole Moments and Polarizabilities of Centrosymmetric and Dimeric Molecules. I. Model Study of a Bichromophoric Molecule Chem. Phys. 1988, 120, 429-38
95. Marcus, R. A. Relation between Charge Transfer Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra and the Inverted Region J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 3078-3086
96. Bixon, M.; Jortner, J. Intramolecular Radiationless Transitions J. Chem. Phys. 1968, 48, 715-726
97. Jortner, J. Temperature-Dependent Activation-Energy for Electron-Transfer between Biological Molecules J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 64, 4860-4867
98. Gould, I. R.; Noukakis, D.; Gomez-Jahn, L.; Young, R. H.; Goodman, J. L.; Farid, S. Radiative and Nonradiative Electron Transfer in Contact Radical-Ion Pairs Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 439-56
99. Cortes, J.; Heitele, H.; Jortner, J. Band-Shape Analysis of the Charge-Transfer Fluorescence in Barrelene-Based Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 2527-2536
100. Heckmann, A.; Lambert, C. Neutral Organic Mixed-Valence Compounds: Synthesis and All-Optical Evaluation of Electron-Transfer Parameters J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 5515-5527
101. Kim, Y. H.; Jeong, D. H.; Kim, D.; Jeoung, S. C.; Cho, H. S.; Kim, S. K.; Aratani, N.; Osuka, A. Photophysical Properties of Long Rodlike Meso-Meso-Linked Zinc(II) Porphyrins Investigated by Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopic Methods J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 76-86
102. Kimura, A.; Kakitani, T.; Yamato, T. Theory of Excitation Energy Transfer in the Intermediate Coupling Case. II. Criterion for Intermediate Coupling Excitation Energy Transfer Mechanism and Application to the Photosynthetic Antenna System J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 9276-9287
103. Raghavan, S.; Knox, R. S.; Eberly, J. H. On the Nature of Relaxation among Degenerate Electronic States of Square Molecules Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 326, 207-211
104. Kim, Y. R.; Share, P.; Pereira, M.; Sarisky, M.; Hochstrasser, R. M. Direct Measurements of Energy Transfer between Identical Chromophores in Solution J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 91, 7557-7562
105. Braslavsky, S. E.; Fron, E.; Rodríguez, H. B.; San Román, E.; Scholes, G. D.; Schweitzer, G.; Valeur, B.; Wirz, J. Pitfalls and Limitations in the Practical Use of Förster's Theory of Resonance Energy Transfer Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2008, 7, 1444-1448
106. Knox, R. S.; Van Amerongen, H. Refractive Index Dependence of the Förster Resonance Excitation Transfer Rate J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 5289-5293
107. Maus, M.; De, R.; Lor, M.; Weil, T.; Mitra, S.; Wiesler, U.-M.; Herrmann, A.; Hofkens, J.; Vosch, T.; Müllen, K. Intramolecular Energy Hopping and Energy Trapping in Polyphenylene Dendrimers with Multiple Peryleneimide Donor Chromophores and a Terryleneimide Acceptor Trap Chromophore J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7668-7676
108. Brodard, P.; Matzinger, S.; Vauthey, E.; Mongin, O.; Papamicaeel, C.; Gossauer, A. Investigations of Electronic Energy Transfer Dynamics in Multiporphyrin Arrays J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 5858-5870
109. Morandeira, A.; Vauthey, E.; Schuwey, A.; Gossauer, A. Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Tri- and Hexaporphyrin Arrays J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 5741-5751
110. Yoon, M.-C.; Yoon, Z. S.; Cho, S.; Kim, D.; Takagi, A.; Matsumoto, T.; Kawai, T.; Hori, T.; Peng, X.; Aratani, N. A Hexagonal Prismatic Porphyrin Array: Synthesis, STM Detection, and Efficient Energy Hopping in near-Infrared Region J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 9233-9239
111. Yeow, E. K. L.; Ghiggino, K. P.; Reek, J. N. H.; Crossley, M. J.; Bosman, A. W.; Schenning, A. P. H. J.; Meijer, E. W. The Dynamics of Electronic Energy Transfer in Novel Multiporphyrin Functionalized Dendrimers: A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy Study J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 2596-2606
112. Wachsstock, D. Tenua 2.0; 2005., www.bililite.com (accessed Sept 9, 2013).
113. Reynolds, L.; Gardecki, J. A.; Frankland, S. J. V.; Horng, M. L.; Maroncelli, M. Dipole Solvation in Nondipolar Solvents: Experimental Studies of Reorganization Energies and Solvation Dynamics J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 10337-10354
114. Megerle, U.; Selmaier, F.; Lambert, C.; Riedle, E.; Lochbrunner, S. Symmetry-Dependent Solvation of Donor-Substituted Triarylboranes Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 6245-6251
115. Yang, X.; Dykstra, T. E.; Scholes, G. D. Photon-Echo Studies of Collective Absorption and Dynamic Localization of Excitation in Conjugated Polymers and Oligomers Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2005, 71, 045203/1-045203/15
116. Velapoldi, R. A.; Mielenz, K. D. A Fluorescence Standard Reference Material: Quinine Sulfate Dihydrate; National Bureau of Standards: Washington, DC, 1980.
117. Kahlow, M. A.; Jarzeba, W.; DuBruil, T. P.; Barbara, P. F. Ultrafast Emission Spectroscopy in the Ultraviolet by Time-Gated Upconversion Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1988, 59, 1098-109
118. Xu, J.; Knutson, J. R. Ultrafast Fluorescence Spectroscopy Via Upconversion Applications to Biophysics Methods Enzymol. 2008, 450, 159-183