Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: A meta-analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops

Biological Reviews

Volumn 88, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1002-1021

  Shackelford, Gorm ^a   Steward, Peter R ^a   Benton, Tim G ^a   Kunin, William E ^a   Potts, Simon G ^b   Biesmeijer, Jacobus C ^a,c   Sait, Steven M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^c NATURALIS BIODIVERSITY CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Abundance; Biological control; Complexity; Diversity; Ecosystem service; Pest control; Pest regulation; Pollination; Richness; Stability

Indexed keywords

APOIDEA; ARANEAE; ARTHROPODA; CARABIDAE; COLEOPTERA; STAPHYLINIDAE; VESPOIDEA;

ANIMAL; CROP; ECOSYSTEM; INSECT; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; POLLINATION; SPIDER;

ANIMALS; CROPS, AGRICULTURAL; ECOSYSTEM; INSECTS; POLLINATION; SPIDERS;

EID: 84884974063     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12040     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Albrecht, M., Duelli, P., Muller, C., Kleijn, D. & Schmid, B. (2007). The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 813-822.
2. Ameixa, O. & Kindlmann, P. (2008). Agricultural policy-induced landscape changes: effects on carabid abundance and their biocontrol potential. European Journal of Entomology 105, 467-476.
3. Andow, D. A. (1991). Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 561-586.
4. Anjum-Zubair, M., Schmidt-Entling, M. H., Querner, P. & Frank, T. (2010). Influence of within-field position and adjoining habitat on carabid beetle assemblages in winter wheat. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12, 301-306.
5. Arthur, A. D., Li, J., Henry, S. & Cunningham, S. A. (2010). Influence of woody vegetation on pollinator densities in oilseed Brassica fields in an Australian temperate landscape. Basic and Applied Ecology 11, 406-414.
6. Attwood, S. J., Maron, M., House, A. P. N. & Zammit, C. (2008). Do arthropod assemblages display globally consistent responses to intensified agricultural land use and management? Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 585-599.
7. Backman, J. P. C. & Tiainen, J. (2002). Habitat quality of field margins in a Finnish farmland area for bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Bombus and Psithyrus). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 89, 53-68.
8. Banaszak, J. (1992). Strategy for conservation of wild bees in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 40, 179-192.
9. Banaszak, J. (1996). Ecological bases of conservation of wild bees. In The Conservation of Bees (eds A. Matheson, S. L. Buchmann, C. O'Toole, P. Westrich and I. H. Williams ), pp. 55-62. Academic Press, London.
10. Barbosa, P. (1998). Conservation Biological Control. Academic Press, San Diego.
11. Batáry, P., Andras, B., Kleijn, D. & Tscharntke, T. (2011). Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, 1894-1902.
12. Bennett, E. M., Peterson, G. D. & Gordon, L. J. (2009). Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters 12, 1394-1404.
13. Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. & Wilson, J. D. (2003). Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 182-188.
14. Blanche, R. & Cunningham, S. A. (2005). Rain forest provides pollinating beetles for atemoya crops. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, 1193-1201.
15. Blanche, K. R., Ludwig, J. A. & Cunningham, S. A. (2006). Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in orchards. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1182-1187.
16. Bohart, G. E. (1972). Management of wild bees for the pollination of crops. Annual Review of Entomology 17, 287-312.
17. Bommarco, R. & Banks, J. E. (2003). Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments: effects on herbivores and predators. Oikos 102, 440-448.
18. Bommarco, R., Biesmeijer, J. C., Meyer, B., Potts, S. G., Poyry, J., Roberts, S. P. M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Ockinger, E. (2010). Dispersal capacity and diet breadth modify the response of wild bees to habitat loss. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, 2075-2082.
19. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Wiley, Chichester.
20. Brittain, C., Bommarco, R., Vighi, M., Settele, J. & Potts, S. G. (2010). Organic farming in isolated landscapes does not benefit flower-visiting insects and pollination. Biological Conservation 143, 1860-1867.
21. Bruggisser, O. T., Schmidt-Entling, M. H. & Bacher, S. (2010). Effects of vineyard management on biodiversity at three trophic levels. Biological Conservation 143, 1521-1528.
22. Büchi, R. (2002). Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 90, 255-263.
23. Burel, F., Butet, A., Delettre, Y. R. & Millàn de la Peña, N. (2004). Differential response of selected taxa to landscape context and agricultural intensification. Landscape and Urban Planning 67, 195-204.
24. Cardinale, B. J., Harvey, C. T., Gross, K. & Ives, A. R. (2003). Biodiversity and biocontrol: emergent impacts of a multi-enemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem. Ecology Letters 6, 857-865.
25. Carvalheiro, L. G., Seymour, C. L., Veldtman, R. & Nicolson, S. W. (2010). Pollination services decline with distance from natural habitat even in biodiversity-rich areas. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 810-820.
26. Chacoff, N. P. & Aizen, M. A. (2006). Edge effects on flower-visiting insects in grapefruit plantations bordering premontane subtropical forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 18-27.
27. Chaplin-Kramer, R., O'Rourke, M. E., Blitzer, E. J. & Kremen, C. (2011). A meta-analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity. Ecology Letters 14, 922-932.
28. Clay, J. (2011). Freeze the footprint of food. Nature 475, 287-289.
29. Clough, Y., Holzschuh, A., Gabriel, D., Purtauf, T., Kleijn, D., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2007). Alpha and beta diversity of arthropods and plants in organically and conventionally managed wheat fields. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 804-812.
30. Clough, Y., Kruess, A., Kleijn, D. & Tscharntke, T. (2005). Spider diversity in cereal fields: comparing factors at local, landscape and regional scales. Journal of Biogeography 32, 2007-2014.
31. Cooper, H. & Hedges, L. V. (1994). The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
32. Crawley, M. J. (2007). The R Book. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester.
33. Daily, G. C. (1997). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington.
34. Delaplane, K. S. & Mayer, D. F. (2000). Crop Pollination by Bees. CABI, New York.
35. Drapela, T., Moser, D., Zaller, J. G. & Frank, T. (2008). Spider assemblages in winter oilseed rape affected by landscape and site factors. Ecography 31, 254-262.
36. Duelli, P. & Obrist, M. K. (2003). Regional biodiversity in an agricultural landscape: the contribution of seminatural habitat islands. Basic and Applied Ecology 4, 129-138.
37. Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A. & Lomer, C. (2001). Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. Biocontrol 46, 387-400.
38. Eilers, E. J. & Klein, A. M. (2009). Landscape context and management effects on an important insect pest and its natural enemies in almond. Biological Control 51, 388-394.
39. Fahrig, L., Baudry, J., Brotons, L., Burel, F. G., Crist, T. O., Fuller, R. J., Sirami, C., Siriwardena, G. M. & Martin, J.-L. (2011). Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Ecology Letters 14, 101-112.
40. Fiedler, A. K., Landis, D. A. & Wratten, S. D. (2008). Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: the role of habitat management. Biological Control 45, 254-271.
41. Firle, S., Bommarco, R., Ekbom, B. & Natiello, M. (1998). The influence of movement and resting behavior on the range of three carabid beetles. Ecology 79, 2113-2122.
42. Forehand, L. M., Orr, D. B. & Linker, H. M. (2006). Evaluation of a commercially available beneficial insect habitat for management of Lepidoptera pests. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, 641-647.
43. Foresight (2011). The Future of Food and Farming: Final Project Report. The Government Office for Science, London.
44. Free, J. B. (1993). Insect Pollination of Crops. Academic Press, London.
45. Gabriel, D., Sait, S. M., Hodgson, J. A., Schmutz, U., Kunin, W. E. & Benton, T. G. (2010). Scale matters: the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different spatial scales. Ecology Letters 13, 858-869.
46. Gardiner, M. M., Landis, D. A., Gratton, C., DiFonzo, C. D., O'Neal, M., Chacon, J. M., Wayo, M. T., Schmidt, N. P., Mueller, E. E. & Heimpel, G. E. (2009a). Landscape diversity enhances biological control of an introduced crop pest in the north-central USA. Ecological Applications 19, 143-154.
47. Gardiner, M. M., Landis, D. A., Gratton, C., Schmidt, N., O'Neal, M., Mueller, E., Chacon, J., Heimpel, G. E. & DiFonzo, C. D. (2009b). Landscape composition influences patterns of native and exotic lady beetle abundance. Diversity and Distributions 15, 554-564.
48. Gardiner, M. M., Landis, D. A., Gratton, C., Schmidt, N., O'Neal, M., Mueller, E., Chacon, J. & Heimpel, G. E. (2010). Landscape composition influences the activity density of Carabidae and Arachnida in soybean fields. Biological Control 55, 11-19.
49. Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kremen, C., Morales, J. M., Bommarco, R., Cunningham, S. A., Carvalheiro, L. G., Chacoff, N. P., Dudenhoffer, J. H., Greenleaf, S. S., Holzschuh, A., Isaacs, R., Krewenka, K., Mandelik, Y., Mayfield, M. M., Morandin, L. A., Potts, S. G., Ricketts, T. H., Szentgyorgyi, H., Viana, B. F., Westphal, C., Winfree, R. & Klein, A. M. (2011). Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters 14, 1062-1072.
50. Gemmill-Herren, B. & Ochieng, A. O. (2008). Role of native bees and natural habitats in eggplant (Solanum melongena) pollination in Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 127, 31-36.
51. Greenleaf, S. S. & Kremen, C. (2006a). Wild bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California. Biological Conservation 133, 81-87.
52. Greenleaf, S. S. & Kremen, C. (2006b). Wild bees enhance honey bees' pollination of hybrid sunflower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 13890-13895.
53. Grundel, R., Jean, R. P., Frohnapple, K. J., Glowacki, G. A., Scott, P. E. & Pavlovic, N. B. (2010). Floral and nesting resources, habitat structure, and fire influence bee distribution across an open-forest gradient. Ecological Applications 20, 1678-1692.
54. Gurevitch, J. & Hedges, L. V. (2001). Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments. In Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments (eds S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch ), pp. 347-369. Oxford University Press, New York.
55. Gurr, G. M., Wratten, S. D. & Luna, J. M. (2003). Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: pest management and other benefits. Basic and Applied Ecology 4, 107-116.
56. Hagen, M. & Kraemer, M. (2010). Agricultural surroundings support flower-visitor networks in an Afrotropical rain forest. Biological Conservation 143, 1654-1663.
57. Hagen, M., Wikelski, M. & Kissling, W. D. (2011). Space use of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) revealed by radio-tracking. PLoS ONE 6, 1-10.
58. Hajek, A. E., Hannam, J. J., Nielsen, C., Bell, A. J. & Liebherr, J. K. (2007). Distribution and abundance of Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in central New York. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100, 876-886.
59. Hendrickx, F., Maelfait, J. P., Desender, K., Aviron, S., Bailey, D., Diekotter, T., Lens, L., Liira, J., Schweiger, O., Speelmans, M., Vandomme, V. & Bugter, R. (2009). Pervasive effects of dispersal limitation on within- and among-community species richness in agricultural landscapes. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18, 607-616.
60. Hoehn, P., Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J. M. & Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2008). Functional group diversity of bee pollinators increases crop yield. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, 2283-2291.
61. Hogg, B. N., Bugg, R. L. & Daane, K. M. (2011). Attractiveness of common insectary and harvestable floral resources to beneficial insects. Biological Control 56, 76-84.
62. Holzschuh, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2009). Grass strip corridors in agricultural landscapes enhance nest-site colonization by solitary wasps. Ecological Applications 19, 123-132.
63. Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. & Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal 50, 346-363.
64. Isaacs, R. & Kirk, A. K. (2010). Pollination services provided to small and large highbush blueberry fields by wild and managed bees. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 841-849.
65. Isaacs, R., Tuell, J., Fiedler, A., Gardiner, M. & Landis, D. (2009). Maximizing arthropod-mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the role of native plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7, 196-203.
66. Jervis, M. A. (2007). Insects as Natural Enemies: A Practical Perspective. Springer, Dordrecht.
67. Julier, H. E. & Roulston, T. H. (2009). Wild bee abundance and pollination service in cultivated pumpkins: farm management, nesting behavior and landscape effects. Journal of Economic Entomology 102, 563-573.
68. Kleijn, D., Rundlof, M., Scheper, J., Smith, H. G. & Tscharntke, T. (2011). Does conservation on farmland contribute to halting the biodiversity decline? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, 474-481.
69. Klein, A. M. (2009). Nearby rainforest promotes coffee pollination by increasing spatio-temporal stability in bee species richness. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 1838-1845.
70. Klein, A. M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2006). Rain forest promotes trophic interactions and diversity of trap-nesting hymenoptera in adjacent agroforestry. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 315-323.
71. Klein, A. M., Vaissière, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, 303-313.
72. Koh, L. P., Levang, P. & Ghazoul, J. (2009). Designer landscapes for sustainable biofuels. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 431-438.
73. Kremen, C. (2005). Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters 8, 468-479.
74. Kremen, C. & Chaplin-Kramer, R. (2007). Insects as providers of ecosystem services: crop pollination and pest control. In Insect Conservation Biology: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 23rd Symposium (eds A. J. A. Stewart, T. R. New and O. T. Lewis ), pp. 349-382. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
75. Kremen, C. & Ostfeld, R. S. (2005). A call to ecologists: measuring, analyzing, and managing ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, 540-548.
76. Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Aizen, M. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., LeBuhn, G., Minckley, R., Packer, L., Potts, S. G., Roulston, T., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Vazquez, D. P., Winfree, R., Adams, L., Crone, E. E., Greenleaf, S. S., Keitt, T. H., Klein, A. M., Regetz, J. & Ricketts, T. H. (2007). Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change. Ecology Letters 10, 299-314.
77. Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Bugg, R. L., Fay, J. P. & Thorp, R. W. (2004). The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7, 1109-1119.
78. Kremen, C., Williams, N. M. & Thorp, R. W. (2002). Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 16812-16816.
79. Landis, D. A., Wratten, S. D. & Gurr, G. M. (2000). Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 45, 175-201.
80. Lawton, J. H. & Brown, V. K. (1993). Redundancy in ecosystems. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (eds E. D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney ), pp. 225-270. Springer, New York.
81. Lee, J. C. & Heimpel, G. E. (2005). Impact of flowering buckwheat on Lepidopteran cabbage pests and their parasitoids at two spatial scales. Biological Control 34, 290-301.
82. Letourneau, D. K., Armbrecht, I., Rivera, B. S., Lerma, J. M., Carmona, E. J., Daza, M. C., Escobar, S., Galindo, V., Gutierrez, C., Lopez, S. D., Mejia, J. L., Rangel, A. M. A., Rangel, J. H., Rivera, L., Saavedra, C. A., Torres, A. M. & Trujillo, A. R. (2011). Does plant diversity benefit agroecosystems? A synthetic review. Ecological Applications 21, 9-21.
83. Letourneau, D. K. & Bothwell, S. G. (2008). Comparison of organic and conventional farms: challenging ecologists to make biodiversity functional. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, 430-438.
84. Letourneau, D. K., Jedlicka, J. A., Bothwell, S. G. & Moreno, C. R. (2009). Effects of natural enemy biodiversity on the suppression of arthropod herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40, 573-592.
85. Losey, J. E. & Denno, R. F. (1998). Positive predator-predator interactions: enhanced predation rates and synergistic suppression of aphid populations. Ecology 79, 2143-2152.
86. Luck, G. W., Harrington, R., Harrison, P. A., Kremen, C., Berry, P. M., Bugter, R., Dawson, T. P., de Bello, F., Diaz, S., Feld, C. K., Haslett, J. R., Hering, D., Kontogianni, A., Lavorel, S., Rounsevell, M., Samways, M. J., Sandin, L., Settele, J., Sykes, M. T., van den Hove, S., Vandewalle, M. & Zobel, M. (2009). Quantifying the contribution of organisms to the provision of ecosystem services. Bioscience 59, 223-235.
87. Marshall, E. J. P., West, T. M. & Kleijn, D. (2006). Impacts of an agri-environment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 113, 36-44.
88. Martins, D. J. & Johnson, S. D. (2009). Distance and quality of natural habitat influence hawkmoth pollination of cultivated papaya. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 29, 114-123.
89. McNaughton, S. J. (1977). Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. American Naturalist 111, 515-525.
90. MEA (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington.
91. Menalled, F. D., Lee, J. C. & Landis, D. A. (1999). Manipulating carabid beetle abundance alters prey removal rates in corn fields. Biocontrol 43, 441-456.
92. Michener, C. D. (2007). The Bees of the World. Second Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
93. Miliczky, E. R. & Horton, D. R. (2005). Densities of beneficial arthropods within pear and apple orchards affected by distance from adjacent native habitat and association of natural enemies with extra-orchard host plants. Biological Control 33, 249-259.
94. Morandin, L. A. & Winston, M. L. (2006). Pollinators provide economic incentive to preserve natural land in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 116, 289-292.
95. Morandin, L. A., Winston, M. L., Abbott, V. A. & Franklin, M. T. (2007). Can pastureland increase wild bee abundance in agriculturally intense areas? Basic and Applied Ecology 8, 117-124.
96. Nakagawa, S. & Cuthill, I. C. (2007). Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists. Biological Reviews 82, 591-605.
97. Nash, M. A., Thomson, L. J. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2008). Effect of remnant vegetation, pesticides, and farm management on abundance of the beneficial predator Notonomus gravis (Chaudoir) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Biological Control 46, 83-93.
98. Oberg, S., Mayr, S. & Dauber, J. (2008). Landscape effects on recolonisation patterns of spiders in arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 123, 211-218.
99. Otieno, M., Woodcock, B. A., Wilby, A., Vogiatzakis, I. N., Mauchline, A. L., Gikungu, M. W. & Potts, S. G. (2011). Local management and landscape drivers of pollination and biological control services in a Kenyan agro-ecosystem. Biological Conservation 144, 2424-2431.
100. Palmer, M., Bernhardt, E., Chornesky, E., Collins, S., Dobson, A., Duke, C., Gold, B., Jacobson, R., Kingsland, S., Kranz, R., Mappin, M., Martinez, M. L., Micheli, F., Morse, J., Pace, M., Pascual, M., Palumbi, S., Reichman, O. J., Simons, A., Townsend, A. & Turner, M. (2004). Ecology for a crowded planet. Science 304, 1251-1252.
101. Pease, C. G. & Zalom, F. G. (2010). Influence of non-crop plants on stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and natural enemy abundance in tomatoes. Journal of Applied Entomology 134, 626-636.
102. Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S. & Sarkar, D., R Development Core Team (2010). nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-97.
103. Pluess, T., Opatovsky, I., Gavish-Regev, E., Lubin, Y. & Schmidt-Entling, M. H. (2010). Non-crop habitats in the landscape enhance spider diversity in wheat fields of a desert agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 137, 68-74.
104. Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O. & Kunin, W. E. (2010). Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25, 345-353.
105. Potts, S. G., Vulliamy, B., Dafni, A., Ne'eman, G. & Willmer, P. (2003). Linking bees and flowers: how do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology 84, 2628-2642.
106. Pretty, J., Toulmin, C. & Williams, S. (2011). Sustainable intensification in African agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9, 5-24.
107. Prieto-Benítez, S. & Méndez, M. (2011). Effects of land management on the abundance and richness of spiders (Araneae): a meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 144, 683-691.
108. Pywell, R. F., James, K. L., Herbert, I., Meek, W. R., Carvell, C., Bell, D. & Sparks, T. H. (2005). Determinants of overwintering habitat quality for beetles and spiders on arable farmland. Biological Conservation 123, 79-90.
109. Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D. & Bennett, E. M. (2010). Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 5242-5247.
110. R Development Core Team (2010). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
111. Ricketts, T. H. (2004). Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops. Conservation Biology 18, 1262-1271.
112. Ricketts, T. H., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, P. R. & Michener, C. D. (2004). Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 12579-12582.
113. Ricketts, T. H., Regetz, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C., Bogdanski, A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Greenleaf, S. S., Klein, A. M., Mayfield, M. M., Morandin, L. A., Ochieng, A. & Viana, B. F. (2008). Landscape effects on crop pollination services: are there general patterns? Ecology Letters 11, 499-515.
114. Roschewitz, I., Hucker, M., Tscharntke, T. & Thies, C. (2005). The influence of landscape context and farming practices on parasitism of cereal aphids. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 108, 218-227.
115. Rosenberg, M. S. (2005). The file-drawer problem revisited: a general weighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in meta-analysis. Evolution 59, 464-468.
116. Rosenheim, J. A., Kaya, H. K., Ehler, L. E., Marois, J. J. & Jaffee, B. A. (1995). Intraguild predation among biological-control agents: theory and evidence. Biological Control 5, 303-335.
117. Roulston, T. H. & Goodell, K. (2011). The role of resources and risks in regulating wild bee populations. Annual Review of Entomology 56, 293-312.
118. Rundlof, M., Nilsson, H. & Smith, H. G. (2008). Interacting effects of farming practice and landscape context on bumblebees. Biological Conservation 141, 417-426.
119. Sanchez, P. A. (2010). Tripling crop yields in tropical Africa. Nature Geoscience 3, 299-300.
120. Saska, P., Vodde, M., Heijerman, T., Westerman, P. & van der Werf, W. (2007). The significance of a grassy field boundary for the spatial distribution of carabids within two cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 122, 427-434.
121. Schmidt, M. H., Roschewitz, I., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2005). Differential effects of landscape and management on diversity and density of ground-dwelling farmland spiders. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 281-287.
122. Schmidt, M. H., Thies, C., Nentwig, W. & Tscharntke, T. (2008). Contrasting responses of arable spiders to the landscape matrix at different spatial scales. Journal of Biogeography 35, 157-166.
123. Schmidt-Entling, M. H. & Dobeli, J. (2009). Sown wildflower areas to enhance spiders in arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 133, 19-22.
124. Sharpe, D. (1997). Of apples and oranges, file drawers and garbage: why validity issues in meta-analysis will not go away. Clinical Psychology Review 17, 881-901.
125. Stallman, H. R. (2011). Ecosystem services in agriculture: determining suitability for provision by collective management. Ecological Economics 71, 131-139.
126. Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2003). Importance of habitat area and landscape context for species richness of bees and wasps in fragmented orchard meadows. Conservation Biology 17, 1036-1044.
127. Steffan-Dewenter, I., Munzenberg, U., Burger, C., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2002). Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology 83, 1421-1432.
128. Steingröver, E. G., Geertsema, W. & van Wingerden, W. K. R. E. (2010). Designing agricultural landscapes for natural pest control: a transdisciplinary approach in the Hoeksche Waard (The Netherlands). Landscape Ecology 25, 825-838.
129. Straub, C. S. & Snyder, W. E. (2006). Species identity dominates the relationship between predator biodiversity and herbivore suppression. Ecology 87, 277-282.
130. Suter, R. B. (1999). An aerial lottery: the physics of ballooning in a chaotic atmosphere. Journal of Arachnology 27, 281-293.
131. Symondson, W. O. C., Sunderland, K. D. & Greenstone, M. H. (2002). Can generalist predators be effective biocontrol agents? Annual Review of Entomology 47, 561-594.
132. Taki, H., Okabe, K., Yamaura, Y., Matsuura, T., Sueyoshi, M., Makino, S. & Maeto, K. (2010). Effects of landscape metrics on Apis and non-Apis pollinators and seed set in common buckwheat. Basic and Applied Ecology 11, 594-602.
133. Thomson, L. J. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2010). Natural enemy responses and pest control: importance of local vegetation. Biological Control 52, 160-166.
134. Thomson, L. J., McKenzie, J., Sharley, D. J., Nash, M. A., Tsitsilas, A. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2010). Effect of woody vegetation at the landscape scale on the abundance of natural enemies in Australian vineyards. Biological Control 54, 248-254.
135. Tilman, D. (1999). The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80, 1455-1474.
136. Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 20260-20264.
137. Tscharntke, T., Bommarco, R., Clough, Y., Crist, T. O., Kleijn, D., Rand, T. A., Tylianakis, J. M., van Nouhuys, S. & Vidal, S. (2007). Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. Biological Control 43, 294-309.
138. Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Thies, C. (2005). Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters 8, 857-874.
139. Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J. M., Rand, T. A., Didham, R. K., Fahrig, L., Batáry, P., Bengtsson, J., Clough, Y., Crist, T. O., Dormann, C. F., Ewers, R. M., Fründ, J., Holt, R. D., Holzschuh, A., Klein, A. M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D. A., Laurance, W., Lindenmayer, D., Scherber, C., Sodhi, N., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Thies, C., van der Putten, W. H. & Westphal, C. (2012). Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses. Biological Reviews 87, 661-685.
140. Tuell, J. K., Ascher, J. S. & Isaacs, R. (2009). Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of the Michigan highbush blueberry agroecosystem. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102, 275-287.
141. Vaissière, B. E., Freitas, B. M. & Gemmill-Herren, B. (2011). Protocol to Detect and Assess Pollination Deficits in Crops: A Handbook for its Use. FAO, Rome.
142. Varchola, J. M. & Dunn, J. P. (2001). Influence of hedgerow and grassy field borders on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity in fields of corn. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 83, 153-163.
143. Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36, 1-48.
144. Vollhardt, I. M. G., Tscharntke, T., Wäckers, F. L., Bianchi, F. & Thies, C. (2008). Diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 126, 289-292.
145. Wäckers, F. L. (2004). Assessing the suitability of flowering herbs as parasitoid food sources: flower attractiveness and nectar accessibility. Biological Control 29, 307-314.
146. Wäckers, F. L. & van Rijn, P. C. J. (2005). Food for protection: an introduction. In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects: A Protective Mutualism and its Applications (eds F. L. Wäckers, P. C. J. van Rijn and J. Bruin ), pp. 1-14. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
147. Westerkamp, C. & Gottsberger, G. (2000). Diversity pays in crop pollination. Crop Science 40, 1209-1222.
148. Westphal, C., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2003). Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale. Ecology Letters 6, 961-965.
149. Westrich, P. (1996). Habitat requirements of central European bees and the problems of partial habitats. In The Conservation of Bees (eds A. Matheson, S. L. Buchmann, C. O'Toole, P. Westrich and I. H. Williams ), pp. 1-16. Academic Press, London.
150. Winfree, R., Aguilar, R., Vazquez, D. P., LeBuhn, G. & Aizen, M. A. (2009). A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Ecology 90, 2068-2076.
151. Winfree, R., Griswold, T. & Kremen, C. (2007). Effect of human disturbance on bee communities in a forested ecosystem. Conservation Biology 21, 213-223.
152. Winfree, R. & Kremen, C. (2009). Are ecosystem services stabilized by differences among species? A test using crop pollination. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, 229-237.
153. Wyckhuys, K. A. G. & O'Neil, R. J. (2007). Influence of extra-field characteristics to abundance of key natural enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in subsistence maize production. International Journal of Pest Management 53, 89-99.
154. Yachi, S. & Loreau, M. (1999). Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 1463-1468.
155. Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. (2009). Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. Springer.