Water-Soluble Vitamins in people with low glomerular filtration rate or on dialysis: A Review

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 546-567

  Clase, Catherine M ^a   Ki, Vincent ^a   Holden, Rachel M ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

ASCORBIC ACID; AVITAMINOSIS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

EID: 84884700966     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12099     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Leblanc M, Pichette V, Geadah D, Ouimet D: Folic acid and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate losses during high-efficiency hemodialysis in patients without hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation. J Ren Nutr 10:196-201, 2000
2. Descombes E, Hanck AB, Fellay G: Water soluble vitamins in chronic hemodialysis patients and need for supplementation. Kidney Int 43:1319-1328, 1993
3. Foque D, Vennegoor M, Ter Wee P, Wanner C, Basci A: EBPG Guideline on Nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(Suppl 2):ii45-ii87, 2007
4. Wooley JA: Characteristics of thiamin and its relevance to the management of heart failure [Review] [31 refs]. Nutr Clin Pract 23:487-493, 2008
5. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin D12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin and Choline. www.nap.edu. 1998. The National Academies
6. Porrini M, Simonetti P, Ciappellano S, et al.: Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status in chronic renal insufficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 59:304-308, 1989
7. Ramirez G, Chen M, Boyce HW Jr, et al.: Longitudinal follow-up of chronic hemodialysis patients without vitamin supplementation. Kidney Int 30:99-106, 1986a
8. Blumberg A, Hanck A, Sander G: Vitamin nutrition in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Clin Nephrol 20:244-250, 1983
9. Frank T, Czeche K, Bitsch R, Stein G: Assessment of thiamin status in chronic renal failure patients, transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients receiving a multivitamin supplementation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 70:159-166, 2000
10. Descombes E, Boulat O, Perriard F, Fellay G: Water-soluble vitamin levels in patients undergoing high-flux hemodialysis and receiving long-term oral postdialysis vitamin supplementation. Artif Organs 24:773-778, 2000
11. Heinz J, Domrose U, Westphal S, Luley C, Neumann KH, Dierkes J: Washout of water-soluble vitamins and of homocysteine during haemodialysis: effect of high-flux and low-flux dialyser membranes. Nephrology 13:384-389, 2008
12. Ramirez G, Chen M, Boyce HW Jr, et al.: The plasma and red cell vitamin B levels of chronic hemodialysis patients: a longitudinal study. Nephron 42:41-46, 1986b
13. Descombes E, Dessibourg CA, Fellay G: Acute enceaphalopathy due to thiamine deficiciency (Wenicke's encephalopathy) in a chronic hemodialyzed patient; a case report. Clin Nephrol 35:171-175, 1991
14. Ihara M, Ito T, Yanagihara C, Nishimura Y: Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with hemodialysis: report of two cases and review of the literature [Review] [13 refs]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 101:118-121, 1999
15. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Huang TP: Chorea induced by thiamine deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 37:427-430, 2001a
16. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP: Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:941-947, 2001b
17. Coveney N, Polkinghorne KR, Linehan L, Corradini A, Kerr PG: Water-soluble vitamin levels in extended hours hemodialysis. Hemodial Int, International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis 15:30-38, 2011
18. Fouque D, Vennegoor M, ter Wee P, et al.: EBPG guideline on nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(Suppl 2):ii45-87, 2007
19. K/DOQI workgroup: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45(4 Suppl 3):S1-S153, 2005
20. Kannampuzha J, Donnelly SM, McFarlane PA, et al.: Glutathione and riboflavin status in supplemented patients undergoing home nocturnal hemodialysis versus standard hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 20:199-208, 2010
21. Kastelein JJ, Bots ML: Statin therapy with ezetimibe or niacin in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 361:2180-2183, 2009
22. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al.: Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease.[Summary for patients in Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 Nov;4(6):486; PMID: 12379170]. N Engl J Med 345:1583-1592, 2001
23. Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME, et al.: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial. Arch Intern Med 162:1568-1576, 2002
24. Eto N, Miyata Y, Ohno H, Yamashita T: Nicotinamide prevents the development of hyperphosphataemia by suppressing intestinal sodium-dependent phosphate transporter in rats with adenine-induced renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1378-1384, 2005
25. ller D, Mehling H, Otto B, et al.: Niacin lowers serum phosphate and increases HDL cholesterol in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:1249-1254, 2007
26. Takahashi Y, Tanaka A, Nakamura T, et al.: Nicotinamide suppresses hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 65:1099-1104, 2004
27. Rutkowski P, Slominska EM, Wolyniec W, et al.: Nicotinamide metabolites accumulate in the tissues of uremic rats. J Ren Nutr 18:56-59, 2008
28. Slominska EM, Smolenski RT, Osborne F, Swierczynski J, Yacoub MH: The effect of N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide-A nicotinamide catabolite on poly ADP-rybosylation and oxidative stress injury in endothelial cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 24:259-262, 2005
29. Slominska EM, Smolenski RT, Szolkiewicz M, et al.: Accumulation of plasma N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide in patients with chronic renal failure. Mol Cell Biochem 231:83-88, 2002
30. Kopple JD, Swendseid ME: Vitamin nutrition in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. [Review] [42 refs]. Kidney Int Suppl 2:79-84, 1975
31. Linder MC: Nutrition and metabolism of vitamins. In: Linder MC (ed). Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism with Clinical Applications, 1st ed. New York, New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., 1985:69-132
32. Hellmann H, Mooney S: Vitamin B6: a molecule for human health? Molecules 15:442-459, 2010
33. Kakuta T, Tanaka R, Satoh Y, et al.: Pyridoxamine improves functional, structural, and biochemical alterations of peritoneal membranes in uremic peritoneal dialysis rats. Kidney Int 68:1326-1336, 2005
34. Nakamura S, Niwa T: Pyridoxal phosphate and hepatocyte growth factor prevent dialysate-induced peritoneal damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:144-150, 2005
35. Selhub J, Miller JW: The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia: interruption of the coordinate regulation by S-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 55:131-138, 1992
36. Miller JW, Nadeau MR, Smith D, Selhub J: Vitamin B-6 deficiency vs folate deficiency: comparison of responses to methionine loading in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 59:1033-1039, 1994
37. Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins. http://wwwiomedu/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Vitaminsashx (last accessed December 03, 2010) [serial online] 2001
38. Hathcock JN: Vitamins and minerals: efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 66:427-437, 1997
39. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE: Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 49:31-62, 1998
40. Malouf R, Grimley EJ: The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD004393, 2003
41. Kasama R, Koch T, Canals-Navas C, Pitone JM: Vitamin B6 and hemodialysis: the impact of high-flux/high-efficiency dialysis and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 27:680-686, 1996
42. Ross EA, Shah GM, Reynolds RD, Sabo A, Pichon M: Vitamin B6 requirements of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 36:702-706, 1989
43. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Svac J, Dlhopolcek P, Zemberova E: Peritoneal clearance and peritoneal transfer of oxalic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Artif Organs 22:784-788, 1998
44. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K: Erythrocyte vitamins B1, B2 and B6 and erythropoietin. Am J Nephrol 13:464-466, 1993
45. Okada H, Moriwaki K, Kanno Y, et al.: Vitamin B6 supplementation can improve peripheral polyneuropathy in patients with chronic renal failure on high-flux haemodialysis and human recombinant erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1410-1413, 2000
46. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Zemberova E: Metabolism of vitamin B6 and its requirement in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl 62:S56-S59, 1997
47. Marangella M: Transplantation strategies in type 1 primary hyperoxaluria: the issue of pyridoxine responsiveness. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:301-303, 1999
48. Shah GM, Ross EA, Sabo A, Pichon M, Reynolds RD, Bhagavan H: Effects of ascorbic acid and pyridoxine supplementation on oxalate metabolism in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 20:42-49, 1992
49. Nascimento MM, Suliman ME, Murayama Y, et al.: Effect of high-dose thiamine and pyridoxine on advanced glycation end products and other oxidative stress markers in hemodialysis patients: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Ren Nutr 16:119-124, 2006
50. Moriwaki K, Kanno Y, Nakamoto H, Okada H, Suzuki H: Vitamin B6 deficiency in elderly patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 16:308-312, 2000
51. de Koning L, Hu FB: Homocysteine lowering in end-stage renal disease: is there any cardiovascular benefit? Circulation 121:1379-1381, 2010
52. Keipert JA: Oral use of biotin in seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy: a controlled trial. Med J Aust 1:584-585, 1976
53. Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Viatmin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998). http://www.nap.edu/openbookphp?record_id=6015&page=378 (last accessed December 16, 2010) [serial online] 378-379, 1998
54. Yatzidis H, Koutsicos D, Agroyannis B, Papastephanidis C, Francos-Plemenos M, Delatola Z: Biotin in the management of uremic neurologic disorders. Nephron 36:183-186, 1984
55. Jung U, Helbich-Endermann M, Bitsch R, Schneider S, Stein G: Are patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) deficient in biotin and is regular biotin supplementation required? Z Ernahrungswiss 37:363-367, 1998
56. Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Geohas J, Juturu V, Finch MR, Komorowski JR: Combination of chromium and biotin improves coronary risk factors in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Cardiometab Syndr 2:91-97, 2007
57. Geohas J, Daly A, Juturu V, Finch M, Komorowski JR: Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am J Med Sci 333:145-153, 2007
58. Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, Goldfine ID: Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 24:41-51, 2008
59. Pawlowski A, Kostanecki W: Effect of biotin on hair roots and sebum excretion in women with diffuse alopecia. Pol Med J 5:447-452, 1966
60. Livaniou E, Evangelatos GP, Ithakissios DS, Yatzidis H, Koutsicos DC: Serum biotin levels in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Nephron 46:331-332, 1987
61. Schaefer RM, Kosch M, Teschner M: Folate metabolism in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(Suppl 5):24-27, 2002
62. United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18. Nutrient lists. http://www.arsusda.gov/Services/docshtm?docid=9673 [serial online] 2010 (last accessed January 2013)
63. Fischbach FT, Dunning MB (eds). Vitamins in human nutrition. In: A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008: 1193
64. Choumenkovitch SF, Jacques PF, Nadeau MR, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J: Folic acid fortification increases red blood cell folate concentrations in the Framingham study. J Nutr 131:3277-3280, 2001
65. Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Viatmin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998). http://www.nap.edu/openbookphp?record_id=6015&page=201 (last accessed December 16, 2010) [serial online] 1998;201
66. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA: Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD004514, 2003
67. Public Health Agency of Canada: Evaluation of Food Fortification with Folic Acid for the Primary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. http://www.phac-aspcgcca/publicat/faaf/chap3-eng.php (last accessed December 06, 2010) [serial online] 2004
68. Berry RJ, Bailey L, Mulinare J, Bower C: Fortification of flour with folic acid. Food Nutr Bull 31:S22-S35, 2010
69. Food Safety Auhority of Ireland: Report of the National Committee on Folic Acid Food Fortification. ISBN 1-9004465-43-9. 2006
70. Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Viatmin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998). http://www.nap.edu/openbookphp?record_id=6015&page=261 (last accessed December 16, 2010) [serial online]261-263, 1998
71. Polonsky TS, McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, et al.: Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. JAMA 303:1610-1616, 2010
72. Malouf R, Grimley EJ: Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD004514, 2008a
73. Taylor MJ, Carney SM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR: Folate for depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 18:251-256, 2004
74. Lee EY, Kim JS, Lee HJ, et al.: Do dialysis patients need extra folate supplementation? Adv Perit Dial 15:247-250, 1999
75. Billion S, Tribout B, Cadet E, et al.: Hyperhomocysteinaemia, folate and vitamin B12 in unsupplemented haemodialysis patients: effect of oral therapy with folic acid and vitamin B12. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:455-461, 2002
76. Reference values for plasma homocysteine and folate levels in Korean adults. http://aphaconfex.com/apha/135am/techprogram/paper_159997htm [serial online] 2007 (last accessed January 2013)
77. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B: Are the recommendations on the prevention of neural tube defects working? Eur J Med Genet 49:461-465, 2006
78. De Vecchi AF, Bamonti-Catena F, Finazzi S, et al.: Homocysteine, vitamin B12, and serum and erythrocyte folate in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 20:169-173, 2000
79. Goto S, Fujii H, Kim JI, Fukagawa M: Homocysteine and folic acid levels in hemodialysis patients treated with sevelamer hydrochloride. Clin Nephrol 73:420-425, 2010
80. Food Standards Authority UK: Folic acid fortification. http://www.eatwell.govuk/healthissues/factsbehindissues/folicacid/#elem377019 last accessed December 08, 2010 [serial online] 2010
81. Randaccio L, Geremia S, Demitri N, Wuerges J: Vitamin B12: unique metalorganic compounds and the most complex vitamins. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 15:3228-3259, 2010
82. CPhA: Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin-hydroxocobalamin). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties. 2011
83. Vogiatzoglou A, Smith AD, Nurk E, et al.: Dietary sources of vitamin B-12 and their association with plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in the general population: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1078-1087, 2009
84. Ganong WF: Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin). Toronto: McGraw-Hills Companies; 2005;312, 313, 315, 477, 496, 623
85. Allen LH: How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency ? Am J Clin Nutr 89:s693-s696, 2009
86. Nava-Ocampo A, Pastrak A, Cruz T, Koren G: Pharmacokinetics of high doses of cyanocobalamin administered by intravenous injection for 26 weeks in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32:13-18, 2005
87. Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John R, et al.: Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 3:CD004655, 2005
88. Davey GK, Spencer E, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ: EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 6:259-269, 2003
89. Campbell AK, Miller JW, Green R, Haan MN, Allen LH: Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in an elderly Latino population are predicted by serum gastrin concentrations and crystalline vitamin B-12 intake. J Nutr 133:2770-2776, 2003
90. McColl KEL: Effect of proton pump inhibitors on vitamins and iron. Am J Gastroenterol 104:s5-s9, 2009
91. Matteini AM, Walston JD, Bandeen-Roche K, et al.: Transcobalamin-II variants, decreased vitamin B12 availability and increased risk of frailty. J Nutr Health Aging 14:73-77, 2010
92. Sturtzel B, Dietrich A, Wagner KH, Gisinger C, Elmadfa I: The status of vitamins B6, B12, folate, and of homocysteine in geriatric home residents receiving laxatives or dietary fiber. J Nutr Health Aging 14:219-223, 2010
93. IOM: Dietary Reference Intakes - Vitamins. 2001. Washington D.C., The National Academies of Science
94. Kwan LL, Bermudez OI, Tucker KL: Low vitamin B-12 intake and status are more prevalent in Hispanic older adults of Caribbean origin than in neighborhood-matched non-Hispanic whites. J Nutr 132:2059-2064, 2002
95. Green R, Miller JW: Vitamin B12 deficiency is the dominant nutritional cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in a folic acid-fortified population. Clin Chem Lab Med 43:1048-1051, 2005
96. Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Refsum H, et al.: Homocysteine and its disulfide derivatives: a suggested consensus terminology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1704-1706, 2000
97. MartÃ--Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Salanti G: Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 4:CD006612, 2009
98. McCully KS: Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 56:111-128, 1969
99. Boushey CJ, Beresford S, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG: A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 274:1049-1057, 1995
100. McCaddon a, Hudson P, Davies G, Hughes A, Williams JH, Wilkinson C: Homocysteine and cognitive decline in healthy elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12:309-313, 2001
101. Smith AD, Refsum H: Vitamin B-12 and cognition in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 89:707S-711S, 2009
102. Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PW, Stabler SP, Allen RH: Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Nutr 60:2-11, 1994
103. Collin SM, Metcalfe C, Refsum H, et al.: Circulating Folate, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, Vitamin B12 Transport Proteins, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: a Case-Control Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1632-1642, 2010
104. Lee M, Hong KS, Chang SC, Saver JL: Efficacy of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic Acid in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Stroke 41:1205-1212, 2010
105. Miller ER, Juraschek S, Pastor-Barriuso R, Bazzano L, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels. Am J Cardiol 106:517-527, 2010
106. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, et al.: Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. Arch Intern Med 170:1622-1631, 2010
107. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al.: Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med 354:1567-1577, 2006
108. Saposnik G, Ray JG, Sheridan P, Mcqueen M, Lonn E, Investigators H: Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy and Stroke Risk, Severity, and Disability: Additional Findings From the HOPE 2 Trial. Stroke 40:1365-1372, 2009
109. The VITATOPS Trial Study Group: Articles B vitamins in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial: a randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9:855-865, 2010
110. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) Collaborative Group: Effects of homocysteine-lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B12 vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial. JAMA 303:2486-2494, 2010
111. Ellinson M, Thomas J, Patterson A: A critical evaluation of the relationship between serum vitamin B, folate and total homocysteine with cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Hum Nutr Diet 17:371-383, 2004
112. Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, et al.: High-dose B Vitamin Supplementation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease. JAMA 300:1774-1783, 2008
113. Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Joosten LW, et al.: Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 84:361-370, 2006
114. Ford AH, Flicker L, Alfonso H, et al.: Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid for cognition in older men. Neurology 75:1540-1547, 2010
115. Kang JH, Cook N, Manson JA, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F: A trial of B vitamins and cognitive function among women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 88:1602-1610, 2008
116. McMahon J, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM: A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med 354:2764-2772, 2006
117. Stott DJ, MacIntosh G, Lowe GDO, et al.: Randomized controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering vitamin treatment in elderly patients with vascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 82:1320-1326, 2005
118. Sun Y, Lu CJ, Chien KL, Chen ST, Chen RC: Efficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patients. Clin Ther 29:2204-2214, 2007
119. van Uffelen JGZ, Chinapaw MJM, van Mechelen W, Hopman-Rock M: Walking or vitamin B for cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 42:344-351, 2008
120. Malouf R, Areosa S: Vitamin B12 for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 3:CD004394, 2003
121. Heinz J, Kropf S, Domröse U, et al.: B vitamins and the risk of total mortality and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 121:1432-1438, 2010
122. Fehrman-Ekholm I, Lotsander A, Logan K, Dunge D, Odar-Cederlöf I, Kallner A: Concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin B12 and folic acid in patients treated with hemodialysis and on-line hemodiafiltration or hemofiltration. Scand J Urol Nephrol 42:74-80, 2008
123. Heinz J, Kropf S, Luley C, Dierkes J: Homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients treated by dialysis: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 54:478-489, 2009
124. Clement L, Boylan M, Miller VG, Rockwell M, Allred K: Serum levels of folate and cobalamin are lower in depressed than in nondepressed hemodialysis subjects. J Ren Nutr 17:343-349, 2007
125. Hoffer J: Editorial: Renal Failure, homocysteine and the pharmacology of vitamin B12. Metabolism 51:399-402, 2002
126. Hoffer LJ, Elian KM: Parenteral vitamin B12 therapy of hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease. Clin Invest Med 27:10-13, 2004
127. Hoffer LJ, Djahangirian O, Bourgouin PE, Eid J, Saboohi F: Comparative effects of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin on plasma homocysteine concentrations in end-stage renal disease. Metabolism 54:1362-1367, 2005
128. Brady CB, Gaziano JM, Cxypoliski RA, et al.: Homocysteine lowering and cognition in CKD: the Veterans Affairs homocysteine study. Am J Kidney Dis 54:440-449, 2009
129. Jamison RL, Hartigan P, Kaufman JS, et al.: Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:1163-1170, 2007
130. Mann JFE, Sheridan P, McQueen MJ, et al.: Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in people with chronic kidney disease-results of the renal Hope-2 study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:645-653, 2008a
131. Potter K, Hankey GJ, Green DJ, Eikelboom J, Jamrozik K, Arnolda LF: The effect of long-term homocysteine-lowering on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 8:24, 2008
132. Carmel R: Efficacy and safety of fortification and supplementation with vitamin B12: biochemical and physiological effects. Food Nutr Bull 29:S177-S187, 2008
133. Milton K: Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? Nutrition 15:488-498, 1999
134. Bartholomew M: James Lind's Treatise of the Scurvy (1753). Postgrad Med J 78:695-696, 2002
135. Deicher R, Ziai F, Bieglmayer C, Schillinger M, Horl WH: Low total vitamin C plasma level is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1811-1818, 2005
136. Food and Nutrition Board and Panel on Deitary Antioxidants and Related Compounds: Vitamin C, in: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. 95-185. 2000. Washington DC, National Academy Press
137. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J: A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:9842-9846, 2001
138. Pauling L. Vitamin C the Common Cold and the Flu. New York: W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1977
139. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al.: Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3704-3709, 1996
140. Canavese C, Petrarulo M, Massarenti P, et al.: Long-term, low-dose, intravenous vitamin C leads to plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:540-549, 2005
141. Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, Stahelin HB, Eichholzer M, Ludin E: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 57:787S-797S, 1993
142. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20, 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360:23-33, 2002
143. Long CL, Maull KI, Krishnan RS, et al.: Ascorbic acid dynamics in the seriously ill and injured. J Surg Res 109:144-148, 2003
144. Douglas RM, Hemila H, Chalker E, Treacy B: Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD000980, 2007
145. Takahashi N, Morimoto S, Okigaki M, Seo M, Someya K, Morita R et al.: Decrease plasma level of vitamin C in chronic kidney disease: comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26:1252-1257, 2011.
146. Bohm V, Tiroke K, Schneider S, Sperschneider H, Stein G, Bitsch R: Vitamin C status of patients with chronic renal failure, dialysis patients and patients after renal transplantation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67:262-266, 1997
147. Richter A, Kuhlmann MK, Seibert E, Kotanko P, Levin NW, Handelman GJ: Vitamin C deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:2058-2063, 2008
148. Lee EJ, Myint CC, Tay ME, Yusuf N, Ong CN: Serum ascorbic acid and protein calorie malnutrition in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 17:219-222, 2001
149. Singer R, Rhodes HC, Chin G, Kulkarni H, Ferrari P: High prevalence of ascorbate deficiency in an Australian peritoneal dialysis population. Nephrology (Carlton) 13:17-22, 2008
150. Morena M, Cristol JP, Bosc JY, et al.: Convective and diffusive losses of vitamin C during haemodiafiltration session: a contributive factor to oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:422-427, 2002
151. Shah GM, Ross EA, Sabo A, Pichon M, Bhagavan H, Reynolds RD: Ascorbic acid supplements in patients receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 18:84-90, 1991
152. ClinicalTrials.gov: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [serial online] 2010 (last accessed January 2013)
153. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K: Renal replacement therapy and secondary hyperoxalemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl 78:S304-S307, 2001
154. Pru C, Eaton J, Kjellstrand C: Vitamin C intoxication and hyperoxalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 39:112-116, 1985
155. Deved V, Poyah P, James MT, et al.: Ascorbic acid for anemia management in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 54:1089-1097, 2009
156. Yang CC, Hsu SP, Wu MS, Hsu SM, Chien CT: Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress. Kidney Int 69:706-714, 2006
157. Weissinger EM, Nguyen-Khoa T, Fumeron C, et al.: Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation in hemodialysis patients: a proteomic assessment. Proteomics 6:993-1000, 2006
158. Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, et al.: Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 359:1108-1113, 2002
159. Khajehdehi P, Mojerlou M, Behzadi S, Rais-Jalali GA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementary vitamins E, C and their combination for treatment of haemodialysis cramps. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1448-1451, 2001
160. Deira J, Diego J, Martinez R, et al.: Comparative study of intravenous ascorbic acid versus low-dose desferroxamine in patients on hemodialysis with hyperferritinemia. J Nephrol 16:703-709, 2003
161. http://www.dialyvite.net/images/Prod%20Comparison%20Chart.pdf last accessed March 11, 2013
162. http://www.bcrenalagency.ca/NR/rdonlyres/5B9FB42A-1342-4BBE-8017-DF488974DDFD/54303/CKDreplavite_updated_Nov_2011.pdf last accessed March 11, 2013
163. Holden RM, Ki V, Ross Morton A, Clase CM: Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Advanced CKD/ESKD: a review. Semin Dial 25:334-343, 2012
164. Skoupy S, dinger M, Veitl M, et al.: Riboflavin is a determinant of total homocysteine plasma concentrations in end-stage renal disease patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1331-1337, 2002
165. Seabrook GR, Karp D, Schmitt DD, Bandyk DF, Towne JB: An outpatient anticoagulation protocol managed by a vascular nurse-clinician. Am J Surg 160:501-505, 1990
166. University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine ID: Serum and RBC folate. https://deptswashington.edu/labweb/Divisions/Imm/ImmTesting/FOLATE HTML [serial online] 2010
167. Pfeiffer CM, Caudill SP, Gunter EW, Osterloh J, Sampson EJ: Biochemical indicators of B vitamin status in the US population after folic acid fortification: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Am J Clin Nutr. 82:442-450, 2005.
168. Biesalski HK: Parenteral ascorbic acid in haemodialysis patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11:741-746, 2008
169. Hultqvist M, Hegbrant J, Nilsson-Thorell C, et al.: Plasma concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and/or malondialdehyde as markers of oxygen free radical production during hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 47:37-46, 1997
170. Jackson P, Loughrey CM, Lightbody JH, McNamee PT, Young IS: Effect of hemodialysis on total antioxidant capacity and serum antioxidants in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 41:1135-1138, 1995