Determinants of hospital mortality among patients with sepsis or septic shock receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment

Current Infectious Disease Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 400-406

  McEvoy, Colleen ^a   Kollef, Marin H ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Appropriate antibiotics; Fluid balance; Hospital mortality; Pathogens; Sepsis; Septic shock

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INSULIN; LACTIC ACID; OSELTAMIVIR; PLACEBO; SEDATIVE AGENT;

2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; AGE; ANEMIA; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DELIRIUM; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; FLUID BALANCE; FLUID RESUSCITATION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LACTATE METABOLISM; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; METABOLISM; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PENICILLIN RESISTANCE; PREVALENCE; PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEPSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TRANSFUSION;

EID: 84884591153     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: 15343146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0361-1     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. •• Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:580-637. The latest evidence-based guidelines from the Society of Critical Care Medicine for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock.
2. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated cost of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1303-10.
3. Quenot JP, Binquet C, Kara F. The epidemiology of septic shock in French intensive care units: the prospective multicenter cohort EPISS study. Crit Care. 2013;17:R65.
4. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1546-54.
5. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368-77.
6. Kollef MH. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and treatment of serious bacterial infections: getting it right up front. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:S3-13.
7. Labelle A, Juang P, Reichley R, et al. The determinants of hospital mortality among patients with septic shock receiving appropriate initial antibiotic treatment. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2016-21.
8. Harbarth S, Garbino J, Pugin J, et al. Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis. Am J Med. 2003;115:529-35.
9. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;118:146-55.
10. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115:462-74.
11. Micek ST, Lloyd AE, Ritchie DJ, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1306-11.
12. Shorr AF, Micek ST, Welch EC, et al. Inappropriate antibiotic therapy in Gram-negative sepsis increases hospital length of stay. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:46-51.
13. Hotchkiss R, Karl I. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:138-50.
14. Puskarich MA, Marchick MR, Kline JA, et al. One year mortality of patients treated with an emergency department based early goal directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock: a before and after study. Crit Care. 2009;13:R167.
15. Martin G, Mannino D, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:15-21.
16. Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, et al. The role of infection and comorbidity factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2576-82.
17. Pittet D, Thievent B, Wenzel RP, et al. Importance of pre-existing co-morbidities for prognosis of septicemia in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19:265-72.
18. Johnston JA, Wagner DP, Timmons S, et al. Impact of different measures of comorbid disease on predicted mortality of intensive care unit patients. Med Care. 2002;40:929-40.
19. Esper AM, Martin GS. The impact of comorbid [corrected] conditions on critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2728-35.
20. Christensen S, Johansen MB, Christiansen CF, et al. Comparison of Charlson comorbidity index with SAPS and APACHE scores for prediction of mortality following intensive care. Clin Epidemiol. 2011;3:203-11.
21. Williams M, Braun LA, Copper LM, et al. Hospitalized cancer patients with severe sepsis: analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs of care. Crit Care. 2004;8:R291-8.
22. Legrand M, Max A, Peigne V, et al. Survival in neutropenic patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:43-9.
23. Hogue CW, Stearns JD, Colantuoni, et al. The Impact of obesity on outcomes after critical illness: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2009;7:1152-70.
24. Arabi YM, Dara SI, Tamim HM, et al. Clinical characteristics, sepsis interventions and outcomes in the obese patients with septic shock: an international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2013;17:R72.
25. • Leentjens J, Kox M, van De Hoeven JG, et al. Immunotherapy for adjunctive treatment of sepsis: from immunosuppression to immunostimulation. Time for paradigm change? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:1287-93. A review highlighting the evidence and rationale for future trials to examine immune stimulatory therapies as a way to improve outcomes in patients with septic shock.
26. Jones AE, Trzeciak S, Kline J. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score for predicting outcome in patients with severe sepsis and evidence of hypoperfusion at the time of emergency department presentation. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1649-54.
27. Levy MM, Macias WL, Vincet JL, et al. Early changes in organ function predict eventual survival in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2194-201.
28. Takasu O, Gaut JP, Watanabe E, et al. Mechanisms of cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients dying of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:509-17.
29. Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, et al. EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:580-8.
30. Del Sorbo L, Slutsky AS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:1-6.
31. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301-8.
32. Guerin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2159-68.
33. Schrier RW, Wang W. Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:159-69.
34. Kramer L, Jordan B, Druml W, et al. Incidence and prognosis of early hepatic dysfunction in critically ill patients - a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1099-104.
35. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291:1753-62.
36. Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2010;14:R38.
37. Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, et al. Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;303:739-46.
38. Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, et al. Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1670-7.
39. Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, et al. Whole blood lactate kinetics in patients undergoing quantitative resuscitation for severe sepsis and septic shock. Chest. 2013;143:1548-53.
40. Balogh Z, Moore FA, Moore EE, Biffl WL. Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: a potential threat for all trauma clinicians. Injury. 2007;38:272-9.
41. Coats TJ, Brazil E, Heron M, MacCallum PK. Impairment of coagulation by commonly used resuscitation fluids in human volunteers. Emerg Med J. 2006;23:846-9.
42. Krausz MM. Initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:14.
43. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2564-75.
44. Boyd J, Forbes J, Nakada T. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:259-65.
45. Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N. Fluid management in critically ill patients: the role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak, and fluid balance. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2 Suppl 1:S1.
46. Mitchell JP, Schuller D, Calandrino FS, et al. Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary artery catheterization. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:990-8.
47. Teixeira C, Garzotto F, Piccinii P, et al. Fluid balance and urine volume are independent predictors of mortality in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R14.
48. Murphy CV, Chramm GE, Doherty JA, et al. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest. 2009;136:102-9.
49. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010;137:544-51.
50. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weeks F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359-67.
51. van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:449-61.
52. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1283-97.
53. Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288:862-71.
54. Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, CORTICUS Study Group, et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:111-24.
55. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA. 2009;301:2362-75.
56. Sligl WI, Milner Jr DA, Sundar S, et al. Safety and efficacy of corticosteroids for the treatment of septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:93-101.
57. Patel GP, Balk RA. Systemic steroids in severe sepsis and septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:133-9.
58. Park DW, Chun BC, Kwon SS, et al. Red blood cell transfusions are associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3140-5.
59. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung C, et al. Sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients (SOAP) investigators: are blood transfusions associated with greater mortality rates? Results of the sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients study. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:31-9.
60. Fuller BM, Gajera M, Schorr C, et al. Transfusion of packed red blood cells is not associated with improved central venous oxygen saturation or organ function in patients with septic shock. J Emerg Med. 2012;43:593-8.
61. Sakr Y, Lobo S, Kneupfer S, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in a surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14:R92.
62. Driscoll JA, Brody SL, Kollef MH. The epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Drugs. 2007;67:351-68.
63. Hattemer A, Hauser A, Diaz M, et al. Bacterial and clinical characteristics of health care- and community-acquired bloodstream infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:3969-75.
64. Le Berre R, Nguyen S, Nowak E, et al. Relative contribution of three main virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2113-20.
65. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:978-84.
66. Li M, Diep BA, Villaruz AE, et al. Evolution of virulence in epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:5883-8.
67. de Kraker ME, Wolkewitz M, Davey PG, et al. Clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance in European hospitals: excess mortality and length of hospital stay related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1598-605.
68. Otto M. MRSA virulence and spread. Cell Microbiol. 2012;14:1513-21.
69. Rello J, Lisboa T, Lujan M, et al. Severity of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with genomic bacterial load. Chest. 2009;136:832-40.
70. Bresee J, Hayden FG. Epidemic influenza - responding to the expected but unpredictable. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:589-92.
71. Muthuri SG, Myles PR, Venkatesan S, et al. Impact of neuraminidase inhibitor treatment on outcomes of public health importance during the 2009-2010 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:553-63.