Mapping 'partially resistant', 'fully resistant', and 'super resistant' malaria

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 29, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 505-515

  Naidoo, Inbarani ^a,b   Roper, Cally ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Drug resistance; Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT); Malaria; Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP); Super resistance

Indexed keywords

DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE; PYRIMETHAMINE PLUS SULFADOXINE;

ALLELE; ANTIMALARIAL DRUG RESISTANCE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MALARIA; MALARIA CONTROL; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CLEARANCE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; POINT MUTATION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW;

EID: 84884414138     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: 14715007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. World Health and Organisation World Health Organisation Policy Recommendation on Intermittent Preventive Treatment during Infancy with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP-IPTi) for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Control in Africa 2010, World Health Organisation.
2. World Health and Organisation World Health Organisation Policy Recommendation: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Control in Highly Seasonal Transmission Areas of the Sahel sub-region in Africa 2012, World Health and Organisation.
3. Peterson D.S., et al. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85:9114-9118.
4. Cowman A.F., et al. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85:9109-9113.
5. Brooks D.R., et al. Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 224:397-405.
6. Triglia T., Cowman A.F. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91:7149-7153.
7. Roper C., et al. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science 2004, 305:1124.
8. Certain L.K., et al. Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr haplotypes that confer pyrimethamine resistance, Kilifi, Kenya, 1987-2006. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 197:1743-1751.
9. Maiga O., et al. A shared Asian origin of the triple-mutant dhfr allele in Plasmodium falciparum from sites across Africa. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196:165-172.
10. Omar S.A., et al. Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: high prevalence of drug-resistance-associated polymorphisms in hospital admissions with severe malaria in an epidemic area. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2001, 95:661-669.
11. Staedke S.G., et al. Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2004, 9:624-629.
12. Kublin J.G., et al. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 2002, 185:380-388.
13. ter Kuile F.O., et al. Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 2007, 297:2603-2616.
14. World Health and Organisation Technical Expert Group Meeting on Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Pregnancy (IPTp), 11-13 July, 2007 2007.
15. Gesase S., et al. High resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in northern Tanzania and the emergence of dhps resistance mutation at codon 581. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4569.
16. Harrington W.E., et al. Competitive facilitation of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in pregnant women who receive preventive treatment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:9027-9032.
17. Alifrangis M., et al. Five-year surveillance of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in Korogwe District, Tanzania: accumulation of the 581G mutation in the P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase gene. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 80:523-527.
18. Gosling R.D., et al. Protective efficacy and safety of three antimalarial regimens for intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2009, 374:1521-1532.
19. Khan B., et al. Antifolate drug resistance and point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997, 91:456-460.
20. Wang P., et al. Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1997, 89:161-177.
21. Jelinek T., et al. Plasmodium falciparum: selection of serine 108 of dihydrofolate reductase during treatment of uncomplicated malaria with co-trimoxazole in Ugandan children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999, 61:125-130.
22. Mockenhaupt F.P., et al. Plasmodium falciparum dhfr but not dhps mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure and gametocyte carriage in northern Ghana. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2005, 10:901-908.
23. Berzosa P.J., et al. Malaria cure with sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine combination in 12 semi-immune adults from West-Central Africa with high rates of point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 97:287-289.
24. Ogutu B.R., et al. The role of sequential administration of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine following quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in children. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2005, 10:484-488.
25. Figueiredo P., et al. Prevalence of pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with drug resistance, in Luanda, Angola. Malar. J. 2008, 7:236.
26. Andriantsoanirina V., et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in Madagascar: facing the spread of unusual pfdhfr and pfmdr-1 haplotypes and the decrease of dihydroartemisinin susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:4588-4597.
27. Djaman J., et al. Molecular monitoring of falciparum malaria isolates in CÔte d'Ivoire: genetic markers for antimalarial drugs. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 2010, 40:461-470.
28. Ibrahim M.L., et al. Field-based evidence of fast and global increase of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance by DNA-microarrays and PCR/RFLP in Niger. Malar. J. 2009, 8:32.
29. Happi C.T., et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2005, 95:183-193.
30. Djimde A.A., et al. Efficacy, safety, and selection of molecular markers of drug resistance by two ACTs in Mali. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 78:455-461.
31. Dokomajilar C., et al. Roles of specific Plasmodium falciparum mutations in resistance to amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 75:162-165.
32. Fortes F., et al. Evaluation of prevalences of pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations in Angola. Malar. J. 2011, 10:22.
33. Gebru-Woldearegai T., et al. Molecular surveillance of mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum in Ethiopia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 73:1131-1134.
34. Bonizzoni M., et al. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations between lowland and highland sites and antimalarial drug resistance in Western Kenya. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2009, 9:806-812.
35. Nkhoma S., et al. Molecular surveillance for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawi. Acta Trop. 2007, 102:138-142.
36. Salgueiro P., et al. Tracing the origins and signatures of selection of antifolate resistance in island populations of Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Infect. Dis. 2010, 10:163.
37. Lynch C., et al. Emergence of a dhfr mutation conferring high-level drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum populations from southwest Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 197:1598-1604.
38. Schunk M., et al. High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia. Malar. J. 2006, 5:54.
39. Oesterholt M.J., et al. Submicroscopic gametocytes and the transmission of antifolate-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4364.
40. Zhong D., et al. Molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria in western Kenya highlands. BMC Infect. Dis. 2008, 8:105.
41. Karema C., et al. Molecular correlates of high level antifolate resistance in Rwandan children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54:477-483.
42. Pearce R.J., et al. Multiple origins and regional dispersal of resistant dhps in African Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS Med. 2009, 6:e1000055.
43. Dicko A., et al. Molecular markers of resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine one year after implementation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants in Mali. Malar. J. 2010, 9:9.
44. Menard D., et al. Frequency distribution of antimalarial drug-resistant alleles among isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Bangui, Central African Republic. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 74:205-210.
45. Alker A.P., et al. dhfr and dhps genotype and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure in children with falciparum malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2008, 13:1384-1391.
46. Cohuet S., et al. Short report: molecular markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 75:152-154.
47. Swarthout T.D., et al. Artesunate + amodiaquine and artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Democratic Republic of Congo: a clinical trial with determination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine-resistant haplotypes. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2006, 11:1503-1511.
48. Mobula L., et al. Resistance-mediating polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 80:555-558.
49. A-Elbasit I.E., et al. The implication of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase gene mutations in modification of Plasmodium falciparum characteristics. Malar. J. 2007, 6:108.
50. Spalding M.D., et al. Increased prevalence of the pfdhfr/phdhps quintuple mutant and rapid emergence of pfdhps resistance mutations at codons 581 and 613 in Kisumu, Kenya. Malar. J. 2010, 9:338.
51. Hamel M.J., et al. Dihydrofolate reductase I164L mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates: clinical outcome of 14 Kenyan adults infected with parasites harbouring the I164L mutation. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 102:338-345.
52. McCollum A.M., et al. Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 194:189-197.
53. Malisa A.L., et al. Drug coverage in treatment of malaria and the consequences for resistance evolution - evidence from the use of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Malar. J. 2010, 9:190.
54. Noranate N., et al. Rapid dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance despite strictly controlled antimalarial use. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e139.
55. Naidoo I., Roper C. Drug resistance maps to guide intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in African infants. Parasitology 2011, 138:1469-1479.
56. Kun J.F., et al. Low-dose treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations selects for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43:2205-2208.
57. Dunyo S., et al. Randomised trial of chloroquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Gambian children with malaria: impact against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum. PLoS Clin. Trials 2006, 1:e14.
58. Ndounga M., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance in under 5-year olds in Brazzaville, Congo. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2007, 12:1164-1171.
59. Triglia T., et al. Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94:13944-13949.
60. Griffin J.T., et al. Protective efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants (IPTi) using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and parasite resistance. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12618.
61. Venkatesan M., et al. Monitoring antifolate resistance in intermittent preventive therapy for malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2013, 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.008.
62. Diakite O.S., et al. Superiority of 3 over 2 doses of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in Mali: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 53:215-223.
63. Likwela J.L., et al. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy: a retrospective analysis of birth weight data in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Trop. Med. Int. Health 2012, 17:322-329.
64. Talisuna A.O., et al. Mitigating the threat of artemisinin resistance in Africa: improvement of drug-resistance surveillance and response systems. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2012, 12:888-896.
65. World Health and Organisation WHO Global Malaria Programme World Malaria Report 2011, World Health and Organisation.
66. van Eijk A.M., et al. Coverage of malaria protection in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis and analysis of national survey data. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:190-207.