Stress-triggered changes in peripheral catecholaminergic systems

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 68, Issue , 2013, Pages 359-397

  Kvetnansky, Richard ^a   Lu, Xiaojiong ^b   Ziegler, Michael G ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Slovakia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Adrenomedullary; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine; PNMT; Sympathoneural glucocorticoids

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CATECHOLAMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; DOPAMINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; MESSENGER RNA; METADRENALIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; NORMETADRENALIN; PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N METHYLTRANSFERASE; RENIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EGR 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FRA 2; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER 2;

ADAPTATION; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADRENAL GLAND; ADRENAL MEDULLA; ADRENAL MEDULLECTOMY; ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY; ADRENERGIC NERVE CELL; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM; CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS; CATECHOLAMINE UPTAKE; CATECHOLAMINERGIC SYSTEM; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLD EXPOSURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ULCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART MUSCLE; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IMMOBILIZATION; IMMOBILIZATION STRESS; MATERNAL STRESS; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN BLOOD LEVEL; PHYSICAL STRESS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLOW WAVE SLEEP; SOCIAL STRESS; SPOUSE; STRESS; SYMPATHETIC GANGLION; SYMPATHETIC NERVE; SYMPATHONEURAL SYSTEM; VARICOSIS;

ADAPTATION; ADRENOMEDULLARY; DOPAMINE; EPINEPHRINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; PNMT; SYMPATHONEURAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS;

ANIMALS; CATECHOLAMINES; HUMANS; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84884334303     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: 15578925     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-411512-5.00017-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. Armando I., Jezova M., Bregonzio C., Baiardi G., Saavedra J.M. Angiotensin II AT1 and AT2 receptor types regulate basal and stress-induced adrenomedullary catecholamine production through transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:302-309.
2. Bao X., Lu C.M., Liu F., Gu Y., Dalton N.D., Zhu B.Q., et al. Epinephrine is required for normal cardiovascular responses to stress in the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase knockout mouse. Circulation 2007, 116:1024-1031.
3. Culman J., Torda T., Petrikova M., Murgas K. Effect of corticosterone treatment and adrenalectomy on phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and catecholamines in brain stem and hypothalamic nuclei and superior cervical ganglion of rats. Endocrinologia Experimentalis 1988, 22:117-128.
4. Dimsdale J.E., Moss J. Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. Journal of the American Medical Association 1980, 243(4):340-342.
5. Dobrakovova M., Kvetnansky R., Oprsalova Z., Jezova D. Specificity of the effect of repeated handling on sympathetic-adrenomedullary and pituitary-adrenocortical activity in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1993, 18:163-174.
6. Dronjak S., Ondriska M., Svetlovska D., Jezova D., Kvetnansky R. Effects of novel stressors on plasma catecholamine levels in rats exposed to long-term cold. Stress neural, endocrine and molecular studies 2002, 83-89. Taylor and Francis, London. R. McCarty, G. Aguilera, E.L. Sabban, R. Kvetnansky (Eds.).
7. Eiden L.E., Schutz B., Anlauf M., Depboylu C., Schafer M.K.H., Weihe E. The vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs): Role in the chemical coding of neuronal transmission and monoamine storage in amine handling immune and inflammatory cells. Catecholamine research: From molecular insights to clinical medicine 2002, 23-33. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. T. Nagatsu, T. Nabeshima, R. McCarty, D.S. Goldstein (Eds.).
8. Eisenhofer G. The role of neuronal and extraneuronal plasma membrane transporters in the inactivation of peripheral catecholamines. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2001, 91:35-62.
9. Eisenhofer G., Cox H.S., Esler M.D. Parallel increases in noradrenaline reuptake and release into plasma during activation of the sympathetic nervous system in rabbits. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1990, 342:328-335.
10. Eisenhofer G., Esler M.D., Meredith I.T., Ferrier C., Lanbert G., Jennings G. Neuronal re-uptake of noradrenaline by sympathetic nerves in humans. Clinical Science 1991, 80:257-263.
11. Eisenhofer G., Goldstein D.S., Kopin I.J. Plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol for estimation of noradrenaline neuronal re-uptake in the sympathetic nervous system in vivo. Clinical Science 1989, 76:171-182.
12. Eisenhofer G., Keiser H., Friberg P., Mezey E., Huynh T.T., Hiremagalur B., et al. Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998, 83:2175-2185.
13. Eisenhofer G., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Catecholamine metabolism: A contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacological Reviews 2004, 56:331-349.
14. Eisenhofer G., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Leaky catecholamine stores: Undue waste or a stress response coping mechanism?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:224-230.
15. Eisenhofer G., Lenders J.W. Clues to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma from the differential tissue metabolism of catecholamines. Advances in Pharmacology 1998, 42:374-377.
16. Eisenhofer G., Smolich J.J., Cox H.S., Esler M.D. Neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and production of dihydroxyphenylglycol by cardiac sympathetic nerves in the anesthetized dog. Circulation 1991, 84:1354-1363.
17. Elayan H.H., Kennedy B.P., Ziegler M.G. Cardiac atria and ventricles contain different inducible adrenaline synthesising enzymes. Cardiovascular Research 1990, 24:53-56.
18. Esler M., Jackman G., Bobik A., Kelleher D., Jennings G., Leonard P., et al. Determination of norepinephrine apparent release rate and clearance in humans. Life Sciences 1979, 25:1461-1470.
19. Fung M.M., Peters K., Redline S., Ziegler M.G., Ancoli-Israel S., Barrett-Connor E., et al. Decreased slow wave sleep increases risk of developing hypertension in elderly men. Hypertension 2011, 58:596-603.
20. Goldstein D.S. Stress, catecholamines, and cardiovascular disease 1995, 539. Oxford University Press, New York.
21. Goldstein D.S. The autonomic nervous system in health and disease 2001, 618. Marcel Bekker, New York.
22. Goldstein D.S. Catecholamines and stress. Endocrine Regulations 2003, 37:69-80.
23. Goldstein D.S. Catecholamines 101. Clinical Autonomic Research 2010, 20:331-352.
24. Goldstein D.S., Holmes C. Neuronal source of plasma dopamine. Clinical Chemistry 2008, 54:1864-1871.
25. Goldstein D.S., Kopin I.J. Evolution of concepts of stress. Stress 2007, 10:109-120.
26. Goldstein D.S., Kopin I.J. Adrenomedullary, adrenocortical, and sympathoneural responses to stressors: A meta-analysis. Endocrine Regulations 2008, 42:111-119.
27. Goncalvesova E., Micutkova L., Mravec B., Ksinantova L., Krizanova O., Fabian J., et al. Changes in gene expression of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the transplanted human heart. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:430-436.
28. Gorbunova A.V., Kashtanov S.I. Monoamine oxidase activity in autonomic ganglia of rabbits with differing resistance of cardiovascular functions to emotional stress. Biulleten' Eksperimental'noǐ Biologii i Meditsiny 1983, 96:111-113.
29. Huang M.H., Friend D.S., Sunday M.E., Singh K., Haley K., Austen K.F., et al. An intrinsic adrenergic system in mammalian heart. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996, 98:1298-1303.
30. Iversen L. The uptake of catecholamines at high perfusion concentrations in the rat isolated heart: A novel catecholamine uptake process. British Journal of Pharmacology 1965, 25:18-33.
31. Jabbi M., Kema I.P., van der Pompe G., Meerman G.J., Ormel J., den Boer J.A. Catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and susceptibility to major depressive disorder modulates psychological stress response. Psychiatric Genetics 2007, 17:183-193.
32. Jelokova J., Rusnak M., Kubovcakova L., Buckendahl P., Krizanova O., Sabban E.L., et al. Stress increases gene expression of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in spleen of rats via pituitary-adrenocortical mechanism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002, 27:619-633.
33. Johnson G.R.J. Accumulation of biological amines into chromaffin granules: A model for hormone and neurotransmitter transport. Physiological Reviews 1988, 68:232-307.
34. Kennedy B., Bigby T.D., Ziegler M.G. Nonadrenal epinephrine-forming enzymes in humans. Characteristics, distribution, regulation, and relationship to epinephrine levels. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995, 95(6):2896-2902.
35. Kennedy B., Elayan H., Ziegler M.G. Glucocorticoid elevation of mRNA encoding epinephrine-forming enzyme in lung. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 1993, 265:L117-L120.
36. Kennedy B., Elayan H., Ziegler M.G. Glucocorticoid hypertension and nonadrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Hypertension 1993, 21:415-419.
37. Kennedy B., Ziegler M.G. Cardiac epinephrine synthesis. Regulation by a glucocorticoid. Circulation 1991, 84(2):891-895.
38. Kiran B.K., Ulus I.H. Selective response of rat peripheral sympathetic nervous system to various stress situations. Stress: Neuroendocrine and molecular approaches 1992, 561-568. Gordon and Breach, New York. R. Kvetnansky, R. McCarty, J. Axelrod (Eds.).
39. Kiss A., Mravec B., Palkovits M., Kvetnanský R. Stress-induced changes in tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in rat hypothalamic paraventricular, periventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008, 1148:74-85.
40. Kobayashi K., Nagatsu T. Molecular genetics of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and inherited diseases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2005, 338:267-270.
41. Krizanova O., Micutkova L., Jelokova J., Filipenko M., Sabban E., Kvetnansky R. Existence of cardiac PNMT mRNA in adult rats: Elevation by stress in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2001, 281:H1372-H1379.
42. Kubovcakova L., Micutkova L., Bartosova Z., Sabban E.L., Krizanova O., Kvetnansky R. Identification of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene expression in stellate ganglia and its modulation by stress. Journal of Neurochemistry 2006, 97:1419-1430.
43. Kvetnansky R. Stressor specificity and effect of prior experience on catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1032:117-129.
44. Kvetnansky R., Albrecht I., Torda T., Saleh N., Jahnova E., Mikulaj L. Effect of stress on catecholamine synthesizing and degrading enzymes in control and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Catecholamines and stress 1976, 237-249. Pergamon, Oxford. E. Usdin, R. Kvetnansky, I.J. Kopin (Eds.).
45. Kvetnansky R., Armando I., Weise V.K., Holmes C., Fukuhara K., Deka-Starosta A., et al. Plasma dopa responses during stress: Dependence on sympathoneural activity and tyrosine hydroxylation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1992, 261:899-909.
46. Kvetnansky R., Goldstein D.S., Weise V.K., Holmes C., Szemeredi K., Bagdy G., et al. Effects of handling or immobilization on plasma levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, catecholamines, and metabolites in rats. Journal of Neurochemistry 1992, 58:2296-2302.
47. Kvetnansky R., Jelokova J., Rusnak M., Dronjak S., Serova L., Nankova B., et al. Novel stressors exaggerate tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the adrenal medulla of rats exposed to long-term cold stress. Stress neural, endocrine and molecular studies 2002, 121-128. Taylor and Francis, New York. R. McCarty, G. Aguilera, E.L. Sabban, R. Kvetnansky (Eds.).
48. Kvetnansky R., Kubovcakova L., Tillinger A., Micutkova L., Krizanova O., Sabban E.L. Gene expression of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout mice during stress exposure. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2006, 26:733-752.
49. Kvetnansky R., McCarty R. Adrenal medulla. Encyclopedia of stress 2007, 52-59. Academic, New York. G. Fink (Ed.).
50. Kvetnansky R., Micutkova L., Rychkova N., Kubovcakova L., Mravec B., Filipenko M., et al. Quantitative evaluation of catecholamine enzymes gene expression in adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia of stressed rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:356-369.
51. Kvetnansky R., Mikulaj L. Adrenal and urinary catecholamines in rats during adaptation to repeated immobilization stress. Endocrinology 1970, 87:738-743.
52. Kvetnansky R., Nankova B., Rusnak M., Micutkova L., Kubovcakova L., Dronjak S., et al. Differential gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in rats exposed long-term to various stressors. Catecholamine research: From molecular insights to clinical medicine 2002, 317-320. Plenum, New York. T. Nagatsu, T. Nabeshima, R. McCarty, D.S. Goldstein (Eds.).
53. Kvetnansky R., Nemeth S., Vigas M., Oprsalova Z., Jurcovicova J. Plasma catecholamines in rats during adaptation to intermittent exposure to different stressors. Stress: The role of catecholamines and other neurotransmitters 1984, 537-562. Gordon and Breach Science, New York. E. Usdin, R. Kvetnansky, J. Axelrod (Eds.).
54. Kvetnansky R., Pacak K., Fukuhara K., Viskupic E., Hiremagalur B., Nankova B., et al. Sympathoadrenal system in stress. Interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995, 771:131-158.
55. Kvetnansky R., Pacak K., Sabban E.L., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Stressor specificity of peripheral catecholaminergic activation. Advances in Pharmacology 1998, 42:556-560.
56. Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L. Stress-induced changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. Tyrosine hydroxylase: From discovery to cloning 1993, VSP, Utrecht. M. Naoi, S.H. Parvez (Eds.).
57. Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L. Stress and molecular biology of neurotransmitter-related enzymes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 851:342-356.
58. Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L., Palkovits M. Catecholaminergic systems in stress: Structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiological Reviews 2009, 89:535-606.
59. Kvetnansky R., Sun C.L., Lake C.R., Thoa N., Torda T., Kopin I.J. Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology 1978, 103:1868-1874.
60. Kvetnansky R., Torda T., Jahnova E., Saleh N. Activity of catecholamine degrading enzymes in rat adrenal medulla and cortex after acute and repeated stress. Endocrinologia Experimentalis 1975, 9:79-86.
61. Kvetnansky R., Torda T., Macho L., Tigranian R.A., Serova L., Genin A.M. Effect of weightlessness on sympathetic-adrenomedullary activity of rats. Acta Astronautica 1981, 8:469-481.
62. Kvetnansky R., Ukropec J., Laukova M., Manz B., Pacak K., Vargovic P. Stress stimulates production of catecholamines in rat mesenteric adipocytes. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2012, 32:801-813.
63. Kvetnansky R., Weise V.K., Kopin I.J. Elevation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase by repeated immobilization of rats. Endocrinology 1970, 87:744-749.
64. Kvetnansky R., Weise V.K., Thoa N.B., Kopin I.J. Effects of chronic guanethidine treatment and adrenal medullectomy on plasma levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in forcibly immobilized rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1979, 209:287-291.
65. Lachman H.M., Nolan K.A., Mohr P., Saito T., Volavka J. Association between catechol O-methyltransferase genotype and violence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1998, 155:835-837.
66. Lemoine A.P., Armando I., Brun J.C., Segura E.T., Barontini M. Footshock affects heart and brain MAO and MAO inhibitory activity and open field behavior in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1990, 36:85-88.
67. Levitt N.S., Lindsay R.S., Holmes M.C., Seckl J.R. Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1996, 64:412-418.
68. Liu X., Kvetnansky R., Serova L., Sollas A., Sabban E.L. Increased susceptibility to transcriptional changes with novel stressor in adrenal medulla of rats exposed to prolonged cold stress. Molecular Brain Research 2005, 141:19-29.
69. Liu X., Serova L., Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L. Identifying the stress transcriptome in the adrenal medulla following acute and repeated immobilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008, 1148:1-28.
70. McEwen B.S. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 840:33-44.
71. McEwen B.S. Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1032:1-7.
72. Mezey E., Eisenhofer G., Hansson S., Harta G., Hoffman B.J., Gallatz K., et al. Non-neuronal dopamine in the gastrointestinal system. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. Supplement 1999, 26:S14-S22.
73. Mezey E., Eisenhofer G., Harta G., Hansson S., Gould L., Hunyady B., et al. A novel nonneuronal catecholaminergic system: Exocrine pancreas synthesizes and releases dopamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93:10377-10382.
74. Micutkova L., Rychkova N., Sabban E.L., Krizanova O., Kvetnansky R. Quantitation of changes in gene expression of norepinephrine biosynthetic enzymes in rat stellate ganglia induced by stress. Neurochemistry International 2003, 43:235-242.
75. Mikhailova O.N., Gulyaeva L.F., Filipenko M.L. Gene expression of drug metabolizing enzymes in adult and aged mouse liver: A modulation by immobilization stress. Toxicology 2005, 210:189-196.
76. Nankova B., Kvetnansky R., Hiremagalur B., Sabban B., Rusnak M., Sabban E.L. Immobilization stress elevates gene expression for catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and some neuropeptides in rat sympathetic ganglia: Effects of adrenocorticotropin and glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1996, 137:5597-5604.
77. Nankova B.B., Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (MC-2) receptor mRNA is expressed in rat sympathetic ganglia and up-regulated by stress. Neuroscience Letters 2003, 344:149-152.
78. Nankova B.B., Rivkin M., Kelz M., Nestler E.J., Sabban E.L. Fos related antigen 2: Potential mediator of the transcriptional activation in rat adrenal medulla evoked by repeated immobilization stress. Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 20:5647-5653.
79. Nankova B.B., Sabban E.L. Multiple signalling pathways exist in the stress-triggered regulation of gene expression for catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and several neuropeptides in the rat adrenal medulla. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1999, 167:1-9.
80. Nankova B.B., Tank A.W., Sabban E.L. Transient or sustained transcriptional activation of the genes encoding rat adrenomedullary catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes by different durations of immobilization stress. Neuroscience 1999, 94:803-808.
81. Obata T., Yamanaka Y. Changes in monoamine oxidase activity in rat liver during stress. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1994, 66:149-150.
82. Pacak K., Palkovits M. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: Implications for stress-related disorders. Endocrine Reviews 2001, 22:502-548.
83. Pacak K., Palkovits M., Yadid G., Kvetnansky R., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Heterogeneous neurochemical responses to different stressors: A test of Selye's doctrine of nonspecificity. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1998, 275:R1247-R1255.
84. Paivarinta H., Pickel V.M., Eranko L., Joh T.H. Glucocorticoid induced PNMT-immunoreactive sympathetic cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1989, 12:389-396.
85. Radley J.J., Williams B., Sawchenko P.E. Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28(22):5806-5816.
86. Ramanathan R., Cryer P.E. Adrenergic mediation of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure. Diabetes 2011, 60(2):602-606.
87. Sabban E.L. Catecholamines in stress: Molecular mechanisms of gene expression. Endocrine Regulations 2007, 41:61-73.
88. Sabban E.L., Hebert M.A., Liu X., Nankova B., Serova L. Differential effects of stress on gene transcription factors in catecholaminergic systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1032:130-140.
89. Sabban E.L., Hiremagalur B., Nankova B., Kvetnansky R. Molecular biology of stress-elicited induction of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995, 771:327-338.
90. Sabban E.L., Kvetnansky R. Stress-triggered activation of gene expression in catecholaminergic systems: Dynamics of transcriptional events. Trends in Neurosciences 2001, 24:91-98.
91. Sabban E.L., Liu X., Serova L., Gueorguiev V., Kvetnansky R. Stress triggered changes in gene expression in adrenal medulla: Transcriptional responses to acute and chronic stress. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2006, 26:843-854.
92. Sabban E.L., Nankova B.B., Serova L.I., Kvetnansky R., Liu X. Molecular regulation of gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes by stress: Sympathetic ganglia versus adrenal medulla. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:370-377.
93. Sabban E.L., Tillinger A., Nostramo R., Serova L. Stress triggered changes in expression of gene for neurosecretory granules in adrenal medulla. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2012, 32:795-800.
94. Saygili E., Günzel C., Saygili E., Noor-Ebad F., Schwinger R.H., Mischke K., et al. Irregular electrical activation of intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells increases catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2011, 413:432-435.
95. Schalling M., Franco-Cereceda A., Hemsen A., Dagerlind A., Seroogy K., Persson H., et al. Neuropeptide Y and catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and their mRNAs in rat sympathetic neurons and adrenal glands: Studies on expression, synthesis and axonal transport after pharmacological and experimental manipulations using hybridization techniques and radioimmunoassay. Neuroscience 1991, 41:753-766.
96. Schuldiner S. A molecular glimpse of vesicular monoamine transporters. Journal of Neurochemistry 1994, 62:2067-2078.
97. Serova L.I., Gueorguiev V., Cheng S.Y., Sabban E.L. Adrenocorticotropic hormone elevates gene expression for catecholamine biosynthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia and locus coeruleus by an adrenal independent mechanism. Neuroscience 2008, 153:1380-1389.
98. Shaw W.S., Patterson T.L., Ziegler M.G., Dimsdale J.E., Semple S.J., Grant I. Accelerated risk of hypertensive blood pressure recordings among Alzheimer caregivers. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1999, 46:215-227.
99. Singh R.R., Cullen-McEwen L.A., Kett M.M., Boon W.M., Dowling J., Bertram J.F., et al. Prenatal corticosterone exposure results in altered AT1/AT2, nephron deficit, and hypertension in the rat offspring. The Journal of Physiology 2007, 579(Pt 2):503-513.
100. Slavikova J., Kuncova J., Reischig J., Dvorakova M. Catecholaminergic neurons in the rat intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Neurochemical Research 2003, 28:593-598.
101. Smolka M.N., Schumann G., Wrase J., Grusser S.M., Flor H., Mann K., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:836-842.
102. Stone E.A., McCarty R. Adaptation to stress: Tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine release. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1983, 7:29-34.
103. Tai T.C., Claycomb R., Her S., Bloom A.K., Wong D.L. Glucocorticoid responsiveness of the rat phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene. Molecular Pharmacology 2002, 61:1385-1392.
104. Tillinger A., Novakova M., Pavlovicova M., Lacinova L., Zatovicova M., Pastorekova S., et al. Modulation by 6-hydroxydopamine of expression of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) gene in the rat heart during immobilization stress. Stress 2006, 9:207-213.
105. Tillinger A., Sollas A., Serova L.I., Kvetnansky R., Sabban E.L. Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) in adrenal chromaffin cells: Stress-triggered induction of VMAT2 and expression in epinephrine synthesizing cells. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2010, 30:1459-1464.
106. Vargovic P., Ukropec J., Laukova M., Cleary S., Manz B., Pacak K., et al. Adipocytes as a new source of catecholamine production. FEBS Letters 2011, 585:2279-2284.
107. Vargovic P., Ukropec J., Laukova M., Kurdiova T., Balaz M., Manz B., et al. Repeated immobilization stress induces catecholamine production in rat mesenteric adipocytes. Stress 2013, 16(3):340-352.
108. von Känel R., Ancoli-Israel S., Dimsdale J.E., Mills P.J., Mausbach B.T., Ziegler M.G., et al. Sleep and biomarkers of atherosclerosis in elderly Alzheimer caregivers and controls. Gerontology 2010, 56:41-50.
109. von Känel R., Mausbach B.T., Dimsdale J.E., Mills P.J., Patterson T.L., Ancoli-Israel S., et al. Cardiometabolic effects in caregivers of nursing home placement and death of their spouse with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of American Geriatrics Society 2011, 9:2037-2044.
110. Weinshilboum R.M., Kvetnansky R., Axelrod J., Kopin I.J. Elevation of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity with forced immobilization. Nature: New Biology 1971, 230:287-288.
111. Wittstein I.S. Stress cardiomyopathy: A syndrome of catecholamine-mediated myocardial stunning?. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2012, 32:847-857.
112. Wolfovitz E., Grossman E., Folio C.J., Keiser H.R., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Derivation of urinary dopamine from plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine in humans. Clinical Science 1993, 84:549-557.
113. Wong D.L., Lesage A., Siddall B., Funder J.W. Glucocorticoid regulation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in vivo. The FASEB Journal 1992, 6:3310-3315.
114. Wong D.L., Tai T.C., Wong-Faull D.C., Claycomb R., Kvetnansky R. Genetic mechanisms for adrenergic control during stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1018:387-397.
115. Wong D.L., Tank A.W. Stress-induced catecholaminergic function: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. Stress 2007, 10:121-130.
116. Ziegler M.G., Bao X., Kennedy B.P., Joyner A., Enns R. Location, development, control, and function of extra-adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002, 971:76-82.
117. Ziegler M.G., Elayan H., Milic M., Sun P., Gharaibeh M. Epinephrine and the metabolic syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports 2012, 14:1-7.
118. Ziegler M.G., Kennedy B.P., Houts F.W. Extra-adrenal nonneuronal epinephrine and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Advances in Pharmacology 1998, 42:843-846.
119. Ziegler M.G., Milic M., Elayan H. Cardiovascular regulation in obstructive sleep apnea. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models 2011, 8:155-160.
120. Ziegler M.G., Milic M., Sun P., Tang Ch.-M., Elayan H., Bao X., et al. Endogenous epinephrine protects against obesity induced insulin resistance. Autonomic Neuroscience 2011, 162:32-34.
121. Zubieta J.K., Heitzeg M.M., Smith Y.R., Bueller J.A., Xu K., Xu Y., et al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science 2003, 299:1240-1243.
122. Zukowska-Grojec Z. Neuropeptide Y. A novel sympathetic stress hormone and more. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995, 771:219-233.