메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 87-98

Unfractionated green tea and ginger polyphenols induce apoptotic, cytotoxic and antioxidant effects in hepatoma cells

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Ginger; Green tea; Hep G2 cells; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Oxidative stress; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; CISPLATIN; GINGER EXTRACT; GLUTATHIONE; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL; THIOACETAMIDE;

EID: 84884287906     PISSN: 22108033     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2013.04.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 0038000122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention
    • V.M. Adhami, N. Ahmad, and H. Mukhtar Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention Journal of Neurobiology 133 2003 2417S 2424S (Pubitemid 36828848)
    • (2003) Journal of Nutrition , vol.133 , Issue.7 SUPPL.
    • Adhami, V.M.1    Ahmad, N.2    Mukhtar, H.3
  • 2
    • 20644461914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine has a protective effect against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis by decreasing oxidative stress
    • DOI 10.1191/096032701678227758
    • J. Balkan, S. Dogǧru-Abbasoǧlul, S. Kanbaglil, U. Çevikbas, G. Aykaç-Toker, and M. Uysal Taurine has a protective effect against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis by decreasing oxidative stress Human and Experimental Toxicology 20 5 2001 251 254 (Pubitemid 32684850)
    • (2001) Human and Experimental Toxicology , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 251-254
    • Uysal, M.1
  • 4
    • 0032977279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans
    • A.C. Carr, and B. Frei Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 6 1999 1086 1107 (Pubitemid 29252040)
    • (1999) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.69 , Issue.6 , pp. 1086-1107
    • Carr, A.C.1    Frei, B.2
  • 5
    • 33748501055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 53 and Bax/Bad triggering apoptosis in thioacetamide-induced hepatic epithelial cells
    • 53 and Bax/Bad triggering apoptosis in thioacetamide-induced hepatic epithelial cells World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 32 2006 5175 5181
    • (2006) World Journal of Gastroenterology , vol.12 , Issue.32 , pp. 5175-5181
    • Chen, L.H.1    Hsu, C.Y.2    Weng, C.F.3
  • 6
    • 28144443116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saturation toxicokinetics of thioacetamide: Role in initiation of liver injury
    • DOI 10.1124/dmd.105.005520
    • J. Chilakapati, K. Shankar, M.C. Korrapati, R.A. Hill, and H.M. Mehendale Saturation toxicokinetics of thioacetamide: role in initiation of liver injury Drug Metabolism and Disposition 33 2005 1877 1885 (Pubitemid 41697274)
    • (2005) Drug Metabolism and Disposition , vol.33 , Issue.12 , pp. 1877-1885
    • Chilakapati, J.1    Shankar, K.2    Korrapati, M.C.3    Hill, R.A.4    Mehendale, H.M.5
  • 7
    • 23844530273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles
    • DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.07.009, PII S0944711305001248
    • S. Chrubasik, M.H. Pittler, and B.D. Roufogalis Zingiberis rhizoma: a comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles Phytomedicine 12 9 2005 684 701 (Pubitemid 41169818)
    • (2005) Phytomedicine , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 684-701
    • Chrubasik, S.1    Pittler, M.H.2    Roufogalis, B.D.3
  • 10
    • 1842587742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms explaining the preventive effects of catechins on the development of proliferative diseases
    • I. Gouni-Berthold, and A. Sachinidis Molecular mechanisms explaining the preventive effects of catechins on the development of proliferative diseases Current Pharmaceutical Design 10 11 2004 1261
    • (2004) Current Pharmaceutical Design , vol.10 , Issue.11 , pp. 1261
    • Gouni-Berthold, I.1    Sachinidis, A.2
  • 11
    • 0026771060 scopus 로고
    • Green tea composition, consumption and polyphenol chemistry
    • H.N. Graham Green tea composition, consumption and polyphenol chemistry Preventive Medicine 21 1992 334 350
    • (1992) Preventive Medicine , vol.21 , pp. 334-350
    • Graham, H.N.1
  • 12
    • 22444431608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ginger - An herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions
    • DOI 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125
    • R. Grzanna, L. Lindmark, and C.G. Frondoza Ginger-an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions Journal of Medicinal Food 8 2 2005 125 132 (Pubitemid 41008974)
    • (2005) Journal of Medicinal Food , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-132
    • Grzanna, R.1    Lindmark, L.2    Frondoza, C.G.3
  • 14
    • 0034614637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hallmark of cancer
    • D. Hannahan, and R.A. Weinberger The hallmark of cancer Cell 100 2000 57 70
    • (2000) Cell , vol.100 , pp. 57-70
    • Hannahan, D.1    Weinberger, R.A.2
  • 15
    • 84860521411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth inhibition of human non-small lung cancer cells H460 by green tea and ginger polyphenols
    • M. Hessien, S. El-Gendy, T. Donia, and M.A. Sikkena Growth inhibition of human non-small lung cancer cells H460 by green tea and ginger polyphenols Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 12 4 2012 383 390
    • (2012) Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 383-390
    • Hessien, M.1    El-Gendy, S.2    Donia, T.3    Sikkena, M.A.4
  • 16
    • 0032821789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of eleven mutagens by various tea extracts, (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid and caffeine
    • T.C. Hour, Y.C. Liang, I.S. Chu, and J.K. Lin Inhibition of eleven mutagens by various tea extracts, (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallic acid and caffeine Food and Chemical Toxicology 37 6 1999 569 579
    • (1999) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 569-579
    • Hour, T.C.1    Liang, Y.C.2    Chu, I.S.3    Lin, J.K.4
  • 17
    • 79959555254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of [6]-gingerol on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a possible mechanism of action
    • H.C. Huang, S.H. Chiu, and T.M. Chang Inhibitory effect of [6]-gingerol on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a possible mechanism of action Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 75 6 2011 1067 1072
    • (2011) Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 1067-1072
    • Huang, H.C.1    Chiu, S.H.2    Chang, T.M.3
  • 18
    • 33845789994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic effect of EGCG in HT-29 colon cancer cells via AMPK signal pathway
    • DOI 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.030, PII S0304383506001960
    • J.T. Hwang, J. Ha, I.J. Park, S.K. Lee, H.W. Baik, and Y.M. Kim Apoptotic effect of EGCG in HT-29 colon cancer cells via AMPK signal pathway Cancer Letters 247 1 2007 115 121 (Pubitemid 46001507)
    • (2007) Cancer Letters , vol.247 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 115-121
    • Hwang, J.-T.1    Ha, J.2    Park, I.-J.3    Lee, S.-K.4    Baik, H.W.5    Kim, Y.M.6    Park, O.J.7
  • 19
    • 67650422597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase
    • C.H. Jeong, A.M. Bode, A. Pugliese, Y.Y. Cho, H.G. Kim, and J.H. Shim [6]-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase Cancer Research 69 13 2009 5584 5591
    • (2009) Cancer Research , vol.69 , Issue.13 , pp. 5584-5591
    • Jeong, C.H.1    Bode, A.M.2    Pugliese, A.3    Cho, Y.Y.4    Kim, H.G.5    Shim, J.H.6
  • 20
    • 1642440239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects HepG2 cells against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity
    • DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.016
    • J.M. Jimenez-Lopez, and A.I. Cederbaum Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects HepG2 cells against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36 3 2004 359 370 (Pubitemid 38130234)
    • (2004) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 359-370
    • Jimenez-Lopez, J.M.1    Cederbaum, A.I.2
  • 22
    • 0019332750 scopus 로고
    • Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines secrete the major plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen
    • B.B. Knowles, C.C. Howe, and D.P. Aden Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines secrete the major plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen Science. 209 4455 1980 497 499
    • (1980) Science. , vol.209 , Issue.4455 , pp. 497-499
    • Knowles, B.B.1    Howe, C.C.2    Aden, D.P.3
  • 23
    • 0034625655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of tea catechins and theaflavins by HPLC and capillary electrophoresis
    • L.B. Lee, and C.N. Ong Comparative analysis of tea catechins and theaflavins by HPLC and capillary electrophoresis Journal of Chromatography A 881 2000 439 447
    • (2000) Journal of Chromatography A , vol.881 , pp. 439-447
    • Lee, L.B.1    Ong, C.N.2
  • 24
    • 0026683110 scopus 로고
    • Clinical application of morphologic and immunocytochemical assessments of cell proliferation
    • M.D. Linden, F.X. Torres, J. Kubus, and R.J. Zarbo Clinical application of morphologic and immunocytochemical assessments of cell proliferation Journal of Clinical Pathology 97 1992 S4 S13
    • (1992) Journal of Clinical Pathology , vol.97
    • Linden, M.D.1    Torres, F.X.2    Kubus, J.3    Zarbo, R.J.4
  • 26
    • 16444377544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant properties of gingerol related compounds from ginger
    • Y. Masuda, H. Kikuzaki, M. Hisamoto, and N. Nakatani Antioxidant properties of gingerol related compounds from ginger Biofactors 21 1-4 2004 293 296 (Pubitemid 40921871)
    • (2004) BioFactors , vol.21 , Issue.1-4 , pp. 293-296
    • Masuda, Y.1    Kikuzaki, H.2    Hisamoto, M.3    Nakatani, N.4
  • 27
    • 0025754161 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione deficiency decreases tissue ascorbate levels in newborn rats: Ascorbate spares glutathione and protects
    • J. Mãrtensson, and A. Meister Glutathione deficiency decreases tissue ascorbate levels in newborn rats: ascorbate spares glutathione and protects Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 88 11 1991 4656 4660 (Pubitemid 21914600)
    • (1991) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.88 , Issue.11 , pp. 4656-4660
    • Mrtensson, J.1    Meister, A.2
  • 29
    • 14744291909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bpg.2004.10.004, PII S1521691804001465
    • K.A. McGlynn, and W.T. London Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology 19 2005 3 23 (Pubitemid 40331495)
    • (2005) Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology , vol.19 , Issue.1 SPEC. ISSUE. , pp. 3-23
    • McGlynn, K.A.1    London, W.T.2
  • 30
    • 0021061819 scopus 로고
    • Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays
    • T. Mosmann Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays Journal of Immunological Methods 65 1-2 1983 55 63 (Pubitemid 14203433)
    • (1983) Journal of Immunological Methods , vol.65 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 55-63
    • Mosmann, T.1
  • 31
    • 0032547230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening, and senescence of cancer cells by tea catechins
    • DOI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9075
    • I. Naasani, H. Seimiya, and T. Tsuruo Telomerase inhibition: telomere shortening, and senescence of cancer cells by tea catechins Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 249 2 1998 391 396 (Pubitemid 28431764)
    • (1998) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol.249 , Issue.2 , pp. 391-396
    • Naasani, I.1    Seimiya, H.2    Tsuruo, T.3
  • 32
    • 75749154453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis by [6]-gingerol associated with the modulation of p53 and involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathway in B[a]P-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis
    • N. Nigam, J. George, S. Srivastava, P. Roy, K. Bhui, and M. Singh Induction of apoptosis by [6]-gingerol associated with the modulation of p53 and involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathway in B[a]P-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 65 4 2010 687 696
    • (2010) Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 687-696
    • Nigam, N.1    George, J.2    Srivastava, S.3    Roy, P.4    Bhui, K.5    Singh, M.6
  • 33
    • 33646126051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green tea polyphenol: Epigalocatechin-3-gallate, induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), possibly through inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins
    • T. Nishikawa, T. Nakajima, M. Moriguchi, M. Jo, S. Sekoguchi, and M. Ishii Green tea polyphenol: epigalocatechin-3-gallate, induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), possibly through inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins Journal of Hepatology 44 6 2006 1074 1082
    • (2006) Journal of Hepatology , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 1074-1082
    • Nishikawa, T.1    Nakajima, T.2    Moriguchi, M.3    Jo, M.4    Sekoguchi, S.5    Ishii, M.6
  • 34
    • 0037289548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microwave-assisted extraction of tea polyphenols and tea caffeine from green tea leaves
    • DOI 10.1016/S0255-2701(02)00037-5, PII S0255270102000375
    • X. Pan, G. Niu, and H. Liu Microwave-assisted extraction of tea polyphenols and tea caffeine from green tea leaves Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 42 2 2003 129 133 (Pubitemid 35431906)
    • (2003) Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-133
    • Pan, X.1    Niu, G.2    Liu, H.3
  • 35
    • 82255172218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of polyphenols on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal death and brain edema in cerebral ischemia
    • K.S. Panickar, and R.A. Anderson Effect of polyphenols on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal death and brain edema in cerebral ischemia International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12 11 2011 8181 8207
    • (2011) International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol.12 , Issue.11 , pp. 8181-8207
    • Panickar, K.S.1    Anderson, R.A.2
  • 37
    • 0028823037 scopus 로고
    • Identification of resting cells by dual-parameter flow cytometry of statin expression and DNA content
    • C. Pellicciari, R. Mangiarotti, M.G. Bottone, M. Danova, and E. Wang Identification of resting cells by dual-parameter flow cytometry of statin expression and DNA content Cytometry 21 4 1995 329 337
    • (1995) Cytometry , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-337
    • Pellicciari, C.1    Mangiarotti, R.2    Bottone, M.G.3    Danova, M.4    Wang, E.5
  • 38
    • 81155153862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6-gingerol: An active ingredient of ginger, protects acetaminophen- induced hepatotoxicity in mice
    • E.P. Sabina, S.J. Pragasam, S. Kumar, and M. Rasool 6-gingerol: an active ingredient of ginger, protects acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 9 11 2011 1264 12649
    • (2011) Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao , vol.9 , Issue.11 , pp. 1264-12649
    • Sabina, E.P.1    Pragasam, S.J.2    Kumar, S.3    Rasool, M.4
  • 39
    • 79952379738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nilotinib counteracts thioacetamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress and attenuates liver fibrosis progression
    • M.E. Shaker, H.A. Salem, G.E. Shiha, and T.M. Ibrahim Nilotinib counteracts thioacetamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress and attenuates liver fibrosis progression Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 25 2 2011 248 257
    • (2011) Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 248-257
    • Shaker, M.E.1    Salem, H.A.2    Shiha, G.E.3    Ibrahim, T.M.4
  • 40
    • 33947379619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer preventive properties of ginger: A brief review
    • DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.002, PII S027869150600322X
    • Y. Shukla, and M. Singh Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 5 2007 683 690 (Pubitemid 46452881)
    • (2007) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 683-690
    • Shukla, Y.1    Singh, M.2
  • 41
    • 0000359845 scopus 로고
    • Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents
    • V.L. Singleton, and J. Rossi Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 16 3 1965 144 158
    • (1965) American Journal of Enology and Viticulture , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 144-158
    • Singleton, V.L.1    Rossi, J.2
  • 43
    • 1442330360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of different catechins on cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in LoVo cells
    • X. Tan, D. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and B. Jiang Effects of different catechins on cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in LoVo cells Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 34 6 2000 333 335
    • (2000) Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 333-335
    • Tan, X.1    Zhou, D.2    Zhang, Y.3    Jiang, B.4
  • 44
    • 84863011392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green tea polyphenols causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by suppressing class i histone deacetylases
    • V.S. Thakur, K. Gupta, and S. Gupta Green tea polyphenols causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by suppressing class I histone deacetylases Carcinogenesis 33 2 2012 377 384
    • (2012) Carcinogenesis , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-384
    • Thakur, V.S.1    Gupta, K.2    Gupta, S.3
  • 45
    • 0029934117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of six green tea catechins and caffeine on the growth of four selected human tumor cell lines
    • DOI 10.1097/00001813-199606000-00011
    • S. Valcic, B.N. Timmermann, D.S. Alberts, G.A. Wächter, M. Krutzsch, and J. Wymer Inhibitory effect of six green tea catechins and caffeine on the growth of four selected human tumor cell lines Anticancer Drugs 7 4 1996 461 468 (Pubitemid 26249199)
    • (1996) Anti-Cancer Drugs , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 461-468
    • Valcic, S.1    Timmermann, B.N.2    Alberts, D.S.3    Wachter, G.A.4    Krutzsch, M.5    Wymer, J.6    Guillen, J.M.7
  • 46
    • 34247374269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis by ginger in HEp-2 cell line is mediated by reactive oxygen species
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00046.x
    • V. Vijaya Padma, S. Arul Diana Christie, and K.M. Ramkuma Induction of apoptosis by ginger in HEp-2 cell cine is mediated by reactive oxygen species Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 100 5 2007 302 307 (Pubitemid 46633471)
    • (2007) Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , vol.100 , Issue.5 , pp. 302-307
    • Vijaya Padma, V.1    Arul Diana Christie, S.2    Ramkuma, K.M.3
  • 47
    • 0842329588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of 6-gingerol: An antioxidant from ginger, on inducing apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells
    • C.C. Wang, L.G. Chen, L.T. Lee, and L.L. Yang Effects of 6-gingerol: an antioxidant from ginger, on inducing apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells In vivo 17 6 2003 641 645
    • (2003) Vivo , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 641-645
    • Wang, C.C.1    Chen, L.G.2    Lee, L.T.3    Yang, L.L.4
  • 48
    • 1542376929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health
    • G. Wu, Y.Z. Fang, S. Yang, J.R. Lupton, and N.D. Turner Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health Journal of Nutrition 134 3 2004 489 492 (Pubitemid 38298485)
    • (2004) Journal of Nutrition , vol.134 , Issue.3 , pp. 489-492
    • Wu, G.1    Fang, Y.-Z.2    Yang, S.3    Lupton, J.R.4    Turner, N.D.5
  • 49
    • 84867894017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6-Gingerol induces apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in human hepatoma G2 cells
    • G. Yang, S. Wang, L. Zhong, X. Dong, W. Zhang, and L. Jiang 6-Gingerol induces apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in human hepatoma G2 cells Phytotherapy Research 26 11 2012 1667 1673
    • (2012) Phytotherapy Research , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 1667-1673
    • Yang, G.1    Wang, S.2    Zhong, L.3    Dong, X.4    Zhang, W.5    Jiang, L.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.