A view of geriatrics through hormones. What is the relation between andropause and well-known geriatric syndromes?

Maturitas

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 213-219

  Samaras, Nikolaos ^a   Samaras, Dimitrios ^a   Lang, Pierre Olivier ^b,c   Forster, Alexandre ^a   Pichard, Claude ^a   Frangos, Emilia ^a   Meyer, Patrick ^d  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b Clinic of Genolier   (Switzerland)

^c CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d Clinique de Jolimont   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Andropause; Elderly; Geriatric syndromes; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

TESTOSTERONE;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANDROPAUSE; ANEMIA; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FALLING; FRACTURE; GERIATRIC DISORDER; GLYCOGEN METABOLISM; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MOOD DISORDER; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POLYCYTHEMIA; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SMOKING; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; AGING; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; LIFESTYLE; MALE; MOOD DISORDERS; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGING; ANDROPAUSE; ANEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MOOD DISORDERS; OSTEOPOROSIS; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 84884211382     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: 18734111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.11.009     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Hyde Z, Flicker L, Almeida OP, et al. Low free testosterone predicts frailty in older men: the health in men study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(7):3165-72.
2. Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodbard D. Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1981;53(1):58-68.
3. Pardridge WM. Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986;15(2):259-78.
4. Campbell B, Leslie P, Campbell K. Age-related changes in testosterone and SHBG among Turkana males. American Journal of Human Biology 2006;18(1):71-82.
5. Leifke E, Gorenoi V, Wichers C, Von Zur Muhlen A, Von Buren E, Brabant G. Agerelated changes of serum sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor-1 and sexhormone binding globulin levels in men: cross-sectional data from a healthy male cohort. Clinical Endocrinology 2000;53(6):689-95.
6. Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Zmierczak H, et al. The decline of serum testosterone levels in community-dwelling men over 70 years of age: descriptive data and predictors of longitudinal changes. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2008;159(4):459-68.
7. Rohrmann S, Platz EA, Selvin E, et al. The prevalence of low sex steroid hormone concentrations in men in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Clinical Endocrinology 2011;75(2):232-9.
8. Morley JE, Kim MJ, Haren MT. Frailty and hormones. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2005;6(2):101-8.
9. Li C, Ford ES, Li B, Giles WH, Liu S. Association of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men. Diabetes Care 2010;33(7):1618-24.
10. Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(7):2737-45.
11. Maggio M, Ceda GP, Lauretani F, et al. Gonadal status and physical performance in older men. Aging Male 2006;14(1):42-7.
12. Wu FC, Tajar A, Beynon JM, et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(2):123-35.
13. Suzuki R, Allen NE, Appleby PN, et al. Lifestyle factors and serum androgens among 636 middle aged men from seven countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes and Control 2009;20(6):811-21.
14. Oettel M, Hubler D, Patchev V. Selected aspects of endocrine pharmacology of the aging male. Experimental Gerontology 2003;38(1-2):189-98.
15. Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implications. Endocrine Reviews 2005;26(6):833-76.
16. Andropause BJ. Testosterone replacement therapy for aging men. Canadian Family Physician 2001;47:91-7.
17. Coward RM, Simhan J, Carson 3rd CC. Prostate-specific antigen changes and prostate cancer in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone replacement therapy. BJU International 2009;103(9):1179-83.
18. Morales A, Lunenfeld B. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Official recommendations of ISSAM. International Society for the Study of the Aging Male. Aging Male 2002;5(2):74-86.
19. Hayashi T, Yamada T. Association of bioavailable estradiol levels and testosterone levels with serum albumin levels in elderly men. Aging Male 2008;11(2):63-70.
20. Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ, Nakhai Pour HR, et al. Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299(1):39-52.
21. Wald M, Meacham RB, Ross LS, Niederberger CS. Testosterone replacement therapy for older men. Journal of Andrology 2006;27(2):126-32.
22. Lang PO, Samaras D, Samaras N. Testosterone replacement therapy in reversing "andropause": what is the proof-of-principle? Rejuvenation Research 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
23. Rohrmann S, Shiels MS, Lopez DS, et al. Body fatness and sex steroid hormone concentrations in US men: results from NHANES III. Cancer Causes and Control 2011;22(8):1141-51.
24. Shiels MS, Rohrmann S, Menke A, et al. Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men. Cancer Causes and Control 2009;20(6):877-86.
25. Maneesh M, Dutta S, Chakrabarti A, Vasudevan DM. Alcohol abuse-duration dependent decrease in plasma testosterone and antioxidants in males. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2006;50(3):291-6.
26. van der Poll T, Romijn JA, Endert E, Sauerwein HP. Effects of tumor necrosis factor on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in healthy men. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1993;42(3):303-7.
27. Morley JE, Charlton E, Patrick P, et al. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2000;49(9):1239-42.
28. Heinemann LA, Saad F, Zimmermann T, et al. The Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale: update and compilation of international versions. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003;1:15.
29. Samaras N, Chevalley T, Samaras D, Gold G. Older patients in the emergency department: a review. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2010;56(3):261-9.
30. Schurch MA, Rizzoli R, Mermillod B, Vasey H, Michel JP, Bonjour JP. A prospective study on socioeconomic aspects of fracture of the proximal femur. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1996;11(12):1935-42.
31. Lippuner K, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R. Remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year probabilities of osteoporotic fracture in Swiss men and women. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(7):1131-40.
32. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(5):664-72.
33. Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, et al. Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(6):1991-2001.
34. Serra C, Bhasin S, Tangherlini F, et al. The role of GH and IGF-I in mediating anabolic effects of testosterone on androgen-responsive muscle. Endocrinology 2011;152(1):193-206.
35. Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, et al. Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(11):1991-9.
36. Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(2):639-50.
37. Hyde Z, Norman PE, Flicker L, et al. Low free testosterone predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease but not other causes: the Health in Men Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;97(1):179-89.
38. van den Beld A, Huhtaniemi IT, Pettersson KS, et al. Luteinizing hormone and different genetic variants, as indicators of frailty in healthy elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84(4):1334-9.
39. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(2):109-22.
40. Travison TG, Basaria S, Storer TW, et al. Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation. Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2011;66(10):1090-9.
41. Ottenbacher KJ, Ottenbacher ME, Ottenbacher AJ, Acha AA, Ostir GV. Androgen treatment and muscle strength in elderly men: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(11):1666-73.
42. O'Connell MD, Tajar A, Roberts SA, Wu FC. Do androgens play any role in the physical frailty of ageing men? International Journal of Andrology 2011;34(3):195-211.
43. Bhasin S, Basaria S. Diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in men. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;25(2):251-70.
44. Araujo AB, Travison TG, Bhasin S, et al. Association between testosterone and estradiol and age-related decline in physical function in a diverse sample of men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(11):2000-8.
45. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Additive benefit of higher testosterone levels and vitamin D plus calcium supplementation in regard to fall risk reduction among older men and women. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(9):1307-14.
46. Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Russo CR, et al. Correlates of bone quality in older persons. Bone 2006;39(4):915-21.
47. Meier C, Nguyen TV, Handelsman DJ, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and incident fracture risk in older men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(1):47-54.
48. Kenny AM, Kleppinger A, Annis K, et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels, low bone mass, and physical frailty. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(6):1134-43.
49. Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84(6):1966-72.
50. Bain J. Testosterone and the aging male: to treat or not to treat? Maturitas 2010;66(1):16-22.
51. Tuck SP, Scane AC, Fraser WD, Diver MJ, Eastell R, Francis RM. Sex steroids and bone turnover markers in men with symptomatic vertebral fractures. Bone 2008;43(6):999-1005.
52. Burnett-Bowie SA, McKay EA, Lee H, Leder BZ. Effects of aromatase inhibition on bone mineral density and bone turnover in older men with low testosterone levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(12):4785-92.
53. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2011;377(9770):1019-31.
54. Berr C, Wancata J, Ritchie K. Prevalence of dementia in the elderly in Europe. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;15(4):463-71.
55. Ferrara M, Langiano E, Di Brango T, De Vito E, Di Cioccio L, Bauco C. Prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in with Alzheimer caregivers. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2008;6:93.
56. Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999;282(23):2215-9.
57. Simerly RB, Chang C, Muramatsu M, Swanson LW. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1990;294(1):76-95.
58. Wang L, Chadwick W, Park SS, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor system: modulatory role in aging and neurodegeneration. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2010;9(5):651-60.
59. Moffat SD, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ, Blackman MR, Harman SM, Resnick SM. Longitudinal assessment of serum free testosterone concentration predicts memory performance and cognitive status in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002;87(11):5001-7.
60. Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D, Patay B. Endogenous sex hormones and cognitive function in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84(10):3681-5.
61. Thilers PP, Macdonald SW, Herlitz A. The association between endogenous free testosterone and cognitive performance: a population-based study in 35 to 90 year-old men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006;31(5):565-76.
62. Haren M, Chapman I, Coates P, Morley J, Wittert G. Effect of 12 month oral testosterone on testosterone deficiency symptoms in symptomatic elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. Age and Ageing 2005;34(2): 125-30.
63. Muller M, Aleman A, Grobbee DE, de Haan EH, van der Schouw YT. Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: is there an optimal level? Neurology 2005;64(5):866-71.
64. Almeida OP, Waterreus A, Spry N, Flicker L, Martins RN. One year followup study of the association between chemical castration, sex hormones, beta-amyloid, memory and depression in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004;29(8):1071-81.
65. Bussiere JR, Beer TM, Neiss MB, Janowsky JS. Androgen deprivation impairs memory in older men. Behavioral Neuroscience 2005;119(6):1429-37.
66. Beer TM, Bland LB, Bussiere JR, et al. Testosterone loss and estradiol administration modify memory in men. Journal of Urology 2006;175(1):130-5.
67. Green HJ, Pakenham KI, Headley BC, et al. Altered cognitive function in men treated for prostate cancer with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues and cyproterone acetate: a randomized controlled trial. BJU International 2002;90(4):427-32.
68. Chu LW, Tam S, Lee PW, et al. Bioavailable testosterone is associated with a reduced risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in older men. Clinical Endocrinology 2008;68(4):589-98.
69. Flood JF, Farr SA, Kaiser FE, La Regina M, Morley JE. Age-related decrease of plasma testosterone in SAMP8 mice: replacement improves agerelated impairment of learning and memory. Physiology and Behavior 1995;57(4):669-73.
70. Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S, et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology 2001;57(1):80-8.
71. Cherrier MM, Matsumoto AM, Amory JK, et al. Testosterone improves spatial memory in men with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2005;64(12):2063-8.
72. Cherrier MM, Matsumoto AM, Amory JK, et al. Characterization of verbal and spatial memory changes from moderate to supraphysiological increases in serum testosterone in healthy older men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007;32(1):72-9.
73. Janowsky JS, Chavez B, Orwoll E. Sex steroids modify working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2000;12(3):407-14.
74. Janowsky JS, Oviatt SK, Orwoll ES. Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men. Behavioral Neuroscience 1994;108(2):325-32.
75. Lu PH, Masterman DA, Mulnard R, et al. Effects of testosterone on cognition and mood in male patients with mild Alzheimer disease and healthy elderly men. Archives of Neurology 2006;63(2):177-85.
76. Tan RS, Pu SJ. A pilot study on the effects of testosterone in hypogonadal aging male patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Male 2003;6(1):13-7.
77. Kenny AM, Bellantonio S, Gruman CA, Acosta RD, Prestwood KM. Effects of transdermal testosterone on cognitive function and health perception in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2002;57(5):M321-5.
78. Fonda SJ, Bertrand R, O'Donnell A, Longcope C, McKinlay JB. Age, hormones, and cognitive functioning among middle-aged and elderly men: cross-sectional evidence from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60(3):385-90.
79. Yaffe K, Barnes D, Lindquist K, et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels and risk of cognitive decline in an older biracial cohort. Neurobiology of Aging 2007;28(2):171-8.
80. Vaughan C, Goldstein FC, Tenover JL. Exogenous testosterone alone or with finasteride does not improve measurements of cognition in healthy older men with low serum testosterone. Journal of Andrology 2007;28(6):875-82.
81. Haren MT, Wittert GA, Chapman IM, Coates P, Morley JE. Effect of oral testosterone undecanoate on visuospatial cognition, mood and quality of life in elderly men with low-normal gonadal status. Maturitas 2005;50(2):124-33.
82. Samaras N, Rossi G, Giannakopoulos P, Gold G. Vascular depression, an agerelated mood disorder. European Geriatric Medicine 2010;4(1):220-5.
83. Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999;174:307-11.
84. Steffens DC. A multiplicity of approaches to characterize geriatric depression and its outcomes. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2009;22(6):522-6.
85. Ebinger M, Sievers C, Ivan D, Schneider HJ, Stalla GK. Is there a neuroendocrinological rationale for testosterone as a therapeutic option in depression? Journal of Psychopharmacology 2009;23(7):841-53.
86. Barrett-Connor E, Von Muhlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84(2):573-7.
87. Shores MM, Moceri VM, Sloan KL, Matsumoto AM, Kivlahan DR. Low testosterone levels predict incident depressive illness in older men: effects of age and medical morbidity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005;66(1):7-14.
88. Zarrouf FA, Artz S, Griffith J, Sirbu C, Kommor M. Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2009;15(4):289-305.
89. T'Sjoen GG, De Vos S, Goemaere S, et al. Sex steroid level, androgen receptor polymorphism, and depressive symptoms in healthy elderly men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(4):636-42.
90. Seidman SN, Araujo AB, Roose SP, et al. Low testosterone levels in elderly men with dysthymic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159(3):456-9.
91. Haring R, Travison TG, Bhasin S, et al. Relation between sex hormone concentrations, peripheral arterial disease, and change in ankle-brachial index: findings from the Framingham Heart Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(12):3724-32.
92. Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia V, Topiwala S. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. Aging Male 2008;11(3):107-17.
93. Atlantis E, Lange K, Martin S, et al. Testosterone and modifiable risk factors associated with diabetes in men. Maturitas 2011;68(3):279-85.
94. Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, Liu S. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006;295(11):1288-99.
95. Torkler S, Wallaschofski H, Baumeister SE, et al. Inverse association between total testosterone concentrations, incident hypertension and blood pressure. Aging Male 2011;14(3):176-82.
96. Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Association between hormones and metabolic syndrome in older Italian men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(12):1832-8.
97. Liu PY, Wishart SM, Celermajer DS, et al. Do reproductive hormones modify insulin sensitivity and metabolism in older men? A randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trial of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2003;148(1):55-66.
98. Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2006;154(6):899-906.
99. Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of a meta-analysis. Clinical Endocrinology 2005;63(4):381-94.
100. Zmuda JM, Fahrenbach MC, Younkin BT, et al. The effect of testosterone aromatization on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and postheparin lipolytic activity. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1993;42(4):446-50.
101. Whitsel EA, Boyko EJ, Matsumoto AM, Anawalt BD, Siscovick DS. Intramuscular testosterone esters and plasma lipids in hypogonadal men: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Medicine 2001;111(4):261-9.
102. Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;350(5):482-92.
103. Hyde Z, Norman PE, Flicker L, et al. Elevated LH predicts ischaemic heart disease events in older men: the Health in Men Study. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2011;164(4):569-77.
104. Yeap BB, Hyde Z, Norman PE, Chubb SA, Golledge J. Associations of total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone, and luteinizing hormone with prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(3):1123-30.
105. Rosano GM, Sheiban I, Massaro R, et al. Low testosterone levels are associated with coronary artery disease in male patients with angina. International Journal of Impotence Research 2007;19(2):176-82.
106. English KM, Mandour O, Steeds RP, Diver MJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Men with coronary artery disease have lower levels of androgens than men with normal coronary angiograms. European Heart Journal 2000;21(11):890-4.
107. Yeap BB, Hyde Z, Almeida OP, et al. Lower testosterone levels predict incident stroke and transient ischemic attack in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(7):2353-9.
108. Ohlsson C, Barrett-Connor E, Bhasin S, et al. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men, the MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study in Sweden. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;58(16):1674-81.
109. Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ. Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocrine Reviews 2003;24(3):313-40.
110. 2+ channels in A7r5 cells by physiological levels of testosterone. Endocrinology 2006;147(6):2675-80.
111. Webb CM, McNeill JG, Hayward CS, de Zeigler D, Collins P. Effects of testosterone on coronary vasomotor regulation in men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1999;100(16):1690-6.
112. Rosano GM, Leonardo F, Pagnotta P, et al. Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999;99(13):1666-70.
113. English KM, Steeds RP, Jones TH, Diver MJ, Channer KS. Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 2000;102(16):1906-11.
114. Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;54(10):919-27.
115. Samaras N, Frangos E, Forster A, Lang PO, Samaras D. Andropause: A review of the definition and treatment. Eur Ger Med 2012;6(3):368-73.
116. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(1):68-75.
117. Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation 2007;116(23):2694-701.
118. Haring R, Volzke H, Steveling A, et al. Low serum testosterone levels are associated with increased risk of mortality in a population-based cohort of men aged 20-79. European Heart Journal 2010;31(12):1494-501.
119. Araujo AB, Kupelian V, Page ST, Handelsman DJ, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB. Sex steroids and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(12):1252-60.
120. Vikan T, Schirmer H, Njolstad I, Svartberg J. Endogenous sex hormones and the prospective association with cardiovascular disease and mortality in men: the Tromso Study. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2009;161(3):435-42.
121. Tettamanti M, Lucca U, Gandini F, et al. Prevalence, incidence and types of mild anemia in the elderly: the "Health and Anemia" population-based study. Haematologica 2010;95(11):1849-56.
122. Frangos E, Samii K, Perrenoud JJ, Vischer UM. Anemia in the elderly: a frequent condition that should not be overlooked. Revue Médicale Suisse 2010;6(270):2125-9.
123. Ferrucci L, Maggio M, Bandinelli S, et al. Low testosterone levels and the risk of anemia in older men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(13):1380-8.
124. Coviello AD, Kaplan B, Lakshman KM, Chen T, Singh AB, Bhasin S. Effects of graded doses of testosterone on erythropoiesis in healthy young and older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(3):914-9.
125. Bachman E, Feng R, Travison T, et al. Testosterone suppresses hepcidin in men: a potential mechanism for testosterone-induced erythrocytosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(10):4743-7.
126. Barry MJ, Fowler Jr FJ, O'Leary MP, et al. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, the Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. Journal of Urology 1992;148(5):1549-57.
127. Report of National Institute on Aging Advisory Panel on Testosterone Replacement in Men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(10):4611-4.
128. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(6):2536-59.
129. Pierorazio PM, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Longo DL, Metter EJ, Carter HB. Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. BJU International 2010;105(6):824-9.
130. Noble RL. The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration. Cancer Research 1977;37(6):1929-33.
131. Travis RC, Key TJ, Allen NE, et al. Serum androgens and prostate cancer among 643 cases and 643 controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International Journal of Cancer 2007;121(6):1331-8.
132. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008;100(3):170-83.
133. Morgentaler A. Testosterone replacement therapy and prostate cancer. Urologic Clinics of North America 2007;34(4):555-63.
134. Barqawi AB, Crawford ED. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of prostate cancer: a perspective view. International Journal of Impotence Research 2005;17(5):462-3.
135. Khera M. Androgens and erectile function: a case for early androgen use in postprostatectomy hypogonadal men. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2009;6(Suppl. 3):234-8.
136. Sarosdy MF. Testosterone replacement for hypogonadism after treatment of early prostate cancer with brachytherapy. Cancer 2007;109(3):536-41.
137. Morales A, Black AM, Emerson LE. Testosterone administration to men with testosterone deficiency syndrome after external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: preliminary observations. BJU International 2009;103(1):62-4.