Current management of melanoma

Current Problems in Surgery

Volumn 50, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 351-382

  Dunki Jacobs, Erik M ^a   Callender, Glenda G ^a   McMasters, Kelly M ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; BCG VACCINE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 4; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 2A; DACARBAZINE; GANGLIOSIDE GM2; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; IPILIMUMAB; MELANOCORTIN 1 RECEPTOR; MELPHALAN; PEGINTERFERON; PLACEBO; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VEMURAFENIB;

ABLATION THERAPY; ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; BRAF GENE; BRAIN METASTASIS; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER THERAPY; CDK4 GENE; CDKN2A GENE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CUTANEOUS MELANOMA; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DISTANT METASTASIS; DISTANT METASTASIS FREE SURVIVAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTIVE SURGERY; FAMILY HISTORY; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; IN-TRANSIT METASTASIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALAISE; MC1R GENE; MELANOMA; MELANOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); ONCOGENE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN BIOPSY; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN DEFECT; TREATMENT INDICATION; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UNITED STATES; WIDE EXCISION; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; MALE; MORTALITY; PHENOTYPE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRECANCER; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SKIN TUMOR; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

BENCHMARKING; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MALE; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; PROGNOSIS; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84884192389     PISSN: 00113840     EISSN: 15356337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2013.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 〈〉, based on November 2011 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site April 2012. Accessed 05.01.13. http://seercancergov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/.
2. Miller A.J., Mihm M.C. Melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:51-65.
3. Hussein M.R. Genetic pathways to melanoma tumorigenesis. J Clin Pathol 2004, 57:797-801.
4. Kong Y., Kumar S.M., Xu X. Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic melanoma and melanoma-initiating cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010, 134:1740-1749.
5. Russak J.E., Rigel D.S. Risk factors for the development of primary cutaneous melanoma. Dermatol Clin 2012, 30:363-368.
6. Arneja J.S., Gosain A.K. Giant congenital melanocytic nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007, 120:26e-40e.
7. Kamino H. Spitzoid melanoma. Clin Dermatol 2009, 27:545-555.
8. Kanavy H.E., Gerstenblith M.R. Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2011, 30:222-228.
9. Narayanan D.L., Saladi R.N., Fox J.L. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol 2010, 49:978-986.
10. Levine J.A., Sorace M., Spencer J., Seigel DM. The indoor UV tanning industry: a review of skin cancer risk, health benefit claims, and regulation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 53:1038-1044.
11. Swerdlow A.J., Weinstock M.A. Do tanning lamps cause melanoma? An epidemiologic assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998, 38:89-98.
12. Westerdahl J., Ingvar C., Masback A., Jonsson N., Olsson H. Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds: further evidence for UV-A carcinogenicity. Br J Cancer 2000, 82:1593-1599.
13. Ting W., Schultz K., Cac N.N., Peterson M., Walling H.W. Tanning bed exposure increases the risk of malignant melanoma. Int J Dermatol 2007, 46:1253-1257.
14. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007, 120:1116-1122. The International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer.
15. Hemminki K., Zhang H., Czene K. Familial and attributable risks in cutaneous melanoma: effects of proband and age. J Invest Dermatol 2003, 120:217-223.
16. Larson A.A., Leachman S.A., Eliason M.J., Cannon-Albright A.A. Population-based assessment of non-melanoma cancer risk in relatives of cutaneous melanoma probands. J Invest Dermatol 2007, 127:183-188.
17. Amundadottir L.T., Thorvaldsson S., Gudbjartsson D.F., et al. Cancer as a complex phenotype: pattern of cancer distribution within and beyond the nuclear family. PLoS Med 2004, 1:e65.
18. Florell S.R., Boucher K.M., Garibotti G., et al. Population-based analysis of prognostic factors and survival in familial melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:7168-7177.
19. Norris W. Case of fungoid disease. Edinb Med Surg J 1820, 16:562-565.
20. Lynch H.T., Krush A.J. Hereditary and malignant melanoma: implications for early cancer detection. Can Med Assoc J 1968, 99:789-792.
21. Clark W.H., Reimer R.R., Greene M., Ainsworth A.M., Mastrangelo M.J. Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions. 'The B-K mole syndrome'. Arch Dermatol 1978, 114:732-738.
22. Naeyaert J.M., Brochez L. Clinical practice. Dysplastic nevi. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:2233-2240.
23. Holland E.A., Schmid H., Kefford R.F., Mann G.J. CDKN2A (P16(INK4a)) and CDK4 mutation analysis in 131 Australian melanoma probands: effect of family history and multiple primary melanomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999, 25:339-348.
24. Sviderskaya E.V., Hill S.P., Evans-Whipp T.J., et al. p16(Ink4a) in melanocyte senescence and differentiation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94:446-454.
25. Goldstein A.M., Struewing J.P., Chidambaram A., Fraser M.C., Tucker M.A. Genotype-phenotype relationships in U.S. melanoma-prone families with CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:1006-1010.
26. Zuo L., Weger J., Yang Q., et al. Germline mutations in the p16INK4a binding domain of CDK4 in familial melanoma. Nat Genet 1996, 12:97-99.
27. Kraemer K.H., Lee M.M., Andrews A.D., Lambert W.C. The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm. Arch Dermatol 1994, 130:1018-1021.
28. Landi M.T., Kanetsky P.A., Tsang S., et al. MC1R, ASIP, and DNA repair in sporadic and familial melanoma in a Mediterranean population. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:998-1007.
29. Haluska F.G., Tsao H., Wu H., Haluska F.S., Lazar A., Goel V. Genetic alterations in signaling pathways in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:2301s-2307s.
30. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Melanoma of the Skin. 〈〉; Accessed 21.01.13. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html-incidence-mortality.
31. Tucker M.A., Boice J.D., Hoffman D.A. Second cancer following cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the brain, thyroid, connective tissue, bone, and eye in Connecticut, 1935-82. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1985, 68:161-189.
32. Kang S., Barnhill R.L., Mihm M.C., Sober A.J. Multiple primary cutaneous melanomas. Cancer 1992, 70:1911-1916.
33. DiFronzo L.A., Wanek L.A., Elashoff R., Morton D.L. Increased incidence of second primary melanoma in patients with a previous cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1999, 6:705-711.
34. Goggins W.B., Tsao H. A population-based analysis of risk factors for a second primary cutaneous melanoma among melanoma survivors. Cancer 2003, 97:639-643.
35. Stell V.H., Norton H.J., Smith K.S., Salo J.C., White R.L. Method of biopsy and incidence of positive margins in primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007, 14:893-898.
36. Lowe M., Hill N., Page A., Chen S., Delman K.A. The impact of shave biopsy on the management of patients with thin melanomas. Am Surg 2011, 77:1050-1053.
37. Bichakjian C.K., Halpern A.C., Johnson T.M., et al. Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011, 65:1032-1047.
38. Sober A.J., Chuang T.Y., Duvic M., et al. Guidelines of care for primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001, 45:579-586.
39. Tran K.T., Wright N.A., Cockerell C.J. Biopsy of the pigmented lesion-when and how. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008, 59:852-871.
40. Marsch A., High W.A. Medicolegal issues with regard to melanoma and pigmented lesions in dermatopathology. Dermatol Clin 2012, 30:593-615. [v-vi].
41. Lotze M.T. Cutaneous melanoma. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology 2001, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA. 6th ed. V.T. DeVita (Ed.).
42. Piris A., Mihm M.C. Progress in melanoma histopathology and diagnosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009, 23:467-480. [viii].
43. Conley J., Lattes R., Orr W. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma (a rare variant of spindle cell melanoma). Cancer 1971, 28:914-936.
44. Lens M.B., Newton-Bishop J.A., Boon A.P. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2005, 152:673-678.
45. Murali R., Haydu L.E., Long G.V., et al. Clinical and pathologic factors associated with distant metastasis and survival in patients with thin primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012, 19:1782-1789.
46. Gyorki D.E., Busam K., Panageas K., Brady M.S., Coit D.G. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2003, 10:403-407.
47. Cummins D.L., Esche C., Barrett T.L., Balch C.M., Mofid M. Lymph node biopsy results for desmoplastic malignant melanoma. Cutis 2007, 79:390-394.
48. George E., McClain S.E., Slingluff C.L., Polissar N.L., Patterson J.W. Subclassification of desmoplastic melanoma: pure and mixed variants have significantly different capacities for lymph node metastasis. J Cutan Pathol 2009, 36:425-432.
49. Murali R., Haydu L.E., Quinn M.J., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 2012, 255:128-133.
50. Pawlik T.M., Ross M.I., Prieto V.G., et al. Assessment of the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for primary cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma. Cancer 2006, 106:900-906.
51. Miller D.D., Emley A., Yang S., et al. Mixed versus pure variants of desmoplastic melanoma: a genetic and immunohistochemical appraisal. Mod Pathol 2012, 25:505-515.
52. Weinstock M.A. Cutaneous melanoma: public health approach to early detection. Dermatol Ther 2006, 19:26-31.
53. Scolyer R.A., Murali R., McCarthy S.W., Thompson J.F. Pathologic examination of sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008, 25:100-111.
54. Gershenwald J.E., Thompson W., Mansfield P.F., et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:976-983.
55. Scolyer R.A., Thompson J.F., Stretch J.R., Sharma R., McCarthy S.W. Pathology of melanocytic lesions: new, controversial, and clinically important issues. J Surg Oncol 2004, 86:200-211.
56. Egger M.E., Tabler B.L., Dunki-Jacobs E.M., et al. Clinicopathologic and survival differences between upper and lower extremity melanomas. Am Surg 2012, 78:779-787.
57. Mervic L. Prognostic factors in patients with localized primary cutaneous melanoma. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2012, 21:27-31.
58. Allen A.C., Spitz S. Malignant melanoma; a clinicopathological analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer 1953, 6:1-45.
59. Tompkins V.N. Cutaneous melanoma: ulceration as a prognostic sign. Cancer 1953, 6:1215-1218.
60. Cochran A.J. Histology and prognosis in malignant melanoma. J Pathol 1969, 97:459-468.
61. Franklin J.D., Reynolds V.H., Page D.L. Cutaneous melanoma: a twenty-year retrospective study with clinicopathologic correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975, 56:277-285.
62. Huvos A.G., Shah A.P., Mike V. Prognostic factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma. A comparative study of long term and short term survivors. Hum Pathol 1974, 5:347-357.
63. Balch C.M., Wilkerson J.A., Murad T.M., Soong S.J., Ingalls A.L., Maddox W.A. The prognostic significance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1980, 45:3012-3017.
64. Balch C.M., Murad T.M., Soong S.J., Ingalls A.L., Halpern N.B., Maddox W.A. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark's and Breslow's staging methods. Ann Surg 1978, 188:732-742.
65. Grande Sarpa H., Reinke K., Shaikh L., et al. Prognostic significance of extent of ulceration in primary cutaneous melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2006, 30:1396-1400.
66. Eigentler T.K., Buettner P.G., Leiter U., Garbe C. Impact of ulceration in stages I to III cutaneous melanoma as staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System: an analysis of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:4376-4383.
67. Edge S.B., Byrd D.R., Compton C.C. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 2010, Springer, New York. 7th ed.
68. Balch C.M., Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:6199-6206.
69. Roach B.A., Burton A.L., Mays M.P., et al. Does mitotic rate predict sentinel lymph node metastasis or survival in patients with intermediate and thick melanoma?. Am J Surg 2010, 200:759-763. [discussion 63-4].
70. Callender G.G., Egger M.E., Burton A.L., et al. Prognostic implications of anatomic location of primary cutaneous melanoma of 1mm or thicker. Am J Surg 2011, 202:659-664. [discussion 64-5].
71. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Gershenwald J.E., et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:3622-3634.
72. Burton A.L., Gilbert J., Farmer R.W., et al. Regression does not predict nodal metastasis or survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Am Surg 2011, 77:1009-1013.
73. Clark W.H., From L., Bernardino E.A., Mihm M.C. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res 1969, 29:705-727.
74. Page A.J., Li A., Hestley A., Murray D., Carlson G.W., Delman K.A. Increasing age is associated with worse prognostic factors and increased distant recurrences despite fewer sentinel lymph node positives in melanoma. Int J Surg Oncol 2012, 2012:456987.
75. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970, 172:902-908.
76. Callender G.G., Gershenwald J.E., Egger M.E., et al. A novel and accurate computer model of melanoma prognosis for patients staged by sentinel lymph node biopsy: comparison with the American Joint Committee on Cancer model. J Am Coll Surg 2012, 214:608-617. [discussion 17-9].
77. Adjuvant! Online. 〈〉; Accessed 30.01.13. http://www.adjuvantonline.com.
78. Harris L., Fritsche H., Mennel R., et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:5287-5312.
79. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Breast Cancer, (Version 2.2011). 〈〉; Accessed 27.11.12. http://www.nccn.org.
80. Norris W. Eight Cases of Melanosis With Pathological and Therapeutic Remarks on that Disease 1857, Longman, Brown, Green, Longman, and Roberts, London.
81. Wong C.K. A study of melanocytes in the normal skin surrounding malignant melanomata. Dermatologica 1970, 141:215-225.
82. Veronesi U., Cascinelli N., Adamus J., et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3cm. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1159-1162.
83. Veronesi U., Cascinelli N. Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma. Arch Surg 1991, 126:438-441.
84. Balch C.M., Urist M.M., Karakousis C.P., et al. Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial. Ann Surg 1993, 218:218-267. [discussion 7-9].
85. Cohn-Cedermark G., Rutqvist L.E., Andersson R., et al. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0mm. Cancer 2000, 89:1495-1501.
86. Khayat D., Rixe O., Martin G., et al. Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2cm versus 5cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick). Cancer 2003, 97:1941-1946.
87. Thomas J.M., Newton-Bishop J., A'Hern R., et al. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:757-766.
88. Haigh P.I., DiFronzo L.A., McCready D.R. Optimal excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Surg 2003, 46:419-426.
89. Sladden M.J., Balch C., Barzilai D.A., et al. Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, CD004835.
90. Wargo J.A., Tanabe K. Surgical management of melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009, 23:565-581. [x].
91. Santillan A.A., Messina J.L., Marzban S.S., Crespo G., Sondak V.K., Zager J.S. Pathology review of thin melanoma and melanoma in situ in a multidisciplinary melanoma clinic: impact on treatment decisions. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:481-486.
92. Kwon S.Y., Miller S.J. Mohs surgery for melanoma in situ. Dermatol Clin 2011, 29:175-183. [vii-viii].
93. Neuhaus S.J., Clark M.A., Thomas J.M. Dr. Herbert Lumley Snow MD, MRCS (1847-1930): the original champion of elective lymph node dissection in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11:875-878.
94. Landry C.S., McMasters K.M., Scoggins C.R. The evolution of the management of regional lymph nodes in melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2007, 96:316-321.
95. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Bartolucci A.A., et al. Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1 to 4mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger. Ann Surg 1996, 224:255-263. [discussion 63-6].
96. Balch C.M., Soong S., Ross M.I., et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7:87-97.
97. Cascinelli N., Morabito A., Santinami M., MacKie R.M., Belli F. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998, 351:793-796.
98. Veronesi U., Adamus J., Bandiera D.C., et al. Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs. N Engl J Med 1977, 297:627-630.
99. Veronesi U., Adamus J., Bandiera D.C., et al. Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities. Cancer 1982, 49:2420-2430.
100. Sim F.H., Taylor W.F., Pritchard D.J., Soule E.H. Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc 1986, 61:697-705.
101. Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., Cochran A.J., et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1307-1317.
102. Robinson D.S., Sample W.F., Fee H.J., Holmes C., Morton D.L. Regional lymphatic drainage in primary malignant melanoma of the trunk determined by colloidal gold scanning. Surg Forum 1977, 28:147-148.
103. Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992, 127:392-399.
104. Glass L.F., Messina J.L., Cruse W., et al. The use of intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 1996, 22:715-720.
105. McMasters K.M., Reintgen D.S., Ross M.I., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:2851-2855.
106. Wrightson W.R., Wong S.L., Edwards M.J., et al. Complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2003, 10:676-680.
107. Andtbacka R.H., Gershenwald J.E. Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin melanoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009, 7:308-317.
108. Azzola M.F., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of 3661 patients from a single center. Cancer 2003, 97:1488-1498.
109. Kesmodel S.B., Karakousis G.C., Botbyl J.D., et al. Mitotic rate as a predictor of sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with thin melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:449-458.
110. Faries M.B., Wanek L.A., Elashoff D., Wright B.E., Morton D.L. Predictors of occult nodal metastasis in patients with thin melanoma. Arch Surg 2010, 145:137-142.
111. Bedrosian I., Faries M.B., D.T.Guerry, et al. Incidence of sentinel node metastasis in patients with thin primary melanoma (< or = 1mm) with vertical growth phase. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7:262-267.
112. Gajdos C., Griffith K.A., Wong S.L., et al. Is there a benefit to sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with T4 melanoma?. Cancer 2009, 115:5752-5760.
113. Sugarbaker E.V., McBride C.M. Melanoma of the trunk: the results of surgical excision and anatomic guidelines for predicting nodal metastasis. Surgery 1976, 80:22-30.
114. McMasters K.M., Chao C., Wong S.L., et al. Interval sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma. Arch Surg 2002, 137:543-547. [discussion 7-9].
115. Verwer N., Scolyer R.A., Uren R.F., et al. Treatment and prognostic significance of positive interval sentinel nodes in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011, 18:3292-3299.
116. Gershenwald J.E., Tseng C.H., Thompson W., et al. Improved sentinel lymph node localization in patients with primary melanoma with the use of radiolabeled colloid. Surgery 1998, 124:203-210.
117. Jansen L., Nieweg O.E., Kapteijn A.E., et al. Reliability of lymphoscintigraphy in indicating the number of sentinel nodes in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7:624-630.
118. Richtig E., Komericki P., Trapp M., et al. Ratio of marked and excised sentinel lymph nodes and scintigraphic appearance time in melanoma patients with negative sentinel lymph node. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010, 36:783-788.
119. McMasters K.M., Ross M.I., Reintgen D.S., et al. Final results of the sunbelt melanoma trial. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl. 15). 9003.
120. Thomas J.M. Prognostic false-positivity of the sentinel node in melanoma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5:18-23.
121. Morton D.L. Overview and update of the phase III Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trials (MSLT-I and MSLT-II) in melanoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012, 29:699-706.
122. Scoggins C.R., Ross M.I., Reintgen D.S., et al. Prospective multi-institutional study of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for molecular staging of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:2849-2857.
123. Starz H., De Donno A., Balda B.R. The Augsburg experience: histological aspects and patient outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2001, 8:48S-51S.
124. Lee J.H., Essner R., Torisu-Itakura H., Wanek L., Wang H., Morton D.L. Factors predictive of tumor-positive nonsentinel lymph nodes after tumor-positive sentinel lymph node dissection for melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:3677-3684.
125. van Akkooi A.C., Nowecki Z.I., Voit C., et al. Sentinel node tumor burden according to the Rotterdam criteria is the most important prognostic factor for survival in melanoma patients: a multicenter study in 388 patients with positive sentinel nodes. Ann Surg 2008, 248:949-955.
126. Cadili A., McKinnon G., Wright F., et al. Validation of a scoring system to predict non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2010, 101:191-194.
127. Wong S.L., Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., et al. Melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes who did not undergo completion lymphadenectomy: a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol 2006, 13:809-816.
128. Egger M.E., Callender G.G., McMasters K.M., et al. Diversity of stage III melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 2013, 20:956-963.
129. Sholar A., Martin R.C., McMasters K.M. Popliteal lymph node dissection. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:189-193.
130. Tanabe K.K. Lymphatic mapping and epitrochlear lymph node dissection for melanoma. Surgery 1997, 121:102-104.
131. Dasgupta T., Bowden L., Berg J.W. Malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963, 117:341-345.
132. Kamposioras K., Pentheroudakis G., Pectasides D., Pavlidis N. Malignant melanoma of unknown primary site. To make the long story short. A systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011, 78:112-126.
133. Chang P., Knapper W.H. Metastatic melanoma of unknown primary. Cancer 1982, 49:1106-1111.
134. Shenoy B.V., Fort L., Benjamin S.P. Malignant melanoma primary in lymph node. The case of the missing link. Am J Surg Pathol 1987, 11:140-146.
135. Lee C.C., Faries M.B., Wanek L.A., Morton D.L. Improved survival for stage IV melanoma from an unknown primary site. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:3489-3495.
136. Clerico R., Bottoni U., Paolino G., et al. Melanoma with unknown primary: report and analysis of 24 patients. Med Oncol 2012, 29:2978-2984.
137. Kirkwood J.M., Strawderman M.H., Ernstoff M.S., Smith T.J., Borden E.C., Blum R.H. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol. 1996, 14:7-17.
138. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J.G., Sondak V.K., et al. High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:2444-2458.
139. Eggermont A.M., Testori A., Marsden J., et al. Utility of adjuvant systemic therapy in melanoma. Ann Oncol 2009, 20(Suppl. 6):vi30-vi34.
140. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J., Lawson D.H., et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b does not diminish antibody response to GM2 vaccination in patients with resected melanoma: results of the Multicenter Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E2696. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:1430-1436.
141. Eggermont A.M., Suciu S., Santinami M., et al. Adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation alone in resected stage III melanoma: final results of EORTC 18991, a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2008, 372:117-126.
142. Eggermont A.M., Suciu S., Testori A., et al. Long-term results of the randomized phase III trial EORTC 18991 of adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation in resected stage III melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2012, 30:3810-3818.
143. Burmeister B.H., Henderson M.A., Ainslie J., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation alone for patients at risk of lymph-node field relapse after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:589-597.
144. Fusi S., Ariyan S., Sternlicht A. Data on first recurrence after treatment for malignant melanoma in a large patient population. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993, 91:94-98.
145. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Melanoma, (Version 2.2011). 〈〉; Accessed 30.01.13. http://www.nccn.org.
146. Coit D.G., Andtbacka R., Bichakjian C.K., et al. Melanoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009, 7:250-275.
147. Moehrle M., Kraemer A., Schippert W., Garbe C., Rassner G., Breuninger H. Clinical risk factors and prognostic significance of local recurrence in cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2004, 151:397-406.
148. Karakousis C.P., Balch C.M., Urist M.M., Ross M.M., Smith T.J., Bartolucci A.A. Local recurrence in malignant melanoma: long-term results of the multiinstitutional randomized surgical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 1996, 3:446-452.
149. Creech O., Krementz E.T., Ryan R.F., Winblad J.N. Chemotherapy of cancer: regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit. Ann Surg 1958, 148:616-632.
150. Kroon H.M., Thompson J.F. Isolated limb infusion: a review. J Surg Oncol 2009, 100:169-177.
151. Kroon B.B., Noorda E.M., Vrouenraets B.C., van Slooten G.W., Nieweg O.E. Isolated limb perfusion for melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008, 17:785-794. [viii-ix].
152. Testori A., Verhoef C., Kroon H.M., et al. Treatment of melanoma metastases in a limb by isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion. J Surg Oncol 2011, 104:397-404.
153. Sanki A., Kam P.C., Thompson J.F. Long-term results of hyperthermic, isolated limb perfusion for melanoma: a reflection of tumor biology. Ann Surg 2007, 245:591-596.
154. Knorr C., Meyer T., Janssen T., Goehl J., Hohenberger W. Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) in malignant melanoma. Experience with 101 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006, 32:224-227.
155. Koops H.S., Vaglini M., Suciu S., et al. Prophylactic isolated limb perfusion for localized, high-risk limb melanoma: results of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group Protocol 18832, the World Health Organization Melanoma Program Trial 15, and the North American Perfusion Group Southwest Oncology Group-8593. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:2906-2912.
156. Lienard D., Ewalenko P., Delmotte J.J., Renard N., Lejeune F.J. High-dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in combination with interferon gamma and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:52-60.
157. Lienard D., Eggermont A.M., Koops H.S., et al. Isolated limb perfusion with tumour necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan with or without interferon-gamma for the treatment of in-transit melanoma metastases: a multicentre randomized phase II study. Melanoma Res 1999, 9:491-502.
158. Rossi C.R., Foletto M., Mocellin S., Pilati P., Lise M. Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with low-dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan for bulky in-transit melanoma metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11:173-177.
159. Cornett W.R., McCall L.M., Petersen R.P., et al. Randomized multicenter trial of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with melphalan alone compared with melphalan plus tumor necrosis factor: American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial Z0020. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:4196-4201.
160. Howard J.H., Thompson J.F., Mozzillo N., et al. Metastasectomy for distant metastatic melanoma: analysis of data from the first Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-I). Ann Surg Oncol 2012, 19:2547-2555.
161. Ollila D.W. Complete metastasectomy in patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma. Lancet Oncol 2006, 7:919-924.
162. Chapman P.B., Einhorn L.H., Meyers M.L., et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2745-2751.
163. Middleton M.R., Grob J.J., Aaronson N., et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:158-166.
164. Avril M.F., Aamdal S., Grob J.J., et al. Fotemustine compared with dacarbazine in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma: a phase III study. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:1118-1125.
165. Serrone L., Zeuli M., Sega F.M., Cognetti F. Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: thirty-year experience overview. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2000, 19:21-34.
166. Atkins M.B., Hsu J., Lee S., et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5748-5754.
167. O'Day S.J., Hamid O., Urba W.J. Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): a novel strategy for the treatment of melanoma and other malignancies. Cancer 2007, 110:2614-2627.
168. Fong L., Small E.J. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody: the first in an emerging class of immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5275-5283.
169. Hodi F. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:711-723.
170. Davies H., Bignell G.R., Cox C., et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002, 417:949-954.
171. Curtin J.A., Fridlyand J., Kageshita T., et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2135-2147.
172. Bollag G., Hirth P., Tsai J., et al. Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Nature 2010, 467:596-599.
173. Chapman P.B., Hauschild A., Robert C., et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutations. New Engl J Med 2011, 364:2507-2516.
174. Fedorenko I.V., Paraiso K.H., Smalley K.S. Acquired and intrinsic BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2011, 82:201-209.