Biopsy of the pigmented lesion-When and how

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 852-871

  Tran, Kien T ^a   Wright, Natalie A ^b   Cockerell, Clay J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; CHECKLIST; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMPUTER PROGRAM; EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY; EXCISION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; PHOTOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SKIN BIOPSY;

ALGORITHMS; BIOPSY; DERMOSCOPY; HUMANS; MELANOMA; NAIL DISEASES; NEVUS, PIGMENTED; PALPATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 53349146728     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.027     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Chen S.C., Pennie M.L., Kolm P., Warshaw E.M., Weisberg E.L., Brown K.M., et al. Diagnosing and managing cutaneous pigmented lesions: primary care physicians versus dermatologists. J Gen Intern Med 21 (2006) 678-682
2. Reeck M.C., Chuang T.Y., Eads T.J., Faust H.B., Farmer E.R., and Hood A.F. The diagnostic yield in submitting nevi for histologic examination. J Am Acad Dermatol 40 (1999) 567-571
3. McKenna D.B., Marioni J.C., Lee R.J., Prescott R.J., and Doherty V.R. A comparison of dermatologists', surgeons' and general practitioners' surgical management of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 151 3 (2004) 636-644
4. Morton C.A., and Mackie R.M. Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 138 (1998) 283-287
5. Khorshid S.M., Pinney E., and Bishop J.A. Melanoma excision by general practitioners in north-east Thames region. England. Br J Dermatol 138 (1998) 412-417
6. Grin C.M., Kopf A.W., Welkovich B., Bart R.S., and Levenstein M.J. Accuracy in the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol 126 (1990) 763-766
7. Koh H.K., Lew R.A., and Prout M.N. Screening for melanoma/skin cancer: theoretic and practical considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol 20 (1989) 159-172
8. Chen S.C., Bravata D.M., Weil E., and Olkin I. A comparison of dermatologists' and primary care physicians' accuracy in diagnosing melanoma: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 1627-1634
9. Osborne J.E., Chave T.A., and Hutchinson P.E. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy for cutaneous malignant melanoma between general dermatology, plastic surgery and pigmented lesion clinics. Br J Dermatol 148 (2003) 252-258
10. Gachter T., Muhleisen B., Scharer L., Dummer R., Burg G., and Hofbauer G.F. Weight of decision-making impairs clinical assessment of melanocytic lesions. J Cutan Med Surg 11 (2007) 9-18
11. Weatherhead S.C., and Lawrence C.M. Melanoma screening clinics: are we detecting more melanomas or reassuring the worried well?. Br J Dermatol 154 (2006) 539-541
12. Lange J.R., and Balch C.M. Screening for cutaneous melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 14 (2005) 799-811
13. Pacifico M.D., Pearl R.A., and Grover R. The UK Government two-week rule and its impact on melanoma prognosis: an evidence-based study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 89 (2007) 609-615
14. Fader D.J., Wise C.G., Normolle D.P., and Johnson T.M. The multidisciplinary melanoma clinic: a cost outcomes analysis of specialty care. J Am Acad Dermatol 38 (1998) 742-751
15. Losina E., Walensky R.P., Geller A., Beddingfield III F.C., Wolf L.L., Gilchrest B.A., et al. Visual screening for malignant melanoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Dermatol 143 (2007) 21-28
16. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Atkins M.B., Buzaid A.C., Cascinelli N., Coit D.G., et al. An evidence-based staging system for cutaneous melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin 54 (2004) 131-149 quiz 182-4
17. Moynihan G.D. The 3 Cs of melanoma: time for a change?. J Am Acad Dermatol 30 (1994) 510-511
18. Abbasi N.R., Shaw H.M., Rigel D.S., Friedman R.J., McCarthy W.H., Osman I., et al. Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: revisiting the ABCD criteria. JAMA 292 (2004) 2771-2776
19. Friedman R.J., Rigel D.S., and Kopf A.W. Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin. CA Cancer J Clin 35 (1985) 130-151
20. Thomas L., Tranchand P., Berard F., Secchi T., Colin C., and Moulin G. Semiological value of ABCDE criteria in the diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented tumors. Dermatology 197 (1998) 11-17
21. Hazen B.P., Bhatia A.C., Zaim T., and Brodell R.T. The clinical diagnosis of early malignant melanoma: expansion of the ABCD criteria to improve diagnostic sensitivity. Dermatol Online J 5 (1999) 3
22. Banky J.P., Kelly J.W., English D.R., Yeatman J.M., and Dowling J.P. Incidence of new and changed nevi and melanomas detected using baseline images and dermoscopy in patients at high risk for melanoma. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 998-1006
23. Grob J.J., and Bonerandi J.J. The 'ugly duckling' sign: identification of the common characteristics of nevi in an individual as a basis for melanoma screening. Arch Dermatol 134 (1998) 103-104
24. Levit E.K., Kagen M.H., Scher R.K., Grossman M., and Altman E. The ABC rule for clinical detection of subungual melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 (2000) 269-274
25. Keefe M., Dick D.C., and Wakeel R.A. A study of the value of the seven-point checklist in distinguishing benign pigmented lesions from melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 15 (1990) 167-171
26. Healsmith M.F., Bourke J.F., Osborne J.E., and Graham-Brown R.A. An evaluation of the revised seven-point checklist for the early diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 130 (1994) 48-50
27. McGovern T.W., and Litaker M.S. Clinical predictors of malignant pigmented lesions. A comparison of the Glasgow seven-point checklist and the American Cancer Society's ABCDs of pigmented lesions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18 (1992) 22-26
28. Gachon J., Beaulieu P., Sei J.F., Gouvernet J., Claudel J.P., Lemaitre M., et al. First prospective study of the recognition process of melanoma in dermatological practice. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 434-438
29. Scope A., Dusza S.W., Halpern A.C., Rabinovitz H., Braun R.P., Zalaudek I., et al. The "ugly duckling" sign: agreement between observers. Arch Dermatol 144 (2008) 58-64
30. Argenziano G., Soyer H.P., Chimenti S., Talamini R., Corona R., Sera F., et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. J Am Acad Dermato 48 (2003) 679-693
31. Tripp J.M., Kopf A.W., Marghoob A.A., and Bart R.S. Management of dysplastic nevi: a survey of fellows of the American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 674-682
32. Charles C.A., Yee V.S., Dusza S.W., Marghoob A.A., Oliveria S.A., Kopf A., et al. Variation in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of melanoma in situ: a survey of US dermatologists. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 723-729
33. Binder M., Schwarz M., Winkler A., Steiner A., Kaider A., Wolff K., et al. Epiluminescence microscopy. A useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists. Arch Dermatol 131 (1995) 286-291
34. Bafounta M.L., Beauchet A., Aegerter P., and Saiag P. Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 1343-1350
35. Westerhoff K., McCarthy W.H., and Menzies S.W. Increase in the sensitivity for melanoma diagnosis by primary care physicians using skin surface microscopy. Br J Dermatol 143 (2000) 1016-1020
36. Binder M., Puespoeck-Schwarz M., Steiner A., Kittler H., Muellner M., Wolff K., et al. Epiluminescence microscopy of small pigmented skin lesions: short-term formal training improves the diagnostic performance of dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol 36 (1997) 197-202
37. Soyer H.P., Argenziano G., Zalaudek I., Corona R., Sera F., Talamini R., et al. Three-point checklist of dermoscopy. A new screening method for early detection of melanoma. Dermatology 208 (2004) 27-31
38. Kittler H., Pehamberger H., Wolff K., and Binder M. Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol 3 (2002) 159-165
39. Argenziano G., Puig S., Zalaudek I., Sera F., Corona R., Alsina M., et al. Dermoscopy improves accuracy of primary care physicians to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 1877-1882
40. Carli P., de Giorgi V., Chiarugi A., Nardini P., Weinstock M.A., Crocetti E., et al. Addition of dermoscopy to conventional naked-eye examination in melanoma screening: a randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) 683-689
41. Carli P., De Giorgi V., Crocetti E., Mannone F., Massi D., Chiarugi A., et al. Improvement of malignant/benign ratio in excised melanocytic lesions in the 'dermoscopy era': a retrospective study 1997-2001. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 687-692
42. Malvehy J., Puig S., Argenziano G., Marghoob A.A., and Soyer H.P. Dermoscopy report: proposal for standardization. Results of a consensus meeting of the International Dermoscopy Society. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 (2007) 84-95
43. Carli P., De Giorgi V., and Giannotti B. Dermoscopy as a second step in the diagnosis of doubtful pigmented skin lesions: how great is the risk of missing a melanoma?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15 (2001) 24-26
44. Carli P., De Giorgi V., Argenziano G., Palli D., and Giannotti B. Pre-operative diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions: in vivo dermoscopy performs better than dermoscopy on photographic images. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16 (2002) 339-346
45. Seidenari S., Longo C., Giusti F., and Pellacani G. Clinical selection of melanocytic lesions for dermoscopy decreases the identification of suspicious lesions in comparison with dermoscopy without clinical preselection. Br J Dermatol 154 (2006) 873-879
46. Pehamberger H., Steiner A., and Wolff K. In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (1987) 571-583
47. Nachbar F., Stolz W., Merkle T., Cognetta A.B., Vogt T., Landthaler M., et al. The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 30 (1994) 551-559
48. Menzies S.W., Ingvar C., Crotty K.A., and McCarthy W.H. Frequency and morphologic characteristics of invasive melanomas lacking specific surface microscopic features. Arch Dermatol 132 (1996) 1178-1182
49. Argenziano G., Fabbrocini G., Carli P., De Giorgi V., Sammarco E., and Delfino M. Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis. Arch Dermatol 134 (1998) 1563-1570
50. Binder M., Kittler H., Steiner A., Dawid M., Pehamberger H., and Wolff K. Reevaluation of the ABCD rule for epiluminescence microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 40 (1999) 171-176
51. Blum A., Rassner G., and Garbe C. Modified ABC-point list of dermoscopy: a simplified and highly accurate dermoscopic algorithm for the diagnosis of cutaneous melanocytic lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 672-678
52. Dolianitis C., Kelly J., Wolfe R., and Simpson P. Comparative performance of 4 dermoscopic algorithms by nonexperts for the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 1008-1014
53. Annessi G., Bono R., Sampogna F., Faraggiana T., and Abeni D. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of three dermoscopic algorithmic methods in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic lesions: the importance of light brown structureless areas in differentiating atypical melanocytic nevi from thin melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 759-767
54. Carli P., Quercioli E., Sestini S., Stante M., Ricci L., Brunasso G., et al. Pattern analysis, not simplified algorithms, is the most reliable method for teaching dermoscopy for melanoma diagnosis to residents in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 148 (2003) 981-984
55. Pagnanelli G., Soyer H.P., Argenziano G., Talamini R., Barbati R., Bianchi L., et al. Diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions by dermoscopy: web-based training improves diagnostic performance of non-experts. Br J Dermatol 148 (2003) 698-702
56. Skvara H., Teban L., Fiebiger M., Binder M., and Kittler H. Limitations of dermoscopy in the recognition of melanoma. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 155-160
57. Mallon E., and Dawber R.P. Longitudinal melanonychia induced by minocycline. Br J Dermatol 130 (1994) 794-795
58. Tosti A., Gaddoni G., Fanti P.A., D'Antuono A., and Albertini F. Longitudinal melanonychia induced by 3′-azidodeoxythymidine. Report of 9 cases. Dermatologica 180 (1990) 217-220
59. Mooney E., and Bennett R.G. Periungual hyperpigmentation mimicking Hutchinson's sign associated with minocycline administration. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14 (1988) 1011-1013
60. Baran R. Longitudinal melanotic streaks as a clue to Laugier-Hunziker syndrome. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 1448-1449
61. Bissell G.W., Surakomol K., and Greenslit F. Longitudinal banded pigmentation of nails in primary adrenal insufficiency. JAMA 215 (1971) 1666-1667
62. Allenby C.F., and Snell P.H. Longitudinal pigmentation of the nails in Addison's disease. Br Med J 1 (1966) 1582-1583
63. Tosti A., and Argenziano G. Dermoscopy allows better management of nail pigmentation. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 1369-1370
64. Ronger S., Touzet S., Ligeron C., Balme B., Viallard A.M., Barrut D., et al. Dermoscopic examination of nail pigmentation. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 1327-1333
65. Thomas L., and Dalle S. Dermoscopy provides useful information for the management of melanonychia striata. Dermatol Ther 20 (2007) 3-10
66. Braun R.P., Baran R., Saurat J.H., and Thomas L. Surgical Pearl: Dermoscopy of the free edge of the nail to determine the level of nail plate pigmentation and the location of its probable origin in the proximal or distal nail matrix. J Am Acad Dermatol 55 (2006) 512-513
67. Jellinek N. Nail matrix biopsy of longitudinal melanonychia: diagnostic algorithm including the matrix shave biopsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 803-810
68. Perrin C., Michiels J.F., Pisani A., and Ortonne J.P. Anatomic distribution of melanocytes in normal nail unit: an immunohistochemical investigation. Am J Dermatopathol 19 (1997) 462-467
69. Husain S., Scher R.K., Silvers D.N., and Ackerman A.B. Melanotic macule of nail unit and its clinicopathologic spectrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 (2006) 664-667
70. Braun R.P., Baran R., Le Gal F.A., Dalle S., Ronger S., Pandolfi R., et al. Diagnosis and management of nail pigmentations. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 835-847
71. Krunic A.L., Wang L.C., Soltani K., Weitzul S., and Taylor R.S. Digital anesthesia with epinephrine: an old myth revisited. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (2004) 755-759
72. Haneke E., and Baran R. Longitudinal melanonychia. Dermatol Surg 27 (2001) 580-584
73. Bolognia J., Jorizzo J., and Rapini R. Dermatology. 2nd ed. (2007), Mosby, St Louis
74. Wolff K., Fitzpatrick T.B., Goldsmith L.A., Katz S.I., Gilchrest B.A., Paller A., et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in general medicine. 7th ed. (2008), McGraw-Hill, New York
75. Bolognia J.L. I. Biopsy techniques for pigmented lesions. Dermatol Surg 26 (2000) 89-90
76. Cockerell C.J. Biopsy technique for pigmented lesions. Semin Cutan Med Surg 16 (1997) 108-112
77. Balch C.M., Houghton A.N., Sober A.J., and Soong S. Cutaneous melanoma. 4th ed (2003), Quality Medical Publishers, St Louis
78. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Soong S.J., Atkins M.B., Cascinelli N., Coit D.G., et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 3635-3648
79. Sober A.J., Chuang T.Y., Duvic M., Farmer E.R., Grichnik J.M., Halpern A.C., et al. Guidelines of care for primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 (2001) 579-586
80. Stell V.H., Norton H.J., Smith K.S., Salo J.C., and White Jr. R.L. Method of biopsy and incidence of positive margins in primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14 (2007) 893-898
81. Swanson N.A., Lee K.K., Gorman A., and Lee H.N. Biopsy techniques. Diagnosis of melanoma. Dermatol Clin 20 (2002) 677-680
82. Ho J., Brodell R.T., and Helms S.E. Saucerization biopsy of pigmented lesions. Clin Dermatol 23 (2005) 631-635
83. Molenkamp B.G., Sluijter B.J., Oosterhof B., Meijer S., and van Leeuwen P.A. Non-radical diagnostic biopsies do not negatively influence melanoma patient survival. Ann Surg Oncol 14 (2007) 1424-1430
84. Robinson J.K. Surgery of the skin: procedural dermatology (2005), Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia
85. Mehregan D.R., and Dooley V.N. How to get the most out of your skin biopsies. Int J Dermatol 46 (2007) 727-733
86. Somach S.C., Taira J.W., Pitha J.V., and Everett M.A. Pigmented lesions in actinically damaged skin. Histopathologic comparison of biopsy and excisional specimens. Arch Dermatol 132 (1996) 1297-1302
87. Karimipour D.J., Schwartz J.L., Wang T.S., Bichakjian C.K., Orringer J.S., King A.L., et al. Microstaging accuracy after subtotal incisional biopsy of cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (May 2005) 798-802
88. Houghton AN, Coit D, Bichakjian CK, Daud A, Dilawari RA, Dimaio D, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Melanoma. In: Network NCC, ed. V.2.2007 ed; 2007.
89. Balch C.M., Sober A.J., Soong S.J., and Gershenwald J.E. The new melanoma staging system. Semin Cutan Med Surg 22 (2003) 42-54
90. Funk W., Schmoeckel C., Holzel D., and Braun-Falco O. Prognostic classification of malignant melanoma by clinical criteria. Br J Dermatol 111 (1984) 129-138
91. O'Donnell B.F., Marsden J.R., O'Donnell C.A., Sanders D.S., and Billingham C. Does palpability of primary cutaneous melanoma predict dermal invasion?. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 (1996) 632-637
92. Argenziano G., Fabbrocini G., Carli P., De Giorgi V., and Delfino M. Clinical and dermatoscopic criteria for the preoperative evaluation of cutaneous melanoma thickness. J Am Acad Dermatol 40 (1999) 61-68
93. Pagnanelli G., Bono R., Pizzichetta M.A., Talamini R., Ascierto P.A., Testori A., et al. Clinical and dermoscopic criteria related to melanoma sentinel lymph node positivity. Anticancer Res 27 (2007) 2939-2944
94. Ng P.C., Barzilai D.A., Ismail S.A., Averitte Jr. R.L., and Gilliam A.C. Evaluating invasive cutaneous melanoma: is the initial biopsy representative of the final depth?. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 420-424
95. Pritchard G.A., and Hughes L.E. Clinical assessment of melanoma thickness. Eur J Surg Oncol 15 (1989) 232-235
96. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Atkins M.B., Cascinelli N., Coit D.G., Fleming I.D., et al. A new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 88 (2000) 1484-1491
97. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Soong S.J., Atkins M.B., Cascinelli N., and Coit D.G. New TNM melanoma staging system: linking biology and natural history to clinical outcomes. Semin Surg Oncol 21 (2003) 43-52
98. Andersen W.K., and Silvers D.N. 'Melanoma? It can't be melanoma!' A subset of melanomas that defies clinical recognition. JAMA 266 (1991) 3463-3465
99. Stevens G., and Cockerell C.J. Avoiding sampling error in the biopsy of pigmented lesions. Arch Dermatol 132 (1996) 1380-1382
100. Koller J., and Rettenbacher L. The influence of diagnostic biopsies on the sentinel lymph node detection in cutaneous melanoma. Arch Dermatol 136 (2000) 1176
101. Epstein E., Bragg K., and Linden G. Biopsy and prognosis of malignant melanoma. JAMA 208 (1969) 1369-1371
102. van der Esch E.P., and Rampen F.H. Punch biopsy of melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 13 (1985) 899-902
103. Bong J.L., Herd R.M., and Hunter J.A. Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 690-694
104. Martin II R.C., Scoggins C.R., Ross M.I., Reintgen D.S., Noyes R.D., Edwards M.J., et al. Is incisional biopsy of melanoma harmful?. Am J Surg 190 (2005) 913-917
105. Griffiths R.W., and Briggs J.C. Biopsy procedures, primary wide excisional surgery and long term prognosis in primary clinical stage I invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 67 (1985) 75-78
106. Wagner D.E., and Cullen R.A. Primary melanoma: pitfalls in diagnostic biopsy techniques and interpretations. Am J Surg 148 (1984) 99-102
107. Lederman J.S., and Sober A.J. Does biopsy type influence survival in clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma?. J Am Acad Dermatol 13 (1985) 983-987
108. Griffiths R.W., and Briggs J.C. Biopsy procedures, primary wide excisional surgery and long term prognosis in primary clinical stage I invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 68 (1986) 58
109. Lees V.C., and Briggs J.C. Effect of initial biopsy procedure on prognosis in Stage 1 invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma: review of 1086 patients. Br J Surg 78 (1991) 1108-1110
110. Rampen F.H., van Houten W.A., and Jop W.C. Incisional procedures and prognosis in malignant melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 5 (1980) 313-320
111. Austin J.R., Byers R.M., Brown W.D., and Wolf P. Influence of biopsy on the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 18 (1996) 107-117
112. Fitzpatrick P.J., Brown T.C., and Reid J. Malignant melanoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathological study. Can J Surg 15 (1972) 90-101
113. NIH Consensus Conference. Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma. JAMA 268 (1992) 1314-1319
114. Pariser R.J., Divers A., and Nassar A. The relationship between biopsy technique and uncertainty in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma. Dermatol Online J 5 (1999) 4
115. Armour K., Mann S., and Lee S. Dysplastic naevi: to shave, or not to shave? A retrospective study of the use of the shave biopsy technique in the initial management of dysplastic naevi. Australas J Dermatol 46 (2005) 70-75
116. Witheiler D.D., and Cockerell C.J. Sensitivity of diagnosis of malignant melanoma: a clinicopathologic study with a critical assessment of biopsy techniques. Exp Dermatol 1 (1992) 170-175
117. Wang S.Q., Kopf A.W., Koenig K., Polsky D., Nudel K., and Bart R.S. Detection of melanomas in patients followed up with total cutaneous examinations, total cutaneous photography, and dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) 15-20
118. Risser J., Pressley Z., Veledar E., Washington C., and Chen S.C. The impact of total body photography on biopsy rate in patients from a pigmented lesion clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 (2007) 428-434
119. Shriner D.L., Wagner Jr. R.F., and Glowczwski J.R. Photography for the early diagnosis of malignant melanoma in patients with atypical moles. Cutis 50 (1992) 358-362
120. Slue W., Kopf A.W., and Rivers J.K. Total-body photographs of dysplastic nevi. Arch Dermatol 124 (1988) 1239-1243
121. Salopek T.G. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin 20 (2002) 617-628 viii
122. Nehal K.S., Oliveria S.A., Marghoob A.A., Christos P.J., Dusza S.W., Tromberg J.S., et al. Use of and beliefs about dermoscopy in the management of patients with pigmented lesions: a survey of dermatology residency programmes in the United States. Melanoma Res 12 (2002) 601-605
123. Halpern A.C. Total body skin imaging as an aid to melanoma detection. Semin Cutan Med Surg 22 (2003) 2-8
124. Kelly J.W., Yeatman J.M., Regalia C., Mason G., and Henham A.P. A high incidence of melanoma found in patients with multiple dysplastic naevi by photographic surveillance. Med J Aust 167 (1997) 191-194
125. Stolz W., Schiffner R., Pillet L., Vogt T., Harms H., Schindewolf T., et al. Improvement of monitoring of melanocytic skin lesions with the use of a computerized acquisition and surveillance unit with a skin surface microscopic television camera. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 (1996) 202-207
126. Provost N., Kopf A.W., Rabinovitz H.S., Stolz W., DeDavid M., Wasti Q., et al. Comparison of conventional photographs and telephonically transmitted compressed digitized images of melanomas and dysplastic nevi. Dermatology 196 (1998) 299-304
127. Massone C., Soyer H.P., Hofmann-Wellenhof R., Di Stefani A., Lozzi G.P., Gabler G., et al. Two years' experience with Web-based teleconsulting in dermatology. J Telemed Telecare 12 (2006) 83-87
128. Moreno-Ramirez D., Ferrandiz L., Nieto-Garcia A., Carrasco R., Moreno-Alvarez P., Galdeano R., et al. Store-and-forward teledermatology in skin cancer triage: experience and evaluation of 2009 teleconsultations. Arch Dermatol 143 (2007) 479-484
129. Rivers J.K., Kopf A.W., Vinokur A.F., Rigel D.S., Friedman R.J., Heilman E.R., et al. Clinical characteristics of malignant melanomas developing in persons with dysplastic nevi. Cancer 65 (1990) 1232-1236
130. Del Mar C.B., and Green A.C. Aid to diagnosis of melanoma in primary medical care. BMJ 310 (1995) 492-495
131. Feit N.E., Dusza S.W., and Marghoob A.A. Melanomas detected with the aid of total cutaneous photography. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 706-714
132. Kittler H., Guitera P., Riedl E., Avramidis M., Teban L., Fiebiger M., et al. Identification of clinically featureless incipient melanoma using sequential dermoscopy imaging. Arch Dermatol 142 (2006) 1113-1119
133. Menzies S.W., Gutenev A., Avramidis M., Batrac A., and McCarthy W.H. Short-term digital surface microscopic monitoring of atypical or changing melanocytic lesions. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 1583-1589
134. Robinson J.K., and Nickoloff B.J. Digital epiluminescence microscopy monitoring of high-risk patients. Arch Dermatol 140 (2004) 49-56
135. Haenssle H.A., Krueger U., Vente C., Thoms K.M., Bertsch H.P., Zutt M., et al. Results from an observational trial: digital epiluminescence microscopy follow-up of atypical nevi increases the sensitivity and the chance of success of conventional dermoscopy in detecting melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 126 (2006) 980-985
136. Bauer J., Blum A., Strohhacker U., and Garbe C. Surveillance of patients at high risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma using digital dermoscopy. Br J Dermatol 152 (2005) 87-92
137. Marks R., Jolley D., McCormack C., and Dorevitch A.P. Who removes pigmented skin lesions?. J Am Acad Dermatol 36 (1997) 721-726
138. Nehal K.S., Oliveria S.A., Marghoob A.A., Christos P.J., Dusza S., Tromberg J.S., et al. Use of and beliefs about baseline photography in the management of patients with pigmented lesions: a survey of dermatology residency programmes in the United States. Melanoma Res 12 (2002) 161-167
139. Hudson-Peacock M.J., Bishop J., and Lawrence C.M. Shave excision of benign papular naevocytic naevi. Br J Plast Surg 48 (1995) 318-322
140. Porter J.M., and Treasure J. Excision of benign pigmented skin tumours by deep shaving. Br J Plast Surg 46 (1993) 255-257
141. Harvey D.T., and Fenske N.A. The razor blade biopsy technique. Introduction of the adaptor-designed shave biopsy instrument. Dermatol Surg 21 (1995) 345-347
142. Grabski W.J., Salasche S.J., and Mulvaney M.J. Razor-blade surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16 (1990) 1121-1126
143. Harrison P.V. Good results after shave excision of benign moles. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 11 (1985) 668-686
144. Gambichler T., Senger E., Rapp S., Alamouti D., Altmeyer P., and Hoffmann K. Deep shave excision of macular melanocytic nevi with the razor blade biopsy technique. Dermatol Surg 26 (2000) 662-666
145. Bong J.L., and Perkins W. Shave excision of benign facial melanocytic naevi: a patient's satisfaction survey. Dermatol Surg 29 (2003) 227-229
146. Zanardini Pereira C.A., and de Oliveira de Avelar Alchorne A. Tangential excision of nevocellular nevus on the face. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 533-537
147. Ferrandiz L., Moreno-Ramirez D., and Camacho F.M. Shave excision of common acquired melanocytic nevi: cosmetic outcome, recurrences, and complications. Dermatol Surg 31 (2005) 1112-1115
148. Schoenfeld R.J., and Pinkus H. The recurrence of nevi after incomplete removal. AMA Arch Derm 78 (1958) 30-35
149. Kornberg R., and Ackerman A.B. Pseudomelanoma: recurrent melanocytic nevus following partial surgical removal. Arch Dermatol 111 (1975) 1588-1590
150. Cohen L.M., Hodge S.J., Owen L.G., and Callen J.P. Atypical melanocytic nevi. Clinical and histopathologic predictors of residual tumor at reexcision. J Am Acad Dermatol 27 (1992) 701-706
151. Barnhill R.L., Hurwitz S., Duray P.H., and Arons M.S. The dysplastic nevus: recognition and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 81 (1988) 280-289
152. Hamilton S., and Gault D. Combined shave-excision in removal of benign naevi. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59 (2006) 110-111
153. Lo S.J., and Khoo C. Improving the cosmetic acceptability of punch biopsies: a simple method to reduce dog-ear formation. Plast Reconstr Surg 118 (2006) 295-296
154. Tursen U., Kaya T.I., and Ikizoglu G. Surgical approach to benign small papular and dome-shaped melanocytic naevi on the face. J Cosmet Dermatol 2 (2003) 175-179
155. Lum D., and Lum R.S. Razor blade surgery: use of the Castroviejo blade breaker and holder. Dermatol Surg 25 (1999) 143-144
156. Marghoob A.A., Swindle L.D., Moricz C.Z., Sanchez Negron F.A., Slue B., Halpern A.C., et al. Instruments and new technologies for the in vivo diagnosis of melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 49 (2003) 777-797 quiz 798-9
157. Wachsman W., Zapala M., Udall D., Paik A., Hata T., Walls L., et al. Differentiation of melanoma from dysplastic nevi in suspicious pigmented lesions by non-invasive tape-stripping (2007), Society of Investigative Dermatology Conference, Los Angeles
158. Morhenn V.B., Chang E.Y., and Rheins L.A. A noninvasive method for quantifying and distinguishing inflammatory skin reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 41 (1999) 687-692
159. Wong R., Tran V., Morhenn V., Hung S.P., Andersen B., Ito E., et al. Use of RT-PCR and DNA microarrays to characterize RNA recovered by non-invasive tape harvesting of normal and inflamed skin. J Invest Dermatol 123 (2004) 159-167
160. Wong R., Tran V., Talwalker S., and Benson N.R. Analysis of RNA recovery and gene expression in the epidermis using non-invasive tape stripping. J Dermatol Sci 44 (2006) 81-92
161. Benson N.R., Papenfuss J., Wong R., Motaal A., Tran V., Panko J., et al. An analysis of select pathogenic messages in lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin using non-invasive tape harvesting. J Invest Dermatol 126 (2006) 2234-2241
162. Hoek K.S. DNA microarray analyses of melanoma gene expression: a decade in the mines. Pigment Cell Res 20 (2007) 466-484
163. Carlson J.A., Ross J.S., Slominski A., Linette G., Mysliborski J., Hill J., et al. Molecular diagnostics in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 743-775 quiz 775-8
164. Carr K.M., Bittner M., and Trent J.M. Gene-expression profiling in human cutaneous melanoma. Oncogene 22 (2003) 3076-3080
165. Schindewolf T., Schiffner R., Stolz W., Albert R., Abmayr W., and Harms H. Evaluation of different image acquisition techniques for a computer vision system in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 (1994) 33-41
166. Andreassi L., Perotti R., Rubegni P., Burroni M., Cevenini G., Biagioli M., et al. Digital dermoscopy analysis for the differentiation of atypical nevi and early melanoma: a new quantitative semiology. Arch Dermatol 135 (1999) 1459-1465
167. Wollina U., Burroni M., Torricelli R., Gilardi S., Dell'Eva G., Helm C., et al. Digital dermoscopy in clinical practise: a three-centre analysis. Skin Res Technol 13 (2007) 133-142
168. Seidenari S., Pellacani G., and Giannetti A. Digital videomicroscopy and image analysis with automatic classification for detection of thin melanomas. Melanoma Res 9 (1999) 163-171
169. Menzies S.W. Automated epiluminescence microscopy: human vs machine in the diagnosis of melanoma. Arch Dermatol 135 (1999) 1538-1540
170. Menzies S.W., Bischof L., Talbot H., Gutenev A., Avramidis M., Wong L., et al. The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma. Arch Dermatol (2005) 1411388-1411396
171. Rosado B., Menzies S., Harbauer A., Pehamberger H., Wolff K., Binder M., et al. Accuracy of computer diagnosis of melanoma: a quantitative meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 139 (2003) 361-367 discussion 366
172. Perrinaud A., Gaide O., French L.E., Saurat J.H., Marghoob A.A., and Braun R.P. Can automated dermoscopy image analysis instruments provide added benefit for the dermatologist? A study comparing the results of three systems. Br J Dermatol 157 (2007) 926-933
173. Boldrick J.C., Layton C.J., Nguyen J., and Swetter S.M. Evaluation of digital dermoscopy in a pigmented lesion clinic: clinician versus computer assessment of malignancy risk. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 417-421
174. Menzies S.W. Cutaneous melanoma: making a clinical diagnosis, present and future. Dermatol Ther 19 (2006) 32-39