Surgical Management of Melanoma

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 565-581

  Wargo, Jennifer A ^a,b   Tanabe, Kenneth ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Lymphadenectomy; Margins; Melanoma; Sentinel node; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; COLLOID TC 99M; DACTINOMYCIN; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; MELPHALAN;

CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CHEMOSURGERY; CHILL; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; FATIGUE; FEVER; HEADACHE; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIMB PERFUSION; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CHEMOTHERAPY, CANCER, REGIONAL PERFUSION; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; MELANOMA; MOHS SURGERY; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 65649135517     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Rigel D.S., Friedman R.J., and Kopf A.W. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: issues as we approach the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 (1996) 839-847
2. Ries LA, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1999. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 2002. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/. Accessed June, 2006.
3. Greenlee R.T., Hill-Harmon M.B., Murray T., et al. Cancer statistics 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 51 (2001) 15-36
4. Crowson A.N., Magro C.M., and Mihm Jr. M.C. Prognosticators of melanoma, the melanoma report, and the sentinel lymph node. Mod Pathol 19 (2006) S71-S87
5. Barnhill R.L., Katzen J., Spatz A., et al. The importance of mitotic rate as a prognostic factor for localized cutaneous melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 32 (2005) 268-273
6. Francken A.B., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. The prognostic importance of tumor mitotic rate confirmed in 1317 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma and long follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol 11 (2004) 426-433
7. Wong C.K. A study of melanocytes in the normal skin surrounding malignant melanomata. Dermatologica 141 (1970) 215-225
8. Lens M.B., Nathan P., and Bataille V. Excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma. Updated pool analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 142 9 (2007) 885-891
9. Ross M.I., and Balch C.M. Surgical treatment of primary melanoma. In: Balch C.M., Houghton A.N., Sober A.J., et al. (Eds). Cutaneous melanoma. 3rd edition (1998), Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., St. Louis (MO) 141-153
10. Veronesi U., Cascinelli N., Adamus J., et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N Engl J Med 318 18 (1988) 1159-1162
11. Veronesi U., and Cascinelli N. Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma. Arch Surg 126 4 (1991) 438-441
12. Balch C.M., Urist M.M., Karakousis C.P., et al. Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial. Ann Surg 218 3 (1993) 262-267
13. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Smith T., et al. Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 8 2 (2001) 101-108
14. Cohn-Cedermark G., Rutqvist L.E., Andersson R., et al. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0 mm. Cancer 89 7 (2000) 1495-1501
15. Ringborg U., Andersson R., Eldh J., et al. Resection margins of 2 versus 5 cm for cutaneous malignant melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8 to 2.0 mm: randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group. Cancer 77 9 (1996) 1809-1814
16. Thomas J.M., Newton-Bishop J., A'Hern R., et al. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. [see comment]. N Engl J Med 350 8 (2004) 757-766
17. Rigel D.S., and Carucci J.A. Malignant melanoma: prevention, early detection and treatment in the 21st century. CA Cancer J Clin 50 (2000) 216-236
18. Mohs F.E. Chemosurgery: a microscopically controlled method of cancer excision. Arch Surg 42 (1941) 279-295
19. Zitelli J.A., Brown C., and Hanusa B.H. Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dematol 37 (1997) 236-245
20. Bhardwaj S.S., Tope W.D., and Lee P.K. Mohs micrographic surgery for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma using Mel-5 immunostaining: University of Minnesota experience. Dermatol Surg 32 5 (2006) 690-696
21. Bienert T.N., Trotter M.J., and Arlette J.P. Treatment of cutaneous melanoma of the face by Mohs micrographic surgery. J Cutan Med Surg 7 1 (2003) 25-30
22. Temple C.L., and Arlette J.P. Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of lentigo maligna and melanoma. J Surg Oncol 94 4 (2006) 287-292
23. Balch C.M. Randomized surgical trials involving elective node dissection for melanoma. Adv Surg 32 (1999) 64-70
24. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Bartolucci A.A., et al. Efficacy of elective regional node dissection of 1 to 4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age or older. Ann Surg 224 3 (1996) 255-263
25. Beitsch P., and Balch C. Operative morbidity and risk factor assessment in melanoma patients undergoing inguinal lymph node dissection. Am J Surg 164 (1992) 462-465
26. Wong J.H., Cagle L.A., and Morton D.L. Lymphatic drainage of skin to a sentinel lymph node in a feline model. Ann Surg 214 5 (1991) 637-641
27. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective lymphadenectomy: technical details of a new procedure for clinical stage I melanoma. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington, DC, March 2000.
28. Gershenwald J.E., Colome M.I., Lee J.E., et al. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 2253-2260
29. Glass E.C., Essner R., and Morton D.L. Kinetics of three lymphoscintigraphic agents in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 39 (1998) 1185-1190
30. Thompson J.F., Uren R.F., Shaw H.M., et al. Location of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous melanoma: new insights into lymphatic anatomy. [see comment]. J Am Coll Surg 189 2 (1999) 195-204
31. Essner R., Bostic P.J., Glass E.C., et al. Standardized probe-directed sentinel node dissection in melanoma. Surgery 127 (2000) 26-31
32. Thompson J.F., and Uren R.F. Lymphatic mapping in management of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Lancet Oncol 6 (2005) 877-885
33. Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., and Nieweg O.E. The sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure: identification with blue dye and a gamma probe. In: Thompson J.F., Morton D.L., and Kroon B.B. (Eds). Textbook of melanoma (2004), Martin Dunitz, London 323-338
34. Yu L.L., Flotte T.J., Tanabe K.K., et al. Detection of microscopic melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 86 4 (1999) 617-627
35. Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127 (1992) 392-399
36. Krag D.N., Meijer S.J., Weaver D.L., et al. Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 130 (1995) 654-658
37. Leong S.P., Steinmetz I., Habib F.A., et al. Optimal selective sentinel lymph node dissection in primary malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 132 (1997) 666-673
38. Gershenwald J.E., Mansfield P.F., Lee J.E., et al. Role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thick (>4mm) primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 7 (2000) 160-165
39. Gershenwald J.E., Thompson W., Mansfield P.F., et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 976-983
40. Berk D.R. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma: the Stanford experience 1997-2004. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 1016-1022
41. Vuylsteke R.J. Clinical outcome of Stage I/II melanoma patients after selective sentinel lymph node dissection: long-term follow-up results. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 1057-1065
42. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Gershenwald J.E., et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 3622-3634
43. Ranieri J.M., Wagner J.D., Azuage R., et al. Importance of lymph node tumor burden in melanoma patients staged by sentinel node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 9 (2002) 975-981
44. Carlson G.W., et al. The amount of metastatic melanoma in a sentinel lymph node. Does it have prognostic significance?. Ann Surg Oncol 10 (2003) 575-581
45. Starz H., et al. Sentinel lymphonodectomy and S-classification: a successful strategy for better prediction and improvement of outcomes in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 11 3 Suppl (2005) 162S-168S
46. Spanknebel K., et al. Characterization of micrometastic disease in melanoma sentinel lymph nodes by enhanced pathology: recommendations for standardizing pathological analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 29 (2005) 412-414
47. Van Akkooi A.C.J., et al. Clinical relevance of melanoma micrometastases (<0.1 mm) in sentinel nodes: are these nodes to be considered negative?. Ann Oncol 17 (2006) 1578-1585
48. Thomas J.M. Prognostic false-positivity of the sentinel node in melanoma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 5 1 (2008) 18-23
49. Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., Cochran A.J., et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. [see comment] [erratum appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 2;355(18):1944]. N Engl J Med 355 13 (2006) 1307-1317
50. Buzaid A.C., Tinoco L.A., Jendiroba D., et al. Prognostic value of size of lymph node metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 13 (1995) 2361-2368
51. Sim F.H., Taylor W.F., Pritchard D.J., et al. Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc 61 (1986) 697-705
52. Veronesi U., Adamus J., Bandiera D.C., et al. Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities. Cancer 49 (1982) 2420-2430
53. Cascinelli N., Morabito A., Santinami M., et al. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomized trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 351 (1998) 793-796
54. Balch D.M., Soong S., Ross M.I., et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 7 (2000) 87-97
55. McMasters K.M., Reintgen D.S., Ross M.I., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: Controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 2851-2855
56. Thomas J.M. Time for comprehensive reporting of MSLT-1. Lancet Oncol 7 1 (2006) 9-11
57. Cascinelli N., Clemente C., Bifulco C., et al. Do patients with tumor-positive sentinel node constitute a homogenous group?. Ann Surg Oncol 8 9 Suppl (2001) 35S-37S
58. Chan A.D., Essner R., Wanek L.A., et al. Judging the therapeutic value of lymph node dissections for melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 191 (2000) 16-23
59. McMasters K.M., Ross M.I., Reintgen D.S., et al. Final results of the sunbelt melanoma trial. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) [May 20 suppl; abstrast 9003]
60. Benckhuijsen C., Kroon B.B., van Geel A.N., et al. Regional perfusion treatment with melphalan for melanoma in a limb: an evaluation of drug kinetics. Eur J Surg Oncol 14 (1988) 157-163
61. Lingam M.K., Byrne D.S., Aitchison T., et al. A single center's 10-year experience with isolated limb perfusion in the treatment of recurrent malignant melanoma of the limb. Eur J Cancer 32A (1996) 1668-1673
62. Vrouenraets B.C., Nieweg O.E., and Kroon B.B. Thirty-five years of isolated limb perfusion for melanoma: indications and results. Br J Surg 83 (1996) 1319-1328
63. Lejeune F., Lienard D., Eggermont A., et al. Rationale for using TNF alpha and chemotherapy in regional therapy of melanoma. J Cell Biochem 56 (1994) 52-61
64. Grunhagen D.J., Brunstein F., Graveland W.J., et al. One hundred consecutive isolated limb perfusions with TNF-alpha and Melphalan in melanoma patients with multiple in-transit metastases. Ann Surg 240 (2004) 939-948
65. Feldman A.L., Alexander Jr. H.R., Bartlett D.L., et al. Management of extremity recurrences after complete responses to isolated limb perfusion in patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6 (1999) 562-567
66. Lindner P., Doubrovsky A., Kam P.C., et al. Prognostic factors after isolated limb infusion with cytotoxic agents for melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 9 (2002) 127-136
67. Beasley G.M., Petersen R.P., Yoo J., et al. Isolated limb infusion for in-transit malignant melanoma of the extremity: a well-tolerated but less effective alternative to hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion. Ann Surg Oncol 15 8 (2008) 2195-2205
68. Brady M.S., Brown K., Patel A., et al. A phase II trial of isolated limb infusion with melphalan and dactinomycin for regional melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Ann Surg Oncol 13 8 (2006) 1123-1129
69. Morris K.T., Marquez C.M., Holland J.M., et al. Prevention of local recurrence after surgical debulking of nodal and subcutaneous melanoma deposits by hypofractionated radiation. Ann Surg Oncol 7 9 (2000) 680-684
70. Stevens G., Thompson J.F., Firth I., et al. Locally advanced melanoma: results of postoperative hypofractionated radiation therapy. Cancer 88 (2000) 88-94
71. Ang K.K., Byers R.M., Peters L.J., et al. Regional radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment for head and neck malignant melanoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116 (1990) 169-172
72. Kirkwood J.M., Strawderman M.H., Ernstoff M.S., et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high risk resected cutaneous melanoma: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 14 (1996) 7-17
73. Wheatley K., Ives N., Hancock B., et al. Does adjuvant interferon-alpha for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 29 (2003) 241-252
74. Wong S.L., and Coit D.G. Role of surgery in patients with stage IV melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 16 (2004) 155-160
75. Tafra L., Dale P.S., Wanek L.A., et al. Resection and adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma metastatic to the lungs and thorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110 (1995) 119-128
76. Ollila D.W., Essner R., Wanek L., et al. Surgical resection for melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Surg 131 (1996) 975-979
77. Finkelstein S.E., Carrasquillo J.A., Hoffman J.M., et al. A prospective analysis of positron emission tomography and conventional imaging for detection of stage IV metastatic melanoma in patients undergoing metastasectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 11 8 (2004) 731-738