The Mutability of Women's Health with Age: The Sometimes Rapid, and Often Enduring, Health Consequences of Injustice

Women and Health

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 21-32

  Geronimus, Arline T ^a   Snow, Rachel C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884111971     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384978-6.00002-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Snow R.C. Reorienting public health: exploring differentials in hip fracture. Engendering international health: the challenge of equity 2002, MIT Press, Cambridge. G. Sen, P. Ostlin, A. George (Eds.).
2. Snow R.C. The social body: gender and the burden of disease. Gender equity in health: the shifting frontiers of evidence and action 2009, Routledge Books, New York. G. Sen, P. Ostlin (Eds.).
3. Geronimus A.T. To mitigate, resist, or undo: addressing structural influences on the health of urban populations. Am J Public Health 2000, 90(6):867-872.
4. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision. 2011.
5. Shrestha LB. Life expectancy in the United States: Library of Congress; order code RI. 32792; 2006.
6. Pampel F. Cigarette use and the narrowing sex differential in mortality. Popul Deve Revi 2006, 28(1):77-104.
7. United Nations. Sex differentials in life expectancy and mortality in developed countries: an analysis by age groups and causes of death from recent and historical data. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No 25 ST/ESA/SERN/25; 1988.
8. Shkolnikov V., McKee M., Leon D.A. Changes in life expectancy in Russia in the mid-1990s. Lancet 2001, 357(9260):917-921.
9. Leon D.A., Chenet L., Shkolnikov V.M., Zakharov S., Shapiro J., Rakhmanova G., et al. Huge variation in Russian mortality rates 1984-94: artefact, alcohol, or what?. Lancet 1997, 350(9075):383-388.
10. Weidner G., Kopp M., Kristenson M. Heart disease: environment, stress and gender 2002, Amsterdam: ISO Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers.
11. Adetunji J, Bos ER. Levels and trends in mortality in sub-saharan Africa: an overview. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW et al. editors. Disease and mortality in sub-saharan Africa. Washington: World Bank; 2006.
12. Higgins J.A., Hoffman S., Dworkin S.L. Rethinking gender, heterosexual men, and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Am J Public Health 2010, 100(3):435-445.
13. Haub C., Sharma O.P. India's population reality: reconciling change and tradition. Population Bulletin 2006, 61(3):1-20.
14. Kumar A., Mohanty S.K. Intra-urban differentials in the utilization of reproductive healthcare in India, 1992-2006. J Urban Health 2011, 88(2):311-328.
15. Paul V.K., Sachdev H.S., Mavalankar D., Ramachandran P., Sankar M.J., Bhandari N., et al. Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge. Lancet 2011, 377(9762):332-349.
16. Geronimus A.T., Bound J., Colen C.G. Excess black mortality in the United States and in selected black and white high-poverty areas, 1980-2000. Am J Public Health 2011, 101(4):720-729.
17. Geronimus A.T., Colen C.G., Shochet T., Ingber L.B., James S.A. Urban-rural differences in excess mortality among high-poverty populations: evidence from the Harlem Household Survey and the Pitt County, North Carolina Study of African American Health. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2006, 17(3):532-558.
18. Geronimus A.T., Bound J., Waidmann T.A., Colen C.G., Steffick D. Inequality in life expectancy, functional status, and active life expectancy across selected black and white populations in the United States. Demography 2001, 38(2):227-251.
19. Backlund E., Sorlie P.D., Johnson N.J. The shape of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Ann Epidemiol 1996, 6(1):12-20. discussion 1-2.
20. Mirowsky J., Hu P.N. Physical impairment and the diminishing effects of income. Social Forces. 1996, 74:1073-1096.
21. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., Johnson C.L. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002, 288(14):1723-1727.
22. Levine R.S., Foster J.E., Fullilove R.E., Fullilove M.T., Briggs N.C., Hull P.C., et al. Black-white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933-1999: implications for healthy people 2010. Public Health Rep 2001, 116(5):474-483.
23. Geronimus A.T., Bound J., Keene D., Hicken M. Black-white differences in age trajectories of hypertension prevalence among adult women and men, 1999-2002. Ethn Dis 2007, 17(1):40-48.
24. Geronimus A.T. Understanding and eliminating racial inequalities in women's health in the United States: the role of the weathering conceptual framework. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2001, 56(4). 133-6, 49-50.
25. Geronimus A.T. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations. Ethn Dis 1992, 2(3):207-221.
26. Sapolsky R.M., Romero L.M., Munck A.U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 2000, 21(1):55-89.
27. McEwen B.S., Seeman T. Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 896:30-47.
28. Khansari N., Shakiba Y., Mahmoudi M. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2009, 3(1):73-80.
29. Charles K.K., Guryan J. Prejudice and wages: an empirical assessment of Becker's the economics of discrimination. Journal of Political Economy 2008, 115(5):773-809.
30. Taylor J., Turner R.J. Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: racial contrasts. Soc Psychol Quart 2002, 65(3):213-225.
31. Charles K.K., Hurst E. The transition to home ownership and the black-white wealth gap. Review of Economics and Statistics 2002, 84(2):281-297.
32. Darity W.A., Mason P.L. Evidence on discrimination in employment: codes of color, codes of gender. J Econ Perspect 1998, 12(2):63-90.
33. Holzer H.J., Offner P., Sorensen E. Declining employment among young black less-educated men: the role of incarceration and child support. J Policy Anal Manag 2005, 24(2):329-350.
34. Ondrich J., Ross S., Yinger J. Now you see it, now you don't: why do real estate agents withhold available houses from black customers?. Review of Economics and Statistics 2003, 85(4):854-873.
35. Dilworth-Anderson P., Williams I.C., Gibson B.E. Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: a 20-year review (1980-2000). Gerontologist 2002, 42(2):237-272.
36. Hicks-Bartlett S. Between a rock and a hard place: the labyrinth of working and parenting in a poor community. Coping with poverty: the social contexts of neighborhood, work and family in the African-American community 2000, 27-51. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. S. Danziger, A.C. Lin (Eds.).
37. Gee G.C., Payne-Sturges D.C. Environmental health disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(17):1645-1653.
38. Morello-Frosch R., Lopez R. The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities. Environ Res 2006, 102(2):181-196.
39. Oths K.S., Dunn L.L., Palmer N.S. A prospective study of psychosocial job strain and birth outcomes. Epidemiology 2001, 12(6):744-746.
40. Steptoe A., Marmot M. Psychosocial, hemostatic, and inflammatory correlates of delayed poststress blood pressure recovery. Psychosom Med 2006, 68(4):531-537.
41. Cohen S., Schwartz J.E., Epel E., Kirschbaum C., Sidney S., Seeman T. Socioeconomic status, race, and diurnal cortisol decline in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Psychosom Med 2006, 68(1):41-50.
42. Khera A., McGuire D.K., Murphy S.A., Stanek H.G., Das S.R., Vongpatanasin W., et al. Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 46(3):464-469.
43. Geronimus A.T., Hicken M., Keene D., Bound J. 'Weathering' and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. Am J Public Health 2006, 96(5):826-833.
44. Burton L.M., Whitfield K.E. 'Weathering' towards poorer health in later life: co-morbidity in urban low-income families. Public Policy and Aging Report 2003, 13(3):13-18.
45. Jarrett R.L., Burton L.M. Dynamic dimensions of family-structure in low-income African American families: emergent themes in qualitative research. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1999, 30(2):177-187.
46. Mullings L, Wali, A. Stress and resilience: the social context of reproduction in Central Harlem. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press; 2001.
47. Stack C.B., Burton L.M. Kinscripts. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1993, 24(2):157-170.
48. Warren-Findlow J. Weathering: stress and heart disease in African American women living in Chicago. Qual Health Res 2006, 16(2):221-237.
49. Geronimus A.T., Thompson J. To denigrate, ignore, or disrupt: racial inequality in health and the impact of a policy-induced breakdown of African American communities. De Bouis Review. Social Science Research on Race 2004, 1(2):247-279.
50. Williams D.R. Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 896:173-188.
51. Shapiro T.M. The hidden cost of being african american 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
52. Colen C.G., Geronimus A.T., Bound J., James S.A. Maternal upward socioeconomic mobility and black-white disparities in infant birthweight. Am J Public Health 2006, 96(11):2032-2039.
53. Colen C.G. Addressing racial dispartities in health using life course perspectives. Du Bois Review. Social Science Research on Race 2011, 8:79-94.
54. Kaufman J.S., Geronimus A.T., James S.A. Faulty interpretation of observed racial disparity in recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 197(3). 327; author reply - 8.
55. Pearson J.A. Can't buy me whiteness: new lessons from the Titanic on race, ethnicity, and health. De Bouis Review. Social Science Research on Race 2008, 5(1):27-47.
56. Kistka Z.A., Palomar L., Lee K.A., Boslaugh S.E., Wangler M.F., Cole F.S., et al. Racial disparity in the frequency of recurrence of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 196(2). 131,e1-6.
57. Braboy Jackson P., Thoits P.A., Taylor H.F. Composition of the workplace and psychological well-being: the effect of tokenism on America's Black elite. Social Forces 1995, 74:543-557.
58. Light K.C., Brownley K.A., Turner J.R., Hinderliter A.L., Girdler S.S., Sherwood A., et al. Job status and high-effort coping influence work blood pressure in women and blacks. Hypertension 1995, 25(4 Pt 1):554-559.
59. Lantz P.M., House J.S., Lepkowski J.M., Williams D.R., Mero R.P., Chen J. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. JAMA 1998, 279(21):1703-1708.
60. Bennett G.G., Wolin K.Y., Robinson E.L., Fowler S., Edwards C.L. Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults. Am J Public Health 2005, 95(2):238-240.
61. Yen I.H., Ragland D.R., Greiner B.A., Fisher J.M. Workplace discrimination and alcohol consumption: findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Ethn Dis 1999, 9(1):70-80.
62. Brunner E.J., Chandola T., Marmot M.G. Prospective effect of job strain on general and central obesity in the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 165(7):828-837.
63. Dallman M.F., Pecoraro N., Akana S.F., La Fleur S.E., Gomez F., Houshyar H., et al. Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of 'comfort food'. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(20):11696-11701.
64. Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Israel B.A., James S.A., Bao S., Wilson M.L. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. Am J Public Health 2005, 95(4):660-667.
65. Chan S.R., Blackburn E.H. Telomeres and telomerase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004, 359(1441):109-121.
66. Von Zglinicki T. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends in Biochemical Science 2002, 27(7):339-344.
67. Bauer M.E., Jeckel C.M., Luz C. The role of stress factors during aging of the immune system. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009, 1153:139-152.
68. Harrison D., Griendling K.K., Landmesser U., Hornig B., Drexler H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91(3A):7A-11A.
69. Valdes A.M., Andrew T., Gardner J.P., Kimura M., Oelsner E., Cherkas L.F., et al. Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet 2005, 366(9486):662-664.
70. Geronimus A.T., Hicken M.T., Pearson J.A., Seashols S.J., Brown K.L., Cruz T.D., et al. Black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging?: a novel theory and first population-based test of black-white differences in telomere length. Hum Nat 2010, 21(1):19-38.
71. Cherkas L.F., Aviv A., Valdes A.M., Hunkin J.L., Gardner J.P., Surdulescu G.L., et al. The effects of social status on biological aging as measured by white-blood-cell telomere length. Aging Cell 2006, 5(5):361-365.
72. Epel E.S., Blackburn E.H., Lin J., Dhabhar F.S., Adler N.E., Morrow J.D., et al. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101(49):17312-17315.
73. Epel E.S., Lin J., Wilhelm F.H., Wolkowitz O.M., Cawthon R., Adler N.E., et al. Cell aging in relation to stress arousal and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31(3):277-287.
74. Okuda K., Bardeguez A., Gardner J.P., Rodriguez P., Ganesh V., Kimura M., et al. Telomere length in the newborn. Pediatr Res 2002, 52(3):377-381.
75. Bakaysa S.L., Mucci L.A., Slagboom P.E., Boomsma D.I., McClearn G.E., Johansson B., et al. Telomere length predicts survival independent of genetic influences. Aging Cell 2007, 6(6):769-774.
76. James S.A. Racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality and low birth weight. A psychosocial critique. Ann Epidemiol 1993, 3(2):130-136.
77. Viruell-Fuentes E.A. Beyond acculturation: immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2007, 65(7):1524-1535.
78. Pearson JA, Geronimus AT. Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic characteristics, coethnic social ties, and health: evidence from the national Jewish population survey. Am J Public Health Jul;101(7):1314-21.
79. Kaestner R., Pearson J.A., Keene D., Geronimus A.T. Stress, allostatic load and health of Mexican immigrants. Soc Sci Q 2009, 90(5):1089-1111.
80. Collins J.W., Wu S.Y., David R.J. Differing intergenerational birth weights among the descendants of US-born and foreign-born whites and African Americans in Illinois. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 155(3):210-216.
81. Lauderdale D.S. Birth outcomes for Arabic-named women in California before and after September 11. Demography 2006, 43(1):185-201.
82. Panniyyammakal J., Reddy K.S. Social determinants of cardiovascular disease outcomes in Indians. Indian J Med Res 2010, 132(5):617-622.
83. Young F., Critchley J.A., Johnstone L.K., Unwin N.C. A review of co-morbidity between infectious and chronic disease in sub saharan Africa: TB and diabetes mellitus, HIV and metabolic syndrome, and the impact of globalization. Global Health 2009, 5:9.
84. Duda R.B., Kim M.P., Darko R., Adanu R.M., Seffah J., Anarfi J.K., et al. Results of the Women's Health Study of Accra: assessment of blood pressure in urban women. Int J Cardiol 2007, 117(1):115-122.
85. Van de Walle E, Baker, K. The evolving culture of nuptuality in sub saharan Africa. Population studies center international family change conference 2004. University of Michigan; 2004.
86. Locoh T, Mouvagha-Sow, M. An uncertain future for african families. Population studies center international family change conference; 2004. University of Michigan. 2004.
87. Chant S., Campling J. Women-headed households: diversity and dynamics in the developing world 1997, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK.
88. Songwathana P. Women and AIDS caregiving: women's work?. Health Care Women Int 2001, 22(3):263-279.
89. Kipp W., Tindyebwa D., Rubaale T., Karamagi E., Bajenja E. Family caregivers in rural Uganda: the hidden reality. Health Care Women Int 2007, 28(10):856-871.
90. Maslak M.A., Singhal G. The identity of educated women in India: confluence or divergence?. Gender and Education 2008, 20(5):481-493.
91. Gaetano A.M. Filial Daughters, modern women: migrant domestic workers in post-mao Beijing. On the move: women in rural-to-urban migration in contemporary China 2004, 41-79. Columbia University Press, New York. A.M. Gaetano, T. Jacka (Eds.).
92. Littrell M., Boris N.W., Brown L., Hill M., Macintyre K. The influence of orphan care and other household shocks on health status over time: a longitudinal study of children's caregivers in rural Malawi. AIDS Care 2011, 23(12):1551-1561.
93. McIntyre L., Rondeau K., Kirkpatrick S., Hatfield J., Islam K.S., Huda S.N. Food provisioning experiences of ultra poor female heads of household living in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 2011, 72(6):969-976.
94. Rankin S.H., Lindgren T., Rankin W.W., Ng'Oma J. Donkey work: women, religion, and HIV/AIDS in Malawi. Health Care Women Int 2005, 26(1):4-16.
95. Courtenay W.H. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Soc Sci Med 2000, 50(10):1385-1401.
96. Sellers S.L., Bonham V., Neighbors H.W., Amell J.W. Effects of racial discrimination and health behaviors on mental and physical health of middle-class African American men. Health Educ Behav 2009, 36(1):31-44.
97. Mahalik J.R., Burns S.M., Syzdek M. Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors. Soc Sci Med 2007, 64(11):2201-2209.