Pathological ventricular remodeling: Therapies: Part 2 of 2

Circulation

Volumn 128, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1021-1030

  Xie, Min ^a   Burchfield, Jana S ^c   Hill, Joseph A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c TEXAS HEART INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell death; Fibrosis; Hypertrophy; Inflammation; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

3 (1 BIPHENYL 4 YLMETHYL 3 ETHOXYCARBONYL 1 BUTYLCARBAMOYL)PROPIONIC ACID PLUS VALSARTAN; ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; AVE 9488; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CORONARY VASODILATING AGENT; DIGITALIS; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ENRASENTAN; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; INOTROPIC AGENT; IRBESARTAN; METOPROLOL SUCCINATE; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; OLMESARTAN; OMECAMTIV MECARBIL; PLACEBO; RITZ 4; ROSUVASTATIN; TADALAFIL; TEZOSENTAN; TOLVAPTAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOPRESSIN; VASOPRESSIN ANTAGONIST;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ARTICLE; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY DEVICE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY; FEEDER CELL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REGENERATION; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGENERATION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE; VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL DEATH; FIBROSIS; HYPERTROPHY; INFLAMMATION; STEM CELLS;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; HEART FAILURE; HEART-ASSIST DEVICES; HUMANS; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; TISSUE THERAPY; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 84883252000     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001879     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Hill JA, Olson EN. Cardiac plasticity. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 1370-1380.
2. Hill JA, Olson EN. Muscle: Fundamental Biology and Mechanisms of Disease. Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Press; 2012.
3. Goldberg LR. Heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:ITC61-ITC65; quiz ITC616.
4. Burchfield JS, Xie M, Hill JA. Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2. Circulation. 2013;128: 388-400.
5. Liu Y, Haddad T, Dwivedi G. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current understanding and emerging concepts. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28: 187-196.
6. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119:e391-e479.
7. Ainscough JF, Drinkhill MJ, Sedo A, Turner NA, Brooke DA, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor activation in the adult heart causes blood pressure-independent hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;81: 592-600.
8. Westermann D, Riad A, Lettau O, Roks A, Savvatis K, Becher PM, Escher F, Jan Danser AH, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Renin inhibition improves cardiac function and remodeling after myocardial infarction independent of blood pressure. Hypertension. 2008;52: 1068-1075.
9. McMurray JJ, Pitt B, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Keefe DL, Ford J, Verma A, Lewsey J; Aliskiren Observation of Heart Failure Treatment (ALOFT) Investigators. Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1: 17-24.
10. Solomon SD, Shin SH, Shah A, Skali H, Desai A, Kober L, Maggioni AP, Rouleau JL, Kelly RY, Hester A, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA; Aliskiren Study in Post-MI Patients to Reduce Remodeling (ASPIRE) Investigators. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren on left ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2011;32: 1227-1234.
11. Gheorghiade M, Albaghdadi M, Zannad F, Fonarow GC, Böhm M, Gimpelewicz C, Botha J, Moores S, Lewis EF, Rattunde H, Maggioni A; ASTRONAUT Investigators and Study Coordinators. Rationale and design of the multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Aliskiren Trial on Acute Heart Failure Outcomes (ASTRONAUT). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13: 100-106.
12. Krum H, Massie B, Abraham WT, Dickstein K, Kober L, McMurray JJ, Desai A, Gimpelewicz C, Kandra A, Reimund B, Rattunde H, Armbrecht J. Direct renin inhibition in addition to or as an alternative to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: rationale and design of the Aliskiren Trial to Minimize Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure (ATMOSPHERE) study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13: 107-114
13. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, Vincent J, Pocock SJ, Pitt B; EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364: 11-21.
14. Lombès M, Alfaidy N, Eugene E, Lessana A, Farman N, Bonvalet JP. Prerequisite for cardiac aldosterone action: mineralocorticoid receptor and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the human heart. Circulation. 1995;92: 175-182.
15. Silvestre JS, Heymes C, Oubénaïssa A, Robert V, Aupetit-Faisant B, Carayon A, Swynghedauw B, Delcayre C. Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction: effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade and role in cardiac fibrosis. Circulation. 1999;99: 2694-2701.
16. Hayashi M, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, Mabuchi N, Tsutsui T, Matsui T, Fujii M, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto T, Horie H, Ohnishi M, Kinoshita M. Relationship between transcardiac extraction of aldosterone and left ventricular remodeling in patients with first acute myocardial infarction: extracting aldosterone through the heart promotes ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38: 1375-1382.
17. Loan Le TY, Mardini M, Howell VM, Funder JW, Ashton AW, Mihailidou AS. Low-dose spironolactone prevents apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain degradation during myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2012;59: 1164-1169.
18. Sica DA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mineralocorticoid blocking agents and their effects on potassium homeostasis. Heart Fail Rev. 2005;10: 23-29.
19. Funder JW. Reconsidering the roles of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Hypertension. 2009;53: 286-290.
20. Dooley R, Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Non-genomic actions of aldosterone: from receptors and signals to membrane targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;350: 223-234.
21. Mulder P, Mellin V, Favre J, Vercauteren M, Remy-Jouet I, Monteil C, Richard V, Renet S, Henry JP, Jeng AY, Webb RL, Thuillez C. Aldosterone synthase inhibition improves cardiovascular function and structure in rats with heart failure: a comparison with spironolactone. Eur Heart J. 2008;29: 2171-2179.
22. Amar L, Azizi M, Menard J, Peyrard S, Watson C, Plouin PF. Aldosterone synthase inhibition with LCI699: a proof-of-concept study in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2010;56: 831-838.
23. Gu J, Noe A, Chandra P, Al-Fayoumi S, Ligueros-Saylan M, Sarangapani R, Maahs S, Ksander G, Rigel DF, Jeng AY, Lin TH, Zheng W, Dole WP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LCZ696, a novel dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi). J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50: 401-414.
24. Unger T, Paulis L, Sica DA. Therapeutic perspectives in hypertension: novel means for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulation and emerging device-based approaches. Eur Heart J. 2011;32: 2739-2747.
25. Unger T, Dahlöf B. Compound 21, the first orally active, selective agonist of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2): implications for AT2 receptor research and therapeutic potential. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2010;11: 75-77.
26. Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S, Cucherat M, Arab T, Boissel JP. Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Circulation. 1998;98: 1184-1191.
27. Packer M. Do beta-blockers prolong survival in heart failure only by inhibiting the beta1-receptor? A perspective on the results of the COMET trial. J Card Fail. 2003;9: 429-443.
28. Reinkober J, Tscheschner H, Pleger ST, Most P, Katus HA, Koch WJ, Raake PW. Targeting grk2 by gene therapy for heart failure: benefits above beta-blockade. Gene Ther. 2012;19: 686-693.
29. Williams ML, Hata JA, Schroder J, Rampersaud E, Petrofski J, Jakoi A, Milano CA, Koch WJ. Targeted beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK1) inhibition by gene transfer in failing human hearts. Circulation. 2004;109: 1590-1593.
30. Conraads VM, Metra M, Kamp O, De Keulenaer GW, Pieske B, Zamorano J, Vardas PE, Böhm M, Dei Cas L. Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14: 219-225.
31. Zhou J, Shi H, Zhang J, Lu Y, Fu M, Ge J; beta-PRESERVE Study Investigators. Rationale and design of the beta-blocker in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (beta-PRESERVE) study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12: 181-185.
32. Talameh JA, McLeod HL, Adams KF Jr, Patterson JH. Genetic tailoring of pharmacotherapy in heart failure: optimize the old, while we wait for something new. J Card Fail. 2012;18: 338-349.
33. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure: the Digitalis Investigation Group. The N Engl J Med. 1997;336: 525-533
34. Jessup M, Greenberg B, Mancini D, Cappola T, Pauly DF, Jaski B, Yaroshinsky A, Zsebo KM, Dittrich H, Hajjar RJ; Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease (CUPID) Investigators. Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease (CUPID): a phase 2 trial of intracoronary gene therapy of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2011;124: 304-313.
35. Gheorghiade M, Blair JE, Filippatos GS, Macarie C, Ruzyllo W, Korewicki J, Bubenek-Turconi SI, Ceracchi M, Bianchetti M, Carminati P, Kremastinos D, Valentini G, Sabbah HN; HORIZON-HF Investigators. Hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and neurohormonal effects of istaroxime, a novel intravenous inotropic and lusitropic agent: a randomized controlled trial in patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51: 2276-2285.
36. Malik FI, Hartman JJ, Elias KA, Morgan BP, Rodriguez H, Brejc K, Anderson RL, Sueoka SH, Lee KH, Finer JT, Sakowicz R, Baliga R, Cox DR, Garard M, Godinez G, Kawas R, Kraynack E, Lenzi D, Lu PP, Muci A, Niu C, Qian X, Pierce DW, Pokrovskii M, Suehiro I, Sylvester S, Tochimoto T, Valdez C, Wang W, Katori T, Kass DA, Shen YT, Vatner SF, Morgans DJ. Cardiac myosin activation: a potential therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure. Science. 2011;331: 1439-1443.
37. Cleland JG, Teerlink JR, Senior R, Nifontov EM, Mc Murray JJ, Lang CC, Tsyrlin VA, Greenberg BH, Mayet J, Francis DP, Shaburishvili T, Monaghan M, Saltzberg M, Neyses L, Wasserman SM, Lee JH, Saikali KG, Clarke CP, Goldman JH, Wolff AA, Malik FI. The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2011;378: 676-683.
38. Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EN, Goudevenos JA, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Should a statin be prescribed to every patient with heart failure? Heart Fail Rev. 2008;13: 211-225.
39. Fukuta H, Sane DC, Brucks S, Little WC. Statin therapy may be associated with lower mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure: a preliminary report. Circulation. 2005;112: 357-363.
40. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, Böhm M, Cleland JG, Cornel JH, Dunselman P, Fonseca C, Goudev A, Grande P, Gullestad L, Hjalmarson A, Hradec J, Jánosi A, Kamenský G, Komajda M, Korewicki J, Kuusi T, Mach F, Mareev V, McMurray JJ, Ranjith N, Schaufelberger M, Vanhaecke J, van Veldhuisen DJ, Waagstein F, Wedel H, Wikstrand J; CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357: 2248-2261.
41. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Latini R, Lucci D, Nicolosi GL, Porcu M, Tognoni G. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372: 1231-1239
42. Rehsia NS, Dhalla NS. Potential of endothelin-1 and vasopressin antagonists for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15: 85-101.
43. Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC Jr, Grinfeld L, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Udelson JE, Zannad F, Cook T, Ouyang J, Zimmer C, Orlandi C; Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA. 2007;297: 1332-1343.
44. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, Grinfeld L, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Udelson JE, Zannad F, Cook T, Ouyang J, Zimmer C, Orlandi C; Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297: 1319-1331.
45. Sugden PH. An overview of endothelin signaling in the cardiac myocyte. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003;35: 871-886.
46. Louis A, Cleland JG, Crabbe S, Ford S, Thackray S, Houghton T, Clark A. Clinical trials update: CAPRICORN, COPERNICUS, MIRACLE, STAF, RITZ-2, RECOVER and RENAISSANCE and cachexia and cholesterol in heart failure: highlights of the Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology, 2001. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3: 381-387.
47. Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, Konstam MA, Notter T, Quitzau K, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF; EARTH Investigators. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364: 347-354.
48. O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Adams KF Jr, Hasselblad V, Chandler B, Frey A, Kobrin I, Rainisio M, Shah MR, Teerlink J, Gheorghiade M; Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study-4 Investigators. Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndromes: results of the Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study (RITZ-4). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41: 1452-1457.
49. Epelman S, Mann DL. Communication in the heart: the role of the innate immune system in coordinating cellular responses to ischemic injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5: 827-836.
50. Fildes JE, Shaw SM, Yonan N, Williams SG. The immune system and chronic heart failure: is the heart in control? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53: 1013-1020.
51. Cacciapaglia F, Navarini L, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Minotti G, Afeltra A. Cardiovascular safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapies: facts and unsettled issues. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10: 631-635.
52. Tamargo J, López-Sendón J. Novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart failure. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10: 536-555.
53. Fields AV, Patterson B, Karnik AA, Shannon RP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and myocardial protection: more than glycemic control. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32: 236-243.
54. Battiprolu PK, Lopez-Crisosto C, Wang ZV, Nemchenko A, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and metabolic remodeling of the heart. Life Sci. 2013;92: 609-615.
55. Battiprolu PK, Hojayev B, Jiang N, Wang ZV, Luo X, Iglewski M, Shelton JM, Gerard RD, Rothermel BA, Gillette TG, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Metabolic stress-induced activation of FoxO1 triggers diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012;122: 1109-1118.
56. Bhashyam S, Fields AV, Patterson B, Testani JM, Chen L, Shen YT, Shannon RP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake via p38alpha MAP kinase-mediated, nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3: 512-521.
57. Poornima I, Brown SB, Bhashyam S, Parikh P, Bolukoglu H, Shannon RP. Chronic glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion sustains left ventricular systolic function and prolongs survival in the spontaneously hypertensive, heart failure-prone rat. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1: 153-160.
58. Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Arena R, Guazzi MD. PDE5 inhibition with sildenafil improves left ventricular diastolic function, cardiac geometry, and clinical status in patients with stable systolic heart failure: results of a 1-year, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4: 8-17.
59. Redfield MM, Chen HH, Borlaug BA, Semigran MJ, Lee KL, Lewis G, LeWinter MM, Rouleau JL, Bull DA, Mann DL, Deswal A, Stevenson LW, Givertz MM, Ofili EO, O'Connor CM, Felker GM, Goldsmith SR, Bart BA, McNulty SE, Ibarra JC, Lin G, Oh JK, Patel MR, Kim RJ, Tracy RP, Velazquez EJ, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, Mascette AM, Braunwald E; RELAX Trial. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309: 1268-1277.
60. Prabhu SD. Nitric oxide protects against pathological ventricular remodeling: reconsideration of the role of NO in the failing heart. Circ Res. 2004;94: 1155-1157.
61. Fraccarollo D, Widder JD, Galuppo P, Thum T, Tsikas D, Hoffmann M, Ruetten H, Ertl G, Bauersachs J. Improvement in left ventricular remodeling by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer AVE9488 after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;118: 818-827.
62. Carlsen CM, Bay M, Kirk V, Gøtze JP, Køber L, Nielsen OW. Prevalence and prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and elevated N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide: a 10-year analysis from the Copenhagen Hospital Heart Failure Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14: 240-247.
63. Ho JE, Lyass A, Lee DS, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Larson MG, Levy D. Predictors of new-onset heart failure: differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6: 279-286.
64. Novo G, Guttilla D, Fazio G, Cooper D, Novo S. The role of the reninangiotensin system in atrial fibrillation and the therapeutic effects of ACE-Is and ARBS. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66: 345-351.
65. Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, Quigg R, Estes NA, Anderson KP, Calkins H, Hoch D, Goldberger J, Shalaby A, Sanders WE, Schaechter A, Levine JH; Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) Investigators. Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350: 2151-2158.
66. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346: 877-883.
67. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352: 225-237.
68. Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, Leon AR, Lieberman R, Wilkoff B, Canby RC, Schroeder JS, Liem LB, Hall S, Wheelan K; Multicenter InSync ICD Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE ICD) Trial Investigators. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA. 2003;289: 2685-2694.
69. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L; Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352: 1539-1549.
70. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP, Estes NA 3rd, Foster E, Greenberg H, Higgins SL, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, Wilber D, Zareba W; MADIT-CRT Trial Investigators. Cardiacresynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361: 1329-1338.
71. Sutton MS, Keane MG. Reverse remodelling in heart failure with cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart. 2007;93: 167-171.
72. Aiba T, Hesketh GG, Barth AS, Liu T, Daya S, Chakir K, Dimaano VL, Abraham TP, O'Rourke B, Akar FG, Kass DA, Tomaselli GF. Electrophysiological consequences of dyssynchronous heart failure and its restoration by resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2009;119: 1220-1230.
73. Chakir K, Daya SK, Aiba T, Tunin RS, Dimaano VL, Abraham TP, Jaques-Robinson KM, Jacques K, Lai EW, Pacak K, Zhu WZ, Xiao RP, Tomaselli GF, Kass DA. Mechanisms of enhanced beta-adrenergic reserve from cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2009;119: 1231-1240.
74. Gao Z, Barth AS, DiSilvestre D, Akar FG, Tian Y, Tanskanen A, Kass DA, Winslow RL, Tomaselli GF. Key pathways associated with heart failure development revealed by gene networks correlated with cardiac remodeling. Physiol Genomics. 2008;35: 222-230.
75. Fornwalt BK, Sprague WW, BeDell P, Suever JD, Gerritse B, Merlino JD, Fyfe DA, León AR, Oshinski JN. Agreement is poor among current criteria used to define response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;121: 1985-1991.
76. Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation. 2006;113: 266-272.
77. Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, Sun JP, Nihoyannopoulos P, Merlino J, Abraham WT, Ghio S, Leclercq C, Bax JJ, Yu CM, Gorcsan J 3rd, St John Sutton M, De Sutter J, Murillo J. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation. 2008;117: 2608-2616.
78. Fang JC. Rise of the machines: left ventricular assist devices as permanent therapy for advanced heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2009;361: 2282-2285.
79. Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W, Long JW, Ascheim DD, Tierney AR, Levitan RG, Watson JT, Meier P, Ronan NS, Shapiro PA, Lazar RM, Miller LW, Gupta L, Frazier OH, Desvigne-Nickens P, Oz MC, Poirier VL; Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (REMATCH) Study Group. Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345: 1435-1443.
80. Menasché P, Alfieri O, Janssens S, McKenna W, Reichenspurner H, Trinquart L, Vilquin JT, Marolleau JP, Seymour B, Larghero J, Lake S, Chatellier G, Solomon S, Desnos M, Hagège AA. First randomized placebo-controlled Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial. Circulation. 2006;114: 2426-2426.
81. Torella D, Ellison GM, Méndez-Ferrer S, Ibanez B, Nadal-Ginard B. Resident human cardiac stem cells: role in cardiac cellular homeostasis and potential for myocardial regeneration. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3(suppl 1):S8-S13.
82. Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabé-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisén J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science. 2009;324: 98-102.
83. Abdel-Latif A, Bolli R, Tleyjeh IM, Montori VM, Perin EC, Hornung CA, Zuba-Surma EK, Al-Mallah M, Dawn B. Adult bone marrowderived cells for cardiac repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167: 989-997.
84. Lipinski MJ, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, Khianey R, Sheiban I, Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Kim HS, Kang HJ, Strauer BE, Vetrovec GW. Impact of intracoronary cell therapy on left ventricular function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50: 1761-1767.
85. Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, Beohar N, Barr WG, Craig R, Wen Y, Rapp JA, Kessler J. Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases. JAMA. 2008;299: 925-936.
86. Kissel CK, Lehmann R, Assmus B, Aicher A, Honold J, Fischer-Rasokat U, Heeschen C, Spyridopoulos I, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Selective functional exhaustion of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow of patients with postinfarction heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49: 2341-2349.
87. Scheubel RJ, Zorn H, Silber RE, Kuss O, Morawietz H, Holtz J, Simm A. Age-dependent depression in circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42: 2073-2080.
88. Thijssen DH, Vos JB, Verseyden C, van Zonneveld AJ, Smits P, Sweep FC, Hopman MT, de Boer HC. Haematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in healthy men: effect of aging and training. Aging Cell. 2006;5: 495-503.
89. Walter DH, Haendeler J, Reinhold J, Rochwalsky U, Seeger F, Honold J, Hoffmann J, Urbich C, Lehmann R, Arenzana-Seisdesdos F, Aicher A, Heeschen C, Fichtlscherer S, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Impaired CXCR4 signaling contributes to the reduced neovascularization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 2005;97: 1142-1151.
90. Bolli R, Chugh AR, D'Amario D, Loughran JH, Stoddard MF, Ikram S, Beache GM, Wagner SG, Leri A, Hosoda T, Sanada F, Elmore JB, Goichberg P, Cappetta D, Solankhi NK, Fahsah I, Rokosh DG, Slaughter MS, Kajstura J, Anversa P. Cardiac Stem Cells in Patients With Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2011;378: 1847-1857.
91. Makkar RR, Smith RR, Cheng K, Malliaras K, Thomson LE, Berman D, Czer LS, Marbán L, Mendizabal A, Johnston PV, Russell SD, Schuleri KH, Lardo AC, Gerstenblith G, Marbán E. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): a prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2012;379: 895-904.
92. Hare JM, Fishman JE, Gerstenblith G, DiFede Velazquez DL, Zambrano JP, Suncion VY, Tracy M, Ghersin E, Johnston PV, Brinker JA, Breton E, Davis-Sproul J, Schulman IH, Byrnes J, Mendizabal AM, Lowery MH, Rouy D, Altman P, Wong Po Foo C, Ruiz P, Amador A, Da Silva J, McNiece IK, Heldman AW. Comparison of allogeneic vs autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells delivered by transendocardial injection in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the POSEIDON randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;308: 2369-2379.
93. Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S. Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2007;448: 313-317.
94. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson JA. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318: 1917-1920.
95. Jia F, Wilson KD, Sun N, Gupta DM, Huang M, Li Z, Panetta NJ, Chen ZY, Robbins RC, Kay MA, Longaker MT, Wu JC. A nonviral minicircle vector for deriving human iPS cells. Nat Methods. 2010;7: 197-199.
96. Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell. 2010;142: 375-386.
97. Song K, Nam YJ, Luo X, Qi X, Tan W, Huang GN, Acharya A, Smith CL, Tallquist MD, Neilson EG, Hill JA, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors. Nature. 2012;485: 599-604.
98. Qian L, Huang Y, Spencer CI, Foley A, Vedantham V, Liu L, Conway SJ, Fu JD, Srivastava D. In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes. Nature. 2012;485: 593-598.
99. Sadek H, Hannack B, Choe E, Wang J, Latif S, Garry MG, Garry DJ, Longgood J, Frantz DE, Olson EN, Hsieh J, Schneider JW. Cardiogenic small molecules that enhance myocardial repair by stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105: 6063-6068.
100. Russell JL, Goetsch SC, Aguilar HR, Frantz DE, Schneider JW. Targeting native adult heart progenitors with cardiogenic small molecules. ACS Chem Biol. 2012;7: 1067-1076.
101. Mant J, Al-Mohammad A, Swain S, Laramée P; Guideline Development Group. Management of chronic heart failure in adults: synopsis of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155: 252-259.
102. Collins SP, Lindsell CJ, Pang PS, Storrow AB, Peacock WF, Levy P, Rahbar MH, Del Junco D, Gheorghiade M, Berry DA. Bayesian adaptive trial design in acute heart failure syndromes: moving beyond the mega trial. Am Heart J. 2012;164: 138-145.
103. Kent DM, Hayward RA. Limitations of applying summary results of clinical trials to individual patients: the need for risk stratification. JAMA. 2007;298: 1209-1212.
104. Baliga RR, Young JB. Clinical trials to "real-world" heart failure: applying risk stratification to deliver personalized care. Heart Fail Clin. 2011;7:xi-xiv.
105. Heidecker B, Lamirault G, Kasper EK, Wittstein IS, Champion HC, Breton E, Russell SD, Hall J, Kittleson MM, Baughman KL, Hare JM. The gene expression profile of patients with new-onset heart failure reveals important gender-specific differences. Eur Heart J. 2010;31: 1188-1196.