Biogeography and Regional Classifications of Antarctica

Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 469-491

  Convey, P ^a   Barnes, D K A ^a   Griffiths, H J ^a   Grant, S M ^a   Linse, K ^a   Thomas, D N ^b,c  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Biogeographical patterns; Biogeography, and Antarctica; Conservation, management aspects; Littoral environment; Marine environment; Pelagic realm; Smaller scale regionalization; Terrestrial environment, physical regions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883132422     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444347241.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (168)

1. Adams, B., Bardgett, R.D., Ayres, E., Wall, D.H., Aislabie, J., Bamforth, S., Bargagli, R., Cary, C., Cavacini, P., Connell, L., Convey, P., Fell, J., Frati, F., Hogg, I., Newsham, N., O'Donnell, A., Russell, N., Seppelt, R. & Stevens, M.I. 2006 Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 3003.
2. Allcock, A.L., Barratt, I., Eleaume, M., Linse, K., Norman, M.D., Smith, P.J., Steinke, D., Stevens, D.W. & Strugnell, J.M. 2010 Cryptic speciation and the circumpolarity debate: a case study on endemic Southern Ocean octopuses using the coxI barcode of life. Deep Sea Res. II 58, 242.
3. Allegrucci, G., Carchini, G., Todisco, V., Convey, P. & Sbordoni, V., 2006 A molecular phylogeny of Antarctic Chironomidae and its implications for biogeographical history. Polar Biol. 29, 320.
4. Anon. 2009 Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/.
5. Arango, C.P., Soler Membrives, A. & Miller, K.J. 2010 Genetic differentiation in the Circum-Antarctic sea spider Nymphon australe (Pycnogonida; Nymphonidae). Deep Sea Res. II 58, 212.
6. Armand, L.K. & Leventer, A. 2010 Palaeo sea ice distribution and reconstruction derived from the geological record. In: Sea ice, 2nd ed (eds. D. N. Thomas. & G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 469-530.
7. Arnaud, P.M. 1974 Contribution a la bionomie marine benthi-que des regions antarcticques et sub-antarcticques. Tethys 6, 465.
8. Arntz, W.E. & Gili, J.M. 2001 A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us put out the baby with the bathwater. Scientia Marina, 65 (Suppl. 2), 283-299.
9. Arntz, W.E., Brey, T. & Gallardo, V.A. 1994 Antarctic benthos. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 241.
10. Arntz, W.E., Gutt, J. & Klages, M. 1997 Antarctic marine biodiversity: an overview. In: Antarctic communities. Species, structure and survival (eds. B. Battaglia, J. Valencia &D. W. H. Walton) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-14.
11. Arrigo, K.R. & Thomas, D.N. 2004 Large scale importance of sea ice biology in the Southern Ocean. Antarct. Sci. 16, 471.
12. Arrigo, K.R., Mock, T. & Lizotte, M.P. 2010 Primary producers and sea ice. In: ( Seaice, 2ndedition(edsD.N. Thomas &G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 283-326.
13. Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E. & Rothery, P. 2004 Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432, 100.
14. Baker A.C. 1954 The circumpolar continuity of Antarctic plankton species. Discovery Reports XXVII, 201-218.
15. Barnes, D.K.A. 1995 Sublittoral epifaunal communities at Signy Island, Antarctica: II. Below the ice foot zone. Marine Biology 121, 565.
16. Barnes, D.K.A. 2005 Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities. Scientia Marina 69, 65.
17. Barnes, D.K.A. & Clarke, A. 2011 Antarctic marine biology. Current Biology. 21, R451-R457.
18. Barnes, D.K.A. & De Grave, S. 2000 Biogeography of southern polar bryozoans. Vie et Milieu 50, 261.
19. Barnes, D.K.A. & De Grave, S. 2001 Ecological biogeography of southern polar encrusting faunas. J. Biogeog. 28, 359.
20. Barnes, D.K.A. & Griffiths, H.J. 2008 Biodiversity and biogeography of southern temperate and polar bryozoans. Global Ecol. Biogeog. 17, 84.
21. Barnes, D.K.A. & Hillenbrand, C.-D. 2010 Faunal Evidence for a late Quaternary Trans-Antarctic Seaway. Global Change Biol. 16, 3297.
22. Barnes, D.K.A. & Kuklinski, P. 2010 Bryozoans of the Weddell Sea continental shelf, slope and abyss: did marine life colonize the Antarctic shelf from deep water, outlying islands or in situ refugia following glaciations? J. Biogeog. 37, 1648.
23. Barnes, D.K.A & Peck, L.S. 2008 Vulnerability of Antarctic shelf biodiversity to predicted regional warming. Climate Res. 37, 149.
24. Barnes, D.K.A., Rothery, P. & Clarke, A. 1996 Competition in encrusting Antarctic bryozoan assemblages: outcomes influences and implications. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 196, 267-284
25. Barnes, D.K.A., Hodgson, D.A., Convey, P., Allen, C. & Clarke, A. 2006 Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future. Global Ecol. Biogeog. 15, 121.
26. Barnes, D.K.A., Linse, K., Enderlein, P., Smale, D., Fraser, K.P.P. & Brown, M. 2008 Marine richness and gradients at Deception Island, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 20, 271.
27. Barnes, D.K.A., Kaiser, S., Griffiths, H.J.G. & Linse, K. 2009 The marine, intertidal, fresh-water and terrestrial fauna of the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. J. Biogeog. 36, 756.
28. Bergstrom, D.M. & Chown, S.L. 1999 Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 472.
29. Bergstrom, D., Hodgson, D.A. & Convey, P. 2006 The physical setting of the Antarctic. In: Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator (eds. D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey & A. H. L. Huiskes.) Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 15-33.
30. Block, W. 1984 Terrestrial microbiology, invertebrates and ecosystems. In: Antarctic ecology (ed. R.M. Laws). Academic Press, London, pp. 163-236.
31. Bluhm, B.A., Gradinger, R.R. & Schnack-Schiel, S.B. 2010 Sea ice meio- and macrofauna. In: Sea ice, 2nd edition (eds. D. N. Thomas & G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 357-394.
32. Bouchet, P., Lozouet, P. Maestriati, P. & Heros, V. 2002 Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: Exceptionally high numbers of mollusks at a New Caledonia site. Biol.J. Linn. Soc. 75, 421-436
33. Brandao, S.N., Sauer, J. & Schon, I. 2010 Circumantarctic distribution in Southern Ocean benthos? A genetic test using the genus Macroscapha (Crustacea, Ostracoda) as a model. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55, 1055.
34. Brandt, A., Enderlein, P. & Linse, K. 2009 Investigations of the unknown: the benthos of the Antarctic deep sea and Amundsen Sea. In: Biology of icy waters (eds. G. Hempel & I. Hempel). Wirtschaftsverlag NW Verlag fur neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven pp. 143-150.
35. Brandt, A., Brix, S., Brokeland, W., Cedhagen, T., Choudhury, M., Cornelius, N., Danis, B., De Mesel, I., Diaz, R.J., Gillan, D. C., Hilbig, B., Howe, J., Janussen, D., Kaiser, S., Linse, K., Malyutina, M., Nunes Brandao, S., Pawlowski, J., Raupach, M. & Gooday, A.J. 2007a The Southern Ocean deep sea: first insights into biodiversity and biogeography. Nature 447, 307.
36. Brandt, A., De Broyer, C., De Mesel, I., Ellingsen, K.E., Gooday, A.J., Hilbig, B., Linse, K., Thomson, M.R.A. & Tyler, P.A. 2007b The biodiversity of the deep Southern Ocean benthos. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. ser. B 362, 39.
37. Brandt, A., Brökeland, W., Choudhury, M., Brix, S., Kaiser, S. & Malyutina, M. 2007c Deep-sea isopod biodiversity, abundance and endemism in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean-results from the ANDEEP I-III expeditions. Deep Sea Res. II 54, 1760.
38. Brierley, A.S. & Thomas, D.N. 2002 Ecology of Southern Ocean pack ice. Adv. Marine Biol. 43, 171.
39. Brierley, A.S., Fernades, P.G., Brandon, M.A., Armstrong, F., Millard, N.W., McPhail, S.D., Stevenson, P., Pebody, M., Perrett, J., Squires, M., Bone, D.G. & Griffiths, G. 2002 Antarctic krill under sea ice: elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge. Science 295, 1890.
40. British Antarctic Survey. 2004 Antarctica 1:10, 000, 000 map. BAS (misc) 11, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge.
41. Broady, P.A. 1984 Taxonomic and ecological investigations of algae on steam-warmed soil on Mt. Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. Phycologia 23, 257.
42. Broady, P.A., Given, D.G., Greenfield, L. & Thompson, K. 1987 The biota and environment of fumaroles on Mt. Melbourne, northern Victoria Land. Polar Biol. 7, 97.
43. Caron, D.A. & Gast, R.J. 2010 Heterotrophic protists associated withseaice. In: Seaice, 2nd edition (eds. D. N. Thomas &G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 327-356.
44. Chown, S.L. & Convey, P. 2007 Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. ser. B 362, 2307.
45. Chown, S.L. & Convey, P. This volume. Spatial and temporal variability in terrestrial Antarctic biodiversity. In: Antarctica: an extreme environment in a changing world (eds. A.D. Rogers, E. Murphy, A. Clarke & N.M. Johnston). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
46. Chown, S.L., Gremmen, N.J.M. & Gaston, K.J. 1998 Ecological biogeography of southern ocean islands: species-area relationships, human impacts, and conservation. Amer. Nat. 152, 562.
47. Clarke, A. 1985 Food webs and interactions: an overview of the Antarctic ecosystem. In: Antarctica (eds. W. N. Bonner & D. W. H. Walton) Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 329-350.
48. Clarke, A. 1985 Energy flow in the Southern Ocean food web. In: Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs (eds. W. R. Siegfried, R. M. Laws & P. R. Condy) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 573-580. (Proceedings of the 4th SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology.)
49. Clarke, A. & Johnston, N.M. 2003 Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 41, 47.
50. Clarke A. & Lidgard, S. 2000 Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic. J. Anim. Ecol. 69, 799.
51. Clarke, A., Barnes, D.K.A. & Hodgson, D.A. 2005 How isolated is Antarctica? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 1.
52. Clarke, A., Griffiths, H.J., Barnes, D.K.A. & Linse K. 2007 How well do we know the Antarctic marine fauna? A preliminary study of macroecological and biogeographic patterns in Southern Ocean gastropod and bivalve molluscs. Diversity Distrib. 13, 620.
53. Collins, M.A. & Rodhouse, P.G.K. 2006 Southern Ocean Cephalopods. Adv. Mar. Biol. 50, 191.
54. Comiso, J.C. 2010 Varibility and trends of the global sea ice cover. In: Sea ice 2nd edition (eds. D.N. Thomas & G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 205-246.
55. Convey, P. 1996 Overwintering strategies of terrestrial invertebrates from Antarctica-the significance of flexibility in extremely seasonal environments. Eur. J. Entomol. 93, 489-505.
56. Convey, P. 2006 Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems. In: Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator (eds. D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey & A.H.L. Huiskes) Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 253-272.
57. Convey, P. 2007a Antarctic ecosystems. In: Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 2nd (online) edition (ed. S.A. Levin). Elsevier, San Diego. doi: 10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00014-6
58. Convey, P. 2007b Influences on and origins of terrestrial biodiversity of the sub-Antarctic islands. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 141, 83.
59. Convey, P. 2010 Terrestrial biodiversity in Antarctica-recent advances and future challenges. Polar Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2010.03.003
60. Convey, P. & McInnes, S.J. 2005 Exceptional, tardigrade dominated, ecosystems from Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Ecology 86, 519.
61. Convey, P. & Smith, R.I.L. 2006 Thermal relationships of bryophytes from geothermal habitats in the South Sandwich Islands, maritime Antarctic. J. Vegetation Sci. 17, 529.
62. Convey, P. & Stevens, M.I. 2007 Antarctic biodiversity. Science 317, 1877.
63. Convey, P., Smith, R.I.L., Hodgson, D.A. & Peat, H.J. 2000a The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating. J. Biogeog. 27, 1279.
64. Convey, P., Greenslade, P. & Pugh, P.J.A. 2000b Terrestrial fauna of the South Sandwich Islands. J. Nat. Hist. 34, 597.
65. Convey, P., Scott, D. & Fraser, W.R. 2003 Biophysical and habitat changes in response to climate alteration in the Arctic and Antarctic. In: Climate change and biodiversity: synergistic impacts (eds. T. E. Lovejoy & L. Hannah). Conservation International, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science. Adv. Appl. Biodiv. Sci. 4, 79.
66. Convey, P., Gibson, J., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Hodgson, D.A., Pugh, P.J.A., Smellie, J.L. & Stevens, M.I. 2008 Antarctic terrestrial life-challenging the history of the frozen continent? Biol. Rev. 83, 103.
67. Convey, P., Stevens, M.I., Hodgson, D.A., Smellie, J.L., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Barnes, D.K.A., Clarke, A., Pugh, P.J.A., Linse, K. & Cary, S.C. 2009a Exploring biological constraints on the glacial history of Antarctica. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 28, 3035.
68. Convey, P., Bindschadler, R.A., di Prisco, G., Fahrbach, E., Gutt, J. Hodgson, D.A., Mayewski, P. Summerhayes, C.P. & Turner, J. 2009b Antarctic climate change and the environment. Antarct. Sci. 21, 541.
69. Cowan, D.A., Russell, N.J., Mamais, A. & Sheppard, D.M. 2002 Antarctic Dry Valley mineral soils contain unexpectedly high levels of microbial biomass. Extremophiles 6, 431.
70. David, B., Chone, T., Festeau, A., Mooi, R. &De Ridder, C. 2005 Biodiversity of Antarctic echinoids: a comprehensive and interactive database. Scientia Marina 69, 201.
71. Deacon, G.E.R. 1982 Physical and biological zonation in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I-Oceanographic Research Papers 29, 1.
72. De Broyer, C. & Jazdzewski, K. 1996 Biodiversity of the Southern Ocean: towards a new synthesis for the Amphipoda (Crustacea). Bolletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 20, 547.
73. Dell, R.K. 1972 Antarctic benthos. Adv. Mar. Biol. 10, 1.
74. Deming, J.W. 2010 Sea Ice bacteria and viruses. In: Seaice, 2nd edition (eds. D. N. Thomas & G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 247-282.
75. Deming, J. W. & Eicken, H. 2007 Life in ice. In: Planets and life -the emerging science of astrobiology (eds. J. Baross & W. Sullivan) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 292-312.
76. De Wever, A., Leliaert, F., Verleyen, E., Vanormelingen, P., Van der Gucht, K., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K. & Vyverman W. 2009 Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of gacial refugia. Proc. Roy. Soc. 276, 3591.
77. Diaz, J.-P., Feral, B., David, T., Saucede, E. & Poulin, E. 2010 Evolutionary pathways among shallow and deep-sea echi-noids of the genus Sterechinus in the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res. II doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.012
78. Ekman, S. 1935 Tiergeographie des meeres. Akademisher. Verlag. M.B.H., Leipzig.
79. Ekman, S. 1953 Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London.
80. France, S.C. & Kocher, T.D. 1996 Geographic and bathymetric patterns of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence divergence among deep-sea amphipods, Eurythenes gryllus. Marine Biol. 126, 633.
81. Freckman, D.W. & Virginia, R.A. 1997 Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology 78, 363.
82. Gallardo V.A., Castillo, J.G., Retamal, M.A., Yanez, A., Moyano, H.I. & Hermosilla, J.G. 1977 Quantitative studies on the soft-bottom macrobenthic animal communities of shallow Antarctic bays. In: Adaptations within Antarctic ecosystems (ed. G.A. Lano). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 361-387.
83. Gili, J.M., Coma, R., Orejas, C., López-Gonzáles, P.J. & Zavala, M. 2001 Are Antarctic suspension feeding communities different from those elsewhere in the world? Polar Biol. 24, 473.
84. Graham, A.G.C., Fretwell, P.T., Larter, R.D., Hodgson, D.A., Wilson, C.K., Tate, A.J. & Morris, P. 2008 A new bathymetric compilation highlighting extensive paleo-ice sheet drainage on the continental shelf, South Georgia, sub-Antarctica. Geochem. Geophys, Geosystems 9, doi: 10.1029/2008GC001993.
85. Grant, R.A., Griffiths, H.J., Steinke, D., Wadley, V. & Linse, K. 2011 Antarctic DNA barcoding: a drop in the ocean? Polar Biol. 34, 775.
86. Grant, R.A. & Linse, K. 2009 Barcoding Antarctic biodiversity: current status and the CAML initiative. Polar Biol. 32, 1629.
87. Grant, S., Constable, A., Raymond, B. & Doust, S. 2006 Bioregionalization of the Southern Ocean: Report of Experts Workshop (Hobart, September 2006). WWF-Australia and ACE-CRC.
88. Grant, S., Convey, P., Hughes, K.A., Phillips, R.A. & Trathan, P. N. This volume. Conservation and management of Antarctic ecosystems. In: Antarctica: an extreme environment in a changing world (eds. A.D. Rogers, E. Murphy, A. Clarke & N.M. Johnston). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
89. Gray, J.S. 2001 Marine diversity: the paradigms in patterns of species richness examined. Scientia Marina 65, 41.
90. Griffiths, H.J., Barnes, D.K.A. & Linse, K. 2009 Towards a generalised biogeography of the Southern Ocean Benthos. J. Biogeog. 36, 162.
91. Griffiths, H.J., Danis, B. & Clarke, A. 2010 Quantifying Antarctic marine biodiversity: the SCAR-MarBIN data portal. Deep-Sea Research II 58, 18.
92. Günther, S. & Dieckmann, G.S. 2001 Vertical zonation and community transition of sea-ice diatoms in fast ice and platelet layer, Weddell Sea, Antarctica Ann. Glaciol. 33, 287.
93. Gutt, J., Sirenko, B.I., Smirnov, I.S. & Arntz, W.E. 2004 How many macrobenthic species might inhabit the Antarctic shelf? Antarct. Sci. 16, 11.
94. Gutt, J., Hosie, G. & Stoddart, M. 2010 Marine life in the Antarctic. In: Life in the world's oceans: diversity, distribution, and abundance (ed. Alasdair D. McIntyre). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub, 203-220.
95. Hedgpeth, J.W. 1969 Introduction to Antarctic zoogeography. Antarctic Map Folio Series. New York.
96. Hedgpeth J.W. 1971 Perspectives of benthic ecology in Antarctica. In: Research in the Antarctic (ed. L.O. Quam). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, pp. 93-136.
97. Held, C. & Wöagele, J.W. 2005 Cryptic speciation in the giant Antarctic isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus (Isopoda: Valvifera: Chaetiliidae). Scientia Marina 69 (Suppl 2), 175-181.
98. Helmuth, B., Veit, R.R. & Holberton, R. 1994 Long-distance dispersal of a subantarctic brooding bivalve (Gaimardia trapesina) by kelp rafting. Mar. Biol. 120, 421.
99. Heywood, K.J. & King, B.A. 2002 Water masses and baroclinic transports in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans. J. Mar. Res. 60, 639.
100. Hofmann, E.E. & Murphy, E.J. 2004 Advection, krill, and Antarctic marine ecosystems. Antarct. Sci. 16, 487.
101. Hogg, I.D., Cary, S.C., Convey, P., Newsham, K., O'Donnell, T., Adams, B.J., Aislabie, J., Frati, F.F., Stevens, M.I. & Wall, D.H. 2006 Biotic interactions in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: are they a factor? Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 3035.
102. Hosie, G.W. 1994 The macrozooplankton communities in the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica. In: Southern Ocean ecology: The BIOMASS perspective (ed. S.Z. El-Sayed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 93-123.
103. Hughes, K., Ott, S., Bölter, M. & Convey, P. 2006 Colonisation processes. In: Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator (eds. D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey & A. H. L. Huiskes) Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 35-54.
104. Huiskes, A.H.L., Convey, P. & Bergstrom, D. 2006 Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator. In: Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator (eds. D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey & A. H. L. Huiskes) Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1-13.
105. Hunt, B., Strugnell, S., Bednarsek, N., Linse, L., Nelson, J.R., Pakhomov, E., Seibel, B., Steinke, D & Wuörzberg, L. 2010 Poles apart: the 'bipolar' pteropod species Limacina helicina is genetically distinct between the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Plos One 5 e9835.
106. Jarre-Teichmann, A., Brey, T., Bathmann, U.V., Dahm, C., Dieckmann, G.S., Gorny, M., Klages, M., Pagès, F., Plötz, J., Schnack-Schiel, S.B., Stiller, M., Arntz, W.E. 1997 Trophic flows in the benthic shelf community of the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, In: Antarctic communities. Species, structure and survival (eds. B. Battaglia, J. Valencia & D. W. H. Walton) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 118-134.
107. Kaiser, S. & Barnes, D.K.A. 2008 Southern Ocean deep-sea biodiversity, sampling and predicting responses to climate change. Climate Res. 37, 165.
108. Kaiser, S., Barnes, D.K.A. &Brandt, A. 2007 Slope and deep-sea abundance across scales: Southern Ocean isopods show how complex the deep sea can be. Deep Sea Res. II 54, 1776.
109. Kaiser, S., Barnes, D.K.A., Linse, K. & Brandt, A. 2008 Epibenthic macrofauna associated with the shelf and slope of a young and isolated Southern Ocean Island. Antarct. Sci. 20, 281.
110. Kaiser, S., Barnes, D.K.A., Sands, C. & Brandt, A. 2009 Biodiversity of an unknown Antarctic Sea: assessing isopod richness and abundance in the first benthic survey of the Amundsen continental shelf. Mar. Biodiv. 39, 27-43.
111. Kaiser, S., Griffiths, H., Barnes, D.K.A., Brandao, S., Brandt, A. & O'Brien, P.E. 2010 Is there a distinct continental slope fauna in the Antarctic? Deep Sea Res. II 58, 91.
112. Krabbe, K., Leese, F., Mayer, C., Tollrian, R. & Held, C. 2010 Cryptic mitochondrial lineages in the widespread pycnogo-nid Colossendeis megalonyx Hoek, 1881 from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Polar Biol. 33, 271.
113. Linse, K., Griffiths, H.J., Barnes, D.K.A. & Clarke, A. 2006 Biodiversity and biogeography of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic mollusca. Deep-Sea Res. II 53, 985.
114. Lörz, A.-N., Maas, E.W., Linse, K. & Coleman, C.O. 2009 Do circum-Antarctic species exist in peracarid Amphipoda? A case study in the genus Epimeria Costa, 1851 (Crustacea, Peracarida, Epimeriidae). In: Advances in the taxonomy and biogeography of crustacea in the Southern Hemisphere (ed. N. Bruce). ZooKeys 18, 91.
115. Longhurst, A., 1995 Interpreting CZCS images of the Amazon Plume: Reply. Deep-Sea Res. I-Oceanographic Research Papers 42, 2139.
116. Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. & Caverhill, C. 1995 An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res. 17, 1245.
117. Longton, R.E. 1988 Biology of polar bryophytes and lichens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
118. Mackintosh, N.A. 1934 Distribution of the macroplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic. Discovery Report IX, 65-160
119. Maslen, N.R. & Convey, P. 2006 Nematode diversity and distribution in the southern maritime Antarctic-clues to history? Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 3141.
120. McGaughran, A., Toricelli, G., Carapelli, A., Frati, F., Stevens, M.I., Convey, P. & Hogg, I.D. 2010 Contrasting phylogeo-graphic patterns for springtails reflect different evolutionary histories between the Peninsula and continental Antarctica. J. Biogeog. 37, 103.
121. McLeod, D.J., Hosie, G.W., Kitchener, J.A., Takahashi, K.T. & Hunt, B.P.V. 2010 Zooplankton atlas of the Southern Ocean: the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (1991-2008). Polar Science 4 (2), 353-385.
122. Morgan, F., Barker, G., Briggs, C., Price, R. & Keys, H. 2007 Environmental domains of Antarctica. Version 2.0. Final Report. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0708/055. Landcare Research, New Zealand Ltd.
123. Muller, J., Masse, G., Stein, R. &Belt, S.T. 2009 Variability of sea ice conditions in the Fram Strait over the past 30, 000 years. Nature Geoscience 2, 772.
124. Munilla, T. & Soler Membrives, A. 2009 Check-list of the pycnogonids from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters: zoo-geographic implications. Antarctic Science 21, 99.
125. Muñoz, J., Felicísimo, A. M., Cabezas, F., Burgaz, A. R. & Martínez, I. 2004 Wind as a long-distance dispersal vehicle in the Southern Hemisphere. Science 304, 1144.
126. Ochyra, R., Smith, R.I.L. & Bednarek-Ochyra, H. 2008 The illustrated moss flora of Antarctica. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
127. O'Hara, T. 1998 Origin of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Polar Biol. 20, 143.
128. Orsi, A.H., Whitworth, T. & Nowlin, W.D. 1995 On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 42, 641.
129. Øvstedal, D.O. & Smith, R.I.L. 2001 Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A guide to their identification and ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. Pearce, D.A., Bridge, P.D., Hughes, K.A., Sattler, B., Psenner, R. & Russell, N.J. 2009 Microorganisms in the atmosphere over Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 69, 143.
131. Peat, H.J., Clarke, A. & Convey, P. 2007 Diversity and biogeography of the Antarctic flora. J. Biogeog. 34, 132.
132. Peck, L.S., Convey, P. & Barnes, D.K.A. 2006 Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability. Biol. Rev. 81, 75.
133. Petrich, C. & Eicken, H. 2010 Growth, structure and properties of sea ice. In: Sea ice, 2nd edition (eds. D. N. Thomas & G. S. Dieckmann) Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 23-78.
134. Powell, A.W.B. 1951 Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Mollusca: Pelecypoda and Gastropoda. Discovery Rep. 26, 49.
135. Powell, A.W.B. 1955 Mollusca of the southern islands of New Zealand. N.Z.D.S.I.R. Cape Expedition Bulletin 15, 1.
136. Powell, A.W.B. 1960 Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Mollusca. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5, 117.
137. Powell, A.W.P. 1965 Mollusca of Antarctic and sub-Aantarctic seas: biogeography and ecology in Antarctica. Monographiae Biologicae, Den Haag 15, 333.
138. Primo, C. & Vasquez, E. 2007 Zoogeography of the Antarctic ascidian fauna in relation to the sub-Antarctic and South America. Antarct. Sci. 19, 321.
139. Pugh, P.J.A. & Convey, P. 2008 'Surviving out in the cold': Antarctic endemic invertebrates and their refugia. J. Bio-geog. 35, 2176.
140. Quetin, L.B., Ross, R.M., Frazer, T.K. & Haberman, K.L. 1996 Factors influencing distribution and abundance of zooplank-ton, with an emphasis on Antarctic krill, Euphausia super ba. In: Foundations for ecological research west of the Antarctic peninsula (eds. R. M. Ross, E. E. Hofmannand L. B. Quetin), American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 357-372 (Antarctic Research Series vol. 70)
141. Rodriguez, E., López-Gonzáles, P.J. & Gili J.M. 2007 Biogeography of Antarctic sea anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria): what do they tell us about the origin of the Antarctic benthic fauna? Deep-Sea Res. II. 54, 1876.
142. SCAR. 2010 Biodiversity-based evaluation of the Environmental Domains Analysis. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXXIII. Committee on Environmental Protection XIII, Working Paper 003. Punta del Este, Uruguay, 3-13 May 2010.
143. Schnack-Schiel, S.B. &Mujica, A. 1994 The zooplankton of the Antarctic Peninsula region. In: El-Sayed, S.Z., (ed). Southern Ocean Ecology: The BIOMASS Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 79-92.
144. Siegel, V., Kawaguchi, S., Ward, P., Litvinov, F., Sushin, V., Loeb, V. & Watkins, J. 2004 Krill demography and large-scale distribution in the southwest Atlantic during January/February2000. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51, 1253-1273
145. Skotnicki, M.L., Selkirk, P.M., Broady, P.A., Adam, K.D. & Ninham, J.A. 2001 Dispersal of the moss Campylopus pyriformis on geothermal ground near the summit of Mount Erebus and Mount Melbourne, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 13, 280.
146. Smale, D., Barnes, D.K.A. & Fraser, K.P.P. 2007 The influence of depth, site exposure and season on the intensity of iceberg scouring in nearshore Antarctic waters. Polar Biol. 30, 769.
147. Smale, D., Brown, K., Barnes, D.K.A., Fraser, K.P.P. & Clarke, A. 2008 Ice scour disturbance in Antarctic waters. Science 321, 371.
148. Smetacek, V. & Nicol, S. 2005 Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature 437, 362.
149. Smith, R.I.L. 1984 Terrestrial biology of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. In: Antarctic ecology (ed. R.M. Laws). Academic Press, London, pp. 61-162.
150. Smith, R.I.L. 2005 The bryophyte flora of geothermal habitats on Deception Island, Antarctica. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 97 233-248.
151. Smith, W.O. & Lancelot, C. 2004 Bottom-up versus top-down control in phytoplankton of the Southern Ocean. Antarct. Sci. 16, 531.
152. Stehli, F.G. & Wells, J.W. 1971 Diversity and age patterns in hermatypic corals. Syst. Zool. 20, 115.
153. Stevens, M.I. & Hogg, I.D. 2006 Contrasting levels of mitochondrial DNA variability between mites (Penthalodidae) and springtails (Hypogastruridae) from the Trans-Antarctic Mountains suggest long-term effects of glaciation and life history on substitution rates, and speciation processes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 3171.
154. Stevens, M. I., Greenslade, P., Hogg, I. D. & Sunnucks, P. 2006 Examining Southern Hemisphere springtails: could any have survived glaciation of Antarctica? Molec. Biol. Evol. 23, 874.
155. Teixidó, N., Garrabou, J. & Arntz, W.E. 2002 Spatial pattern quantification of Antarctic benthic communities using landscape indices. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 242, 1.
156. Thomas, D.N. & Dieckmann, G.S. 2002 Antarctic sea ice-a habitat for extremophiles. Science 295, 641.
157. Thomas, D.N. & Dieckmann, G.S. 2010 Sea Ice,. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
158. Thomas, D.N., Fogg, G., Convey, P., Fritsen, C., Gilli, J.-M., Gradinger, R., Laybourne-Parry, J., Reid, K. & Walton, D.W.H. 2008 The Biology of Polar Habitats. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 416 pp.
159. Tilbrook, K.J. & De Grave, S. 2005 Abiogeographical analysis of Indo-West Pacific cheilostome bryozoan faunas. In: Bryozoan studies 2004 (eds. G. H. I. Moyano J. Cancino & P. Wyse-Jackson) A.A. Balkema, London, pp. 341-350.
160. Torricelli, G., Carapelli, A., Convey, P., Nardi, F., Boore, J.L. & Frati, F. 2010 High divergence across the whole mitochondrial genome in the 'pan-Antarctic' springtail Friesea grisea: evidence for cryptic species? Gene 449, 30.
161. Turner, J., Bindschadler, R. Convey, P., di Prisco, G., Fahrbach, E., Gutt, J. Hodgson, D., Mayewski, P. & Summerhayes, C. (Eds.) 2009 Antarctic climate change and the environment. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge.
162. Vyverman, W., Verleyen, E., Wilmotte, A., Hodgson, D.A., Willems, A., Peeters, K., de Vijver, B.A., De Wever, A., Leliaert, F. & Sabbe, K. 2010 Evidence for wide-spread endemism among Antarctic micro-organisms. Polar Sci. 4, 197.
163. Waller, C, Barnes, D.K.A. & Convey, P. 2006 Ecological contrasts across an Antarctic land-sea interface. Austral Ecol. 31, 656.
164. Walsh, J.A. 1996 No second chances? New perspectives on biotic interactions in post-Paleozoic brachiopod history. In: Brachiopods, Proceedings of the Third International Brachiopod Congress, Sudbury, ON, Canada (eds. P. Copper & J. Jin) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 281-288.
165. Walton, D.W.H. 1984 The terrestrial environment. In: Antarctic ecology, Vol. 1 (ed. R.M. Laws). Academic Press, London, pp. 1-60.
166. White, M.G. 1984 Marine benthos. In: Antarctic ecology, Vol. 2 (ed. R.M. Laws). Academic Press, London, pp. 421-461.
167. Willis, K.J. & Whittaker, R.J. 2002 Ecology: species diversity: scale matters. Science 295, 1245.
168. Yergeau, E., Bokhorst, S., Huiskes, A.H.L., Boschker, H.T.S., Aerts, R. & Kowalchuk, G.A. 2007 Size and structure of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities along an Antarctic environmental gradient. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 59, 436.