Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems

Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 253-272

  Convey, P ^a  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890000386     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5277-4_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Adamson, H. and Adamson, E. (1992) Possible effects of climate change on Antarctic terrestrial vegetation, in P. Quilty (ed.), Impact of Climate Change on Antarctica-Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, pp. 52-61.
2. Adamson, D.A., Whetton, P. and Selkirk, P.M. (1988) An analysis of air temperature records for Macquarie Island: decadal warming, ENSO cooling and southern hemisphere circulation patterns, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 122, 107-112.
3. Allison, I.F. and Keage, P.L. (1986) Recent changes in the glaciers of Heard Island, Polar Record 23, 255-271.
4. Arnold, R.J. and Convey, P. (1998) The life history of the diving beetle, Lancetes angusticollis (Curtis) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), on subantarctic South Georgia, Polar Biology 20, 153-160.
5. Arnold, R.J., Convey, P., Hughes, K.A. and Wynn-Williams, D.D. (2003) Seasonal periodicity of physical factors, inorganic nutrients and microalgae in Antarctic fellfields, Polar Biology 26, 396- 403.
6. Bentley, M.J. and Anderson, J.B. (1998) Glacial and marine geological evidence for the ice sheet configuration in the Weddell Sea - Antarctic Peninsula region during the Last Glacial Maximum, Antarctic Science 10, 309-325.
7. Bergstrom, D.M. and Chown, S.L. (1999) Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 472-477.
8. Block W. (1996) Cold or drought - the lesser of two evils for terrestrial arthropods? European Journal of Entomology 93, 325-339.
9. Block, W. and Convey, P. (2001) Seasonal and long-term variation in body water content of an Antarctic springtail - a response to climate change? Polar Biology 24, 764-770.
10. Budd, W.F. and Simmonds, L. (1991) The impact of global warming on the Antarctic mass balance and global sea level, in G. Weller, C.L. Wilson and B.A.B. Severin (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Role of Polar Regions in Global Change, Geophysics Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, pp. 489-494.
11. Camill, P. and Clark, J.S. (2000) Long-term perspectives on lagged ecosystem responses to climate change: permafrost in boreal peatlands and grassland/woodland boundary, Ecosystems 3, 534-544.
12. Cannone, N. and Guglielmin, M. (2003) Vegetation and permafrost: sensitive systems for the development of a monitoring program of climate change along an Antarctic transect, in A.H.L. Huiskes, W.W.C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R.M.L. Schorno, S.M. van der Vies and W.J. Wolff (eds.) Antarctic Biology in a Global Context, Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 31-36.
13. Chapuis, J.L., Frenot, Y. and Lebouvier, M. (2004) Recovery of native plant communities after eradication of rabbits from the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands, and influence of climate change, Biological Conservation 117, 167-179.
14. Chown, S.L. and Smith, V.R. (1993) Climate change and the short-term impact of feral house mice at the sub-antarctic Prince Edward Islands, Oecologica 96, 508-518.
15. Clapperton, C.M. and Sugden, D.E. (1982) Late quaternary glacial history of George VI Sound area, West Antarctica, Quaternary Research 18, 243-267.
16. Clapperton, C.M. and Sugden, D.E. (1988) Holocene glacier fluctuations in South America and Antarctica, Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 185-198.
17. Cockell, C.S., Rettberg, P., Horneck, G., Wynn-Williams, D.D., Scherer, K. and Gugg-Helminger, A. (2002) Influence of ice and snow covers on the UV exposure of terrestrial microbial communities: dosimetric studies, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 68, 23-32.
18. COHIMAR/SEDANO Scientific Party. (2003) Uncovering the footprint of former ice streams off Antarctica, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 84(11), 97 and 102-103.
19. Convey P. (1996a) Overwintering strategies of terrestrial invertebrates in Antarctica - the significance of flexibility in extremely seasonal environments, European Journal of Entomology 93, 489-505.
20. Convey, P. (1996b) The influence of environmental characteristics on life history attributes of Antarctic terrestrial biota, Biological Reviews 71, 191-225.
21. Convey, P. (1996c) Reproduction of Antarctic flowering plants, Antarctic Science 8, 127-134.
22. Convey, P. (1997a) How are the life history strategies of Antarctic terrestrial invertebrates influenced by extreme environmental conditions? Journal of Thermal Biology 22, 429-440.
23. Convey, P. (1997b) Environmental change: possible consequences for the life histories of Antarctic terrestrial biota, Korean Journal of Polar Research 8, 127-144.
24. Convey, P. (2001) Terrestrial ecosystem response to climate changes in the Antarctic, in G.-R. Walther, C.A. Burga and P.J. Edwards (eds.), "Fingerprints"of climate change - adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges, Kluwer, New York, pp 17-42.
25. Convey, P. (2003) Maritime Antarctic climate change: signals from terrestrial biology, in E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 145-158.
26. Convey, P. and McInnes, S.J. (2005) Exceptional, tardigrade dominated, ecosystems from Ellsworth Land, Antarctica, Ecology 86, 519-527.
27. Convey, P. and Wynn-Williams, D.D. (2002) Antarctic soil nematode response to artificial environmental manipulation, European Journal of Soil Biology 38, 255-259.
28. Convey, P., Block, W. and Peat, H.J. (2003) Soil arthropods as indicators of water stress in Antarctic terrestrial habitats? Global Change Biology 9, 1718-1730.
29. Convey, P., Chown, S.L., Wasley, J. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2006b) Life history traits, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
30. Convey, P., Frenot, Y., Gremmen, N. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2006a) Biological invasions, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
31. Convey, P., Pugh, P. J. A., Jackson, C., Murray, A. W., Ruhland, C. T., Xiong, F. S. and Day, T. A. (2002) Response of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods to multifactorial climate manipulation over a four year period, Ecology 83, 3130-3140.
32. Coulson, S.J., Leinaas, H.P., Ims, R.A. and Søvik, G. (2000) Experimental manipulation of the winter surface ice layer: the effects on a High Arctic soil microarthropod community, Ecography 23, 299- 306.
33. Cullather, R.I., Bromwich, D.H. and van Woert, M.L. (1996) Inter-annual variations in Antarctic precipitation related to El Nino - Southern Oscillation, Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 19109- 19118.
34. Danks, H.V. (1999) Life cycles in polar arthropods - flexible or programmed? European Journal of Entomology 96, 83-102.
35. Davey, M.C., Pickup, J. and Block, W. (1992) Temperature variation and its biological significance in fellfield habitats on a maritime Antarctic island, Antarctic Science 4, 383-388.
36. Day, T.A. (2001) Multiple trophic levels in UV-B assessments - completing the ecosystem, New Phytologist 152, 183-186.
37. Day, T.A., Ruhland, C.T. and Xiong, F. (2001) Influence of solar UV-B radiation on Antarctic terrestrial plants: results from a 4-year field study, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 62, 78-87.
38. Day, T.A., Ruhland, C.T., Grobe, C.W. and Xiong, F. (1999) Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field, Oecologia 119, 24- 35.
39. Doran, P.T., Priscu J.C., Lyons, W.B., Walsh, J.E., Fountain, A.G., McKnight, D.M., Moorhead, D.L., Virginia, R.A., Wall, D.H., Clow, G.D., Fritsen, C. H., McKay, C. P., Parsons, A.N. (2002) Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response, Nature 415, 517-520.
40. Farman, J.C., Gardiner, B.G. and Shanklin, J.D. (1985) Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/Nox interaction, Nature 315, 207-210.
41. Fowbert, J.A. and Smith, R.I.L. (1994) Rapid population increases in native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, Arctic and Alpine Research 26, 290-296.
42. Fox, A.J. and Cooper, A.P.R. (1998) Climate-change indicators from archival aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula, Annals of Glaciology 27, 636-642.
43. Freckman, D.W. and Virginia, R.A., (1997) Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance, Ecology 78, 363-369.
44. Frenot, Y., Gloaguen, J.-C., and Trehen, P. (1997) Climate change in Kerguelen Islands and colonization of recently deglaciated areas by Poa kerguelensis and P. annua in B. Battaglia, J. Valencia and D.W.H. Walton (eds.), Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 358-366.
45. Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. and Bergstrom, D. (2005) Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications, Biological Reviews 80, 45-72.
46. Gautier, C., He, G. and Yang, S. (1994) Role of clouds and ozone on spectral ultraviolet-B radiation and biologically active UV dose over Antarctica, In C. Weiler and P. Penhale (eds.), Ultraviolet radiation in Antarctica: measurement and biological effects. Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 62, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 83-91.
47. Gerighausen, U., Brautigam, K., Mustafa, O. and Peter, H.-U. (2003) Expansion of vascular plants on an Antarctic island - a consequence of climate change? In A.H.L. Huiskes, W.W.C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R.M.L. Schorno, S.M. van der Vies and W.J. Wolff (eds.) Antarctic Biology in a Global Context, Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 79-83.
48. Gordon, J.E. and Timmis, R.J. (1992) Glacier fluctuations on South Georgia during the 1970s and early 1980s, Antarctic Science 4, 215-226.
49. Grobe, C.W., Ruhland C.T. and Day T.A. (1997) A new population of Colobanthus quitensis near Arthur Harbor, Antarctica: correlating recruitment with warmer summer temperatures, Arctic and Alpine Research 29, 217-221.
50. Hall, B.L. (2003) An overview of late Pleistocene glaciation in the South Shetland Islands, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 103-113.
51. Harangozo, S.A. (2000) A search for ENSO teleconnections in the west Antarctic Peninsula climate in austral winter, International Journal of Climatology 20, 663-679.
52. Harangozo, S.A., Colwell, S.R. and King, J.C. (1997) An analysis of a 34-year air temperature record from Fossil Bluff (71°S 68°W), Antarctica, Antarctic Science 9, 355-363.
53. Hennion, F., Huiskes, A.H.L., Robinson, S. and Convey, P. (2006) Physiological traits or organisms in a changing environment, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
54. Hjort, C., Ingolfsson, O., Bentley, M.J. and Bjorck, S. (2003) The late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial and climate history of the Antarctic Peninsula region as documented by the land and lake sediment records - a review, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.) Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 95-102.
55. Hughes, K.A., Ott, S., Bolter, M. and Convey, P. (2006) Colonisation processes, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
56. Inter-gvernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, In J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White (eds), Contribution of Working Group 2 to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
57. Jacka, T.H. and Budd, W.F. (1998) Detection of temperature and sea-ice-extent changes in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, 1949-96, Annals of Glaciology 27, 553-559.
58. Kennedy, A.D. (1993) Water as a limiting factor in the Antarctic terrestrial environment: a biogeographical synthesis, Arctic and Alpine Research 25, 308-315.
59. Kennedy, A.D. (1994) Simulated climate change: a field manipulation study of polar microarthropod community response to global warming, Ecography 17, 131-140.
60. Kennedy, A.D. (1995a) Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem response to global environmental change, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 683-704.
61. Kennedy, A.D. (1995b) Temperature effects of passive greenhouse apparatus in high-latitude climate change experiments, Functional Ecology 9, 340-350.
62. Kennedy, A.D. (1995c) Simulated climate change: are passive greenhouses a valid microcosm for testing the biological effects of environmental perturbations? Global Change Biology 1, 29-42.
63. Kennedy, A.D. (1996) Antarctic fellfield response to climate change: a tripartite synthesis of experimental data, Oecologia 107, 141-150.
64. Kettles, I.M., Tarnocai, C. and Bauke, S.D. (1997) Predicted permafrost distribution in Canada under a climate warming scenario, Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1997-E, 109-115.
65. Kiernan, K. and McConnell, A. (2002) Glacier retreat and melt-lake expansion at Stephenson Glacier, Heard Island World Heritage Area, Polar Record 38 (207), 297-308.
66. King, J.C. (1994) Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula, International Journal of Climatology 14, 357-369.
67. King, J.C. and Harangozo, S.A. (1998) Climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes, Annals of Glaciology 27, 571-575.
68. King, J.C., Turner, J., Marshall, G.J., Connally, W.M. and Lachlan-Cope, T.A. (2003) Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by analysis of instrumental records, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 17-30.
69. Larter, R.D. and Vanneste, L.E. (1995) Relict subglacial deltas on the Antarctic Peninsula outer shelf, Geology 23, 33-36.
70. Lawley, B., Ripley, S., Bridge, P. and Convey, P. (2004) Molecular analysis of geographic patterns of eukaryotic diversity in Antarctic soils, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 5963-5972.
71. Lorius, C., Jouzel, J., Ritz, C., Merlivat, L. and Barkov, N.I. (1985) A 150, 000-year climate record from Antarctic ice, Nature 316, 591-596.
72. Lubin, D. and Frederick, J. (1991) The ultraviolet radiation environment of the Antarctic Peninsula: the roles of ozone and cloud cover, Journal of Applied Meteorology 30, 478-493.
73. Lyons, W.B., Laybourn-Parry, J., Welch, K.A. and Priscu, J.C. (2006) Antarctic lake systems and climate change, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
74. McGraw, J.B. and Day, T.A. (1997) Size and characteristics of a natural seed bank in Antarctica, Arctic and Alpine Research 29, 213-216.
75. Morris, E.M. and Vaughan, D.G. (2003) Spatial and temporal variation of surface temperature on the Antarctic Peninsula and the limit of variability of ice shelves, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 61-68.
76. Nicolai, V., and Droste, M. (1984) The ecology of Lancetes claussi (Muller) (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae), the Subantarctic water beetle of South Georgia, Polar Biology 3, 39-44.
77. Noon, P.E, Birks, H.J.B., Jones, V.J. and Ellis-Evans, J.C. (2001) Quantitative models for reconstructing catchment ice-extent using physical-chemical characteristics of lake sediments, Journal of Palaeolimnology 25, 375-392.
78. O Cofaigh, C., Pudsey, C.J., Dowdeswell, J.A. and Morris, P. (2002) Evolution of subglacial bedforms along a paleo-ice stream, Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf, Geophysical Research Letters 29, 1199, doi: 10.1029/2001GLO14488.
79. Pudsey, C.J. and Evans, J. (2001) First survey of Antarctic sub-ice shelf sediments reveals mid-Holocene ice shelf retreat, Geology 29, 787-790.
80. Pugh, P.J.A. and Davenport, J. (1997) Colonisation vs. disturbance: the effects of sustained ice-scouring on intertidal communities, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 210, 1-21.
81. Quayle, W.C., Peck, L.S., Peat, H., Ellis-Evans, J.C. and Harrigan, P.R. (2002) Extreme responses to climate change in Antarctic lakes, Science 295, 645.
82. Quayle, W.C, Convey, P., Peck, L.S., Ellis-Evans, J.C., Butler, H.G., and Peat, H.J. (2003) Ecological responses of maritime Antarctic lakes to regional climate change, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. pp. 159-170.
83. Roberts, L. (1989) Does the ozone hole threaten antarctic life? Science 244, 288-289.
84. Rozema, J., Noordijk, A.S.J., Broekman, R.A., van Beem, A., Meijkamp, B.M., de Bakker, N.V., van de Staaij, J.W.M., Stroetenga, M., Bohncke, S.J.P., Konert, M., Kars, S., Peat, H.J., Smith, R.I.L. and Convey, P. (2001) (Poly)phenolic compounds in pollen and spores of Antarctic plants as indicators of solar UV-B: a new proxy for the reconstruction of past solar UV-B? Plant Ecology 154, 9-25.
85. Sabburg, J. and Wong, J. (2000) The effect of clouds on enhancing UVB irradiance at the earth's surface: a one year study, Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3337-3340.
86. Santas, R., Koussoulaki, A. and Hader, D.-P. (1997) In assessing biological UV-B effects, natural fluctuations of solar radiation should be taken into account, Plant Ecology 128, 93-97.
87. Scambos, T., Hulbe, C. and Fahnestock, M. (2003) Climate-induced ice shelf disintegration in the Antarctic Peninsula, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 79-92.
88. Searles, P.S., Kropp, B.R., Flint, S.D. and Caldwell, M.M. (2001) Influence of solar UV-B radiation on peatland microbial communities of southern Argentina, New Phytologist 152, 213-221.
89. Skvarca, P. and De Angelis, H. (2003) Impact assessment of regional climatic warming on glaciers and ice shelves of the northwestern Antarctic Peninsula, In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 69-78.
90. Skvarca, P., Rack, W., Rott, H. and Ibarzabal y Donangelo, T. (1998) Evidence of recent climatic warming on the eastern Antarctic Peninsula, Annals of Glaciology 27, 628-632.
91. Smith R.I.L. (1987) The bryophyte propagule bank of Antarctic fellfield soils, Symp. Biol. Hungarica 35, 233-245.
92. Smith, R.I.L. (1988) Recording bryophyte microclimate in remote and severe environments, In J.M. Glime (ed.), Methods in Bryology, Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan, pp. 275-284.
93. Smith, R.I.L. (1990) Signy Island as a paradigm of biological and environmental change in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, In K.R. Kerry and G. Hempel (eds.), Antarctic Ecosystems, Ecological Change and Conservation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 32-50.
94. Smith, R.I.L. (1993) The role of bryophyte propagule banks in primary succession: case-study of an Antarctic fellfield soil, in: J. Miles and D.W.H. Walton, (eds), Primary Succession on Land, British Ecological Society Special Publication, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, pp 55-78.
95. Smith, R.I.L. (1994) Vascular plants as indicators of regional warming in Antarctica, Oecologia 99, 322- 328.
96. Smith, R.I.L. (2001) Plant colonization response to climate change in the Antarctic, Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykiana Brunensis, Geographia, 25, 19-33.
97. Smith, R.I.L. and Coupar, A.M. (1986) The colonization potential of bryophyte propagules in Antarctic fellfield soils, CNFRA 58, 189-204.
98. Smith, V.R. (2002) Climate change in the subantarctic: An illustration from Marion Island, Climate Change 52, 345-357.
99. Smith, V.R. and Steenkamp, M. (1990) Climatic change and its ecological implications at a subantarctic island, Oecologia 85, 14-24.
100. Sømme, L. (1995) Invertebrates in Hot and Cold Arid Environments, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
101. Stevens, M.I. and Hogg, I.D. (2006) The molecular ecology of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates and microbes, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
102. Strathdee, A.T., Bale, J.S., Block, W.C., Coulson, S.J., Hodkinson, I.D. and Webb, N.R. (1993) Effects of temperature elevation on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Spitsbergen, Oecologia 96, 457-465.
103. Thompson, D.W.J. and Solomon, S. (2002) Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change, Science 296, 895-899.
104. Turner, J., Colwell, S.R. and Harangozo, S. (1997) Variability of precipitation over the coastal western Antarctic Peninsula from synoptic observations, Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 13999-14007.
105. Turner, J., King, J.C., Lachlan-Cope, T.A. and Jones, P.D. (2002) Recent temperature trends in the Antarctic, Nature 418, 291-292.
106. Tweedie, C.E. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2000) A climate change scenario for surface air temperature at subantarctic Macquarie Island, in W. Davison, C. Howard-Williams and P.A. Broady (eds.), Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding, New Zealand Natural Sciences, Christchurch, pp. 272-281.
107. Vaughan, D.G and Doake, C.S.M. (1996) Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, Nature 379, 328-331.
108. Vaughan, D.G., Marshall, G. J., Connolley, W. C., King, J. C. and Mulvaney, R. (2001) Devil in the detail, Science 293, 1777-1779.
109. Vaughan, D. G., Marshall, G.J., Connolley, W.M., Parkinson, C.L., Mulvaney, R., Hodgson, D.A., King, J.C., Pudsey, C.J. and Turner, J. (2003) Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula, Climate Change 60, 243-274.
110. Voytek, M.A. (1990) Addressing the biological effects of decreased ozone on the Antarctic environment, Ambio 19, 52-61.
111. Walther, G.-R., Post, E., Convey, P., Parmesan, C., Menzel, M., Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.-M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bairlein, F. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change, Nature 416, 389-395.
112. Walton, D.W.H. (1982) The Signy Island terrestrial reference sites: XV. Microclimate monitoring, 1972- 74, British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 55, 111-126.
113. Walton, D.W.H. (1984) The terrestrial environment, in R.M. Laws (ed), Antarctic Ecology Volume 1. Academic Press, London, pp 1-60.
114. Walton, D.W.H., Vincent, W.F., Timperley, M.H., Hawes, I. and Howard-Williams, C. (1997) Synthesis: polar deserts as indicators of change, in: W.B. Lyons, C. Howard-Williams and I. Hawes (eds.) Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 275-279.
115. Whinam, J. and Copson, G. (2006) Sphagnum moss: an indicator of climate change in the sub-Antarctic, Polar Record 42, 43-49.
116. Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1994) Potential effects of ultraviolet radiation on Antarctic primary terrestrial colonizers: cyanobacteria, algae, and cryptogams, Antarctic Research Series 62, 243-257.
117. Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1996) Response of pioneer soil microalgal colonists to environmental change in Antarctica, Microbial Ecology 31, 177-188.